2 S.C.R. A. S. KRISHN\\PPA CHETTIAR & ORS. v. NACHIAPPA CHETTIAR & ORS. (K. SuBBA RAO, RAGHUBAR DAYAL and J. R. MUDHOLKAR jj) Limitation-Suspension of limitation in cases not covered
by any specific provision of the Act, general . principles of- Letter written by !lefendant to the trvstees-If acknowledgment of liability-Indian Limitation Act, 1908 (9 of 1908),
SP. 15 (1), 19. The plaintiff, Ramanathan Chettiar, obtained a decree in 0. S. N >. 45 of 1943 for the recovery of an amount due on promissory note against one Venkatachalam Chettiar and
assigned the decree in favour of the appellant in C. A. !05 of 1961, The exer.ution application filed by him proved infruc- tuous because the first defendant was adjudicated an insolvent on February 27, 1945. On September 9, 1946 a composition
of the debts due from the insolvent and his son, the second defendant, was arrived at. To the deed of composition the second defendant was also a party though he was not adjudi· cated an insolvent.
Under that deed the creditors, including the four appellants in this case, agreed to take 40% of the dues. Under the composition arrangement, the entire property of the defendants, b,oth in India and in Burma was to vest in four trustees, one of whom was the insolvent that is, the first defendant to the suit. Two of the trustees were the present appellant in C. A. No. I 04 of 1961 and the fourth trustee was an outsider. The deed provided for the payment of the reduced amount by the trustees to different creditors from the income of the properties or by sale or mortgage of those properties within four years from April 14, 1947. The deed further
provided for the extension of this time limit "according to exigencies and necessity at the discretion of the first two trustees" i. e., the first defendant and the appellant Chidamba- ram Chettiar.
The composition contemplated the realisation of the dues of the creditors frorr1 the income or sale or mortgage of the Burma property, in the first instance. "The composition scheme was accepted by the insolvency court and the adjudica• tion
of the first defendant as insolvtnt was annulled by the court on December 19, 1946. Out of the Burma assets very little was realised within the perio i of four years prescribed in the composition deed and the trustees did not extend the time. March 7
.ol. S. K .. ,nn.ppa Cheuiar v • .Nochioppa ChtJliar SUPREME COURT REP()RTS [1964] VOL. 111c appellants, therefor., s011ght execution of their decree9 against the Indian assets. The last execution application in
0. S. Ko. 4G of 1943 was dismissed on September 19, 1946, and no petition was filed thc•caftcr till June 13, 1952. Simi- larly in the other three appf'als execution applications were
filed more than three years afrrr the disrnisc;al of the provious applications. In c.,ch of the execution applications, relier was claimed only against the second defendant. The Subordi- nate Judge, heforc whom the cx~curion applications were filed, held that the adjustment precluded each of the appellants
from executing his decree for a period of four yean; from April 14, 1917 and, thcrr:fore, the execution applications were within time. The High Court disagreed with the Subordinate Judge and hold in~ that the execution petitions were barred by time allowed the appeals.
The main contcnlion of the appellants in thi• Court was that the principle underlying s. 15 (1) of the Limitation Act applied to the present case and at any rate the letter written hv the second defendant to the trustees opera!ed a• an
acknowledgment of liability under s.19oftheLimitation Act. Held, that s. 15 (I) of the Lim ital ion Act is restricted In its application to a case \vhcre the execution of a decree has been stayed hy an injunction or an order. ~frie Limitation Act is a piece of arljective
or procedura] law and not of substantive law. RuJcs of Proccdtue cannot be extended by analogy or reference to procer.dings to y,·hich they do not expre- ssly apply or could be said to apply by nec.,sary implication. Suspension
of Limitation in circumstances of the kind obtaining in these apreals is neither txplicit nor in1plicit in s. 15 upon which reliance is placed by the appellants. Gorind J.Vail· Gurunrtlhnaik v.
Brv!lawan11awa Parutap'fXl, T. L.R. 19·11 Born. 435, Pu/in Chamlm Sen v. Amin Mia Mu,affar Ahmad, A. l.R.1933 Cal. 508. Uikhan Chunhr Sen v. Madhusudan Sen, (1907) I. L. R. 35 Cal. 209, Nrityanwni
Drvi<i v. Lakhan Chri<idrri Sen. (1916) l. L. R. 43 Cal 660, Badruddin Khan v. Jfahyar Khan, I. L. R. 1939 All. 103 and ltlanay!.ng Committee lblnd~r Sin~th Malha Sinyh llajput lligh School, lnrlorr. v. l?untler Sigh !Jfrz.lha jf)ingh Sana.tan /)ha.rma Rajput High Soho>l Tru•I, I. L. R. l 9l5 I.ah. 8, distinguished. HP.Id, further, that in the prese11l appeals two different set\ of persons, the defendants and the
·r1ustee" \vrre liable and rheir respective liabliti"s were cti~tinct. ·ro refer \O a liablility resting on SC;me one else was not to acknowledge one's own Jiabiliry \vithin the meaninl{ of the word ins. 19. The dofcndant No. 2 had r.ot even indir.ctly referred 10 the __ ,
2 S.C.R. decree much less to the liability arising under any of them. In the circumstances it must be held that the letter dated April 19, 1949, did not extend the period of limitation.
Khan Bahadur Shapoor Freedom Mazda v. Durga Prosad Ckamaria [1962] l S. C. R. 140, held inapplicable CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos. 104 to 107 of 1961. o Appeals from the judgment and order dat~d
July 5, 1956, of the Madras High Court in Appeal against order No. 480, 454, 478 and 479of1954 respectively. _ A. V. Viswanatha Sastri and R. Gopalakrishnan, for the appellant. K. N. Rajagopal Sastri
and ]JI. S. Nara- simhan, for respondent No. I. 1963. March 7. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by .4. S. Krishnap1a Chettiar NllchioPJa f;/idtiar- MUDHOLKAR ].-This appeal
and civil M•diwlkor /, appeals Nos. I 04, 106 and 107 of 1961 arise out of execution proceedings in four different suits but as they involve a common question they were heard together by the High Court and by us. That ques-
tion is whether the exocution applications out of which these appeals arise are within time. We propose to treat C. A. No. 105 of 1961 as a typical case. The -relevant facts thereof are
brief! y these : In 0. S. 46 of 1943 one Ramanathan Chettiar instituted a suit against one Venkatachalam. Chettiar in the court of the Subordinate Judge of Devakottai, for the recovery of a sum of Rs. 10,285/- due on
promisory note dated November 20, 1942 with inte- rest thereon. He eventually obtained a decree for the full claim. In so far as the second defendant ….. _,_. ..; • – • •-•-.;-…….. "'~ … .-.,, ….. > –···Ill •• A. S. Jr.:rishnappa
Ch1tt:ar v. Nadtiappa Ch1ttiar .A-iudhotkt.r J. is concerned, he was made liable for the decretal amount to the extent of this interest in the joint family property of himself and his father.
The plaintiff assigned the decree in favour of Chidam- baram Chettiar, who is the appellant in C. A. 105 of 1961. He filed an execution application but the execution proceedings commenced by him proved
infructuous because the first defendant was adju'di- cated an insolvent on February 27, l 945. On September 9, l 94fi a composition of the debts due from the insolvent and his son, the second defendant
was arrived at. To the deed of compr,sition tht second defendant was also a party though he was not adjudicated an insolvent. C'ndrr that deed the creditors, including the four appellants before m,
agreed to take.40% of the dues, except one creditor who was to be paid a little m9re. The defendants, it may be mentioned, h:id extensive money-knding business in Burma and the bulk of their property
was situate in that country. Undt r the composi- tion arram;ement. t e entire property of the defendants, both in India and in Burma was to vest in four trustees, one of whom was the insol-
vent, that is, the first dtfendant to the suit. Two of the trustees were the present appellants, Chidam- baram Chcttiar and Krisbnappa Chettiar, appellant in C. A. JO i of I Otil., The fourth trustee was an
outsider. The total indebtedness of the defcnd:rnts, as asceriained on tl:e dale on which the composition was efJected, was Rs. 2,lfi,077/4/8/- but it was reduced under the arrangement to ]{s. 86,43_0-13-3.
There arc four sr.hcdulcs to the composition deed. Schedule A setc, out the names of the creditors and the amounts due to them, Schedul~ B sets out the prop2rtics of the defendants and Schedules C and D
set out the properties at Leiwo and Meola respec- tively in Burma. The deed provides for the payment of the reduced amount by the tr4slees to different creditors from the income of the properties or by
sale or mortgage of those properties within four – -. 2 S.C.R. SUPREME GOUR'!' REPORTS years from April 14, 1947. The deed further provides for the extension of this time limit "accor-
ding to exigencies and necessity at the discretion of the first two trustees" i.e., the first defendant and the appellant Chidambar'!m Chettiar. The arrange- ment also provides for payment of interest at 5 annas
per mensem in respect of the amounts due on the decrees and 4 annas per mensem in respect of other outstandings as from April 14, 194 7. The composi- tion contemplated the realisation of the dues of the
creditors from the income or sale or mortgage of the Blll'ma property, in the first instance. Clause 10 which deals with this matter runs as follow : "In case the properties of Burma firm are not
sufficient to pay the amounts set apart as pay- able to the creditors at 40 per cent the indivi- duals Nos. 1 and 2 Trustees shall sell the properties in British India and set out in the
B schedule herein and from out of the sale proceeds distribute the amount to the creditors. Similarly, after the 40 per cent amounts have been paid and if there should be any amount
of deficiency for the payment of the 60 per cent amount payable to Krishnappa Chettiar as described in para 6 supra, even for that also, the individual Nos. 1 and 2 Trustees shall sell
the aforesaid British India properties and pay the aforesaid Ki;ishnappa Chettiar the entire balance amount." The composition deed contains various other terms out of which it would be relevant to set out only the
following two : "Clause 8 : Until 40 per cent of the amount is paid to the creditors as aforesaid, the said Trustees, shall at the time of disbursement of the dividend, pay from the 1st Chitirai of the
year Sarvajith for the annual expenses of the A. S. Krishn•PP• Chettiar Nachi1bpa Che!tia1 Mudholkar J. A. S lrri,hMj>fHI Ch11tiu v. N•dU.P~ Clut1i¥ Muilv>U..r J. family, '! ~um of Rs. 1300 per annum to indivi-
dual No. 4 Trustees Vcnkatachalam Chettiar and a sum of Rs. 300 per annum to his son Nachiappa Chettiar for the aforesaid expenses. Clause JG : After the annulment of the order of adjudication herein, the aforesaid Venkata·
chalam Chettiar shall, in respect of transfer etc., of management of the properties mentioned in C and D schedules, ~xecute a general power- of attorney in the favour of individual Nos. I
and 2 trustees and ha vc the same registered." The composition scheme was accepted by the insol· vcncy Court and the adjudication of the first defen- dant as insolvent was annulled by the court on
December Hl, l!l46. Due to political changes in Burma only very little was realised out of the Burma assets within the period of four years prescribed in the composition deed. The trustees who were empowered to extend
the time did not extend it. The appellants, there- fore, turned to the India~ assets and sought execution of their decrees against them. Two contentions were raised on behalf of the defendants. · One was that
the Indian a'ISets could not be sold until the assets in Burma were completely exhausted and the other was that the execution applications were barred by time. In 0. S. No. 46 of I9t3 the last execution
application was dismissed on September HJ, 1946 (E. P. No. 109 of 1946). No execution petition was filed thereafter till the present petition (E. P. No. 117 of 1952). This was filed
on June 13, 1952. Similarly in the remaining three appeals also execu- tion applications with which we arc concerned were filed more th~n three years after the dismissal of the previous execution applications. It may be mention-
ed that originally the appellant as well as appellants in the other appeals had sought the execution of their respective decrees for the full amount. But they amended their petitions later on pursuant to the orders
of the court and restricted their claims to 40 per cent of the amounts due under their decrees. The appel- lant Chidambaram filed an affidavit along with the execution petition and set out the following grounds
in support of his contention that the execution appli- cation was within time. "The trustees were able to realise some of the assets of the defendants in Burma and to pay a ' dividend of 10 per cent to the creditors. I was
paid a sum of Rs. 562-4-0 by way of dividend for this decree on August 10, 1949. Aq the rest of the Burma assets of the defendant could not be realised by the trustees on account of
the civil war in Burma and the land legislations passed there and as there was no prospect of their being realised in the near future myself and A. S. K. Krishnappa Chettiar aforesaid as
managing trustees under the said composition offered to extend the period of management by one year provided the defendants would consent to their Indian assets being realised and distri-
buted among the creditors. But the defendants were not willing thereto and hence we thought fit to extend the period of our management. We have filed a petition in I. A. No. 87 of 1951
in the suit I. P. No. 1 of 1945 to have the said ·composition scheme set aside and the 1st defendant re-adjudged as insolvent. The said petition is pending. 7. I am advised that as the said composition
arrangement has failed on account of the assets of the defendants not being realised and the debts discharged within the four year period mentioned therein I am in law and in equity
entitled to recover the entire amount due to me under this decree by executing it. A. S. KriJhnappa Chettiar v. N achiappa Chetti21 Mudholk.r J. 1~63 A. S K1i1l1n~ppa Chettiar v. J\'achiappa Cluttiar
Mudholkar J. 248 !:>Ul'REME COURT REPORTS [l964]VOL. 8. The said composition pro~ides for a mainte- nance allowance of Rs. 600 and Rs. :l 0 annually being given to the 1st and 2nd
defendant respectively at the time of distribu- tion of the dividends. In respect thereof a notice was issued by the 2nd defendant on April 19, l 94!J to myself and A. S. K. Krishna-
ppa Chettiar aforesaid wherein there is an acknowledgment of liability in respect of the several debts mentioned in the said composi- tion. Further the trustees have, acting under
the authority given to them by the d·:fendants under the said composition, paid me Rs. 562-4 -0 on August 10, 1!!49 l>y way of dividend for this decree and have duly entered the same in
the accounts maintained bv them. Moreover I could not execute the de~rce during the four years from April 14, 1947 or any extended period during which the trustees had to manage, realise and distribute the assets of the
defendants. There is therefore no question of limitation.". Similar grounds were set out in the affidavits filed by the other appellants also. It may be mentioned that in each of the ex•
cution applications relief was claimed only against the second defendant because in ins.olvency petition No. 87 of 1951 filed by some of the creditors the first defendant, was readjudicated an insolvent by
the court on August 3, 1954. The execution appli- cation was, as already stated, opposed by the second defendant firstly on the ground that the composi- tion arrived at between him and his father on the
one hand and the creditors on the other was still in force, that the arrangement was irrevocable and operated as a complete discharge of the liability of the defendants for all time. The second ground was
that the execution applicati?n was barred by time. 2 S.C.R. The precise pleas of the second defendant regarding limitation were as follows : (a) that the adjudication of his father as an
insolvent and the pendency of insolvency proceedings against him would not affect limitation in so far as he was concerned; (b) that the receipt by the appellant and other creditors of certain amounts as
dividends ·in August, 1949 would not ex- tend the period of limitation for execution proceedings ; (c) that the acknowledgment relied upon is "wholly wrong, misconceived and untenable."
According to him there was no acknowledge- ment of liability or any kind in the notice referred to in the affidavit much less the liability of the second defendant to discharge the decree which had
in fact become extinguished and effaced by reason of the composition arrived at on September 9, 1946. In the course of the arguments before the executing court it was urged on behalf of the appe-
llants in those appeals that the four years within which the trustees were required to realise the Burma properties and pay off the debts of the credi· tors must be regarded as a period during which
the execution of the decrees was stayed and that consequently on the principles underlying s. 15 of the Indian Limitation Act, 1908, that period should be deducted from computing the period of limitation
for preferring execution applications. The Sub- ordinate Judge, before whom the execution applica- tions were filed, upheld this contention and held that the execution applications were within time.
He also held that the execution applications arrived at between the parties operated as an adjustment A. S. Kri.•hnappa Chettiar v. Nachiappa Chettiat Mudha/kar J. A S. f&',iJhn1ppa
Clle!liar Nadiiapp2 Clttttiar Mu1holkar J, SUPREME COUR'f REPORTS (1964] VOL. of the decree on the date on which that composition was effected or from the date on which the adjudica-
tion was arrived at and that though the composition could not be certified to the executing court under 0. XXI, r. 2, C. P. C. within the time permitted by law, it could be certified even now at the instance of
the decree·holdcr because it was open to the decree- holder to certify an adjustment at any time he liked. According to the learned Subordinate Judge, the ad- justment precluded each of the appellants from ex-
cuting his decree for a period of four years from April 14, IIH i and, therefore, the execution applica- tions were within time. The High Court, however, disagreed with the Subordinate Judge on both the
grounds and holding that the execution petitions were barred by time allowed the appeals. It may be mentioned that neither of the two courts below has considered the contention of the appellants in
these appeals that the letter dated April 19, 1949 sent by the second defendant to two of the trustees operated as an acknowledgment of their liability or that dividends paid to the appellants by the trustees
in August, 1949 operated to extend the time of limitation. Mr. Viswanatha Sastri, who appears for the appellants in these appeals, has raised only two contentions. The first is that the principle underlying
s. 15 ( l) of the Limitation Act is applicable to a case of this kind and that, therefore, the execution applications are within time. The second is that at any rate the letter dated April I H, 1949, written by
the second defendant to the trustees operates as an acknowledgment of liability under s. I!l of the Limi- tation Act and, therefore, saves the limitation in respect of all the execution applications except the
one out of which C. A. No. 104 of 1!)61 arises. According to .Mr. Sa~tri the composition of a decre- tal debt does not amount to an adjustment or satisfaction of a decree until the acts required to be
l f 2 S.C.R. done thereunder have been performed. Here the composition scheme required payment of 40 per cent of the decretal debts by the trustees to the craditors. According to him, until that condition was fulfilled
the original decree cannot be said to have been satisfied. Since the decrees herein involved could not be regarded as having been satisfied they are still alive. Then, according to Mr. Sastri, where a
composition scheme prescribes the penod during which a condition has to be performed, tillthe expiry of the period or performance of the condition the operation of the decrees must be deemed to have
been stayed. For, during this period it would be incompetent to the decree-holders to execute their decrees. Such period could therefore be deducted by applying the principles underlying
s. 15 ( 1) of the Limitation Act from computing the period of limitation for filing a fresh , execution application. He concedes that here the composition scheme not having been certified to the
execution court, the defendants would not have been able to resist an execution application if made within the period of four years specified in the deed of com- position. But the composition being binding on the
appellants, they would have laid themselves open to suits for damagei at the instance of the defendants if they had proceeded to execute their decrees within this period. Section 15 ( l) of the Limitation Act
runs thus : "15 (1) : In computing the perfod of limi- tation prescribed for any suit or application for the execution of a decree, the institution or execution of which has been stayed by injunc-
tion or order, the time of the continuance of the injunction or order, the day on which it was issued or made, and the day on which it was withdrawn, shall be excluded." It is clear from its terms that it is restricted in its
application to a case where the execution of a decree A. S. 11.rishnappa Chettiar v. Nachiappa Ch.iti•r Mudholkar J. A. S. J.:rishnappa Chtttiar v. Nachiappo. Chttliar MudhoUM J. has been stayed by an injunction or an order. By no
stretch of imagination can it be said that the accep- tance by the insolvency court of the composition operated as a stay of execution of the dccret-s for the period of four years referred to in the deed or as an
injunction. Further, the second defendant was not a party to the insolvency proceedings and could, there- fore, not have been entitled to the benefit of the order of the court accepting the scheme of compo-
sition. In support of his contention that the principles underlying s. 15 (1) are applicable to a case like the present one, Mr. Sastri has strongly relied on the decision in Govindru;ik Uurunathnaik v. Basawan-
nawa Parutappa ('). There, Beaumont C. ]., has observed at P· 437 : "Section 15 of the Aa:t recognizes the princi- ple that in computing the period of limitation prescribed for an application for the execution
of a decree, any period during which the execu- tion of the decree bas been stayed must be excluded; and it would certainly seem right to apply a similar principle to applications in a
suit which bas been stayed; in terms, however, the section does not apply. The only authority on the point, to which we have been referred, and which was referred to in the lower Courts,
is l'ulin Chandra Sen v. Amin Mia JJfuzffar Ahmad (')." Saying that this decision had stood for some years and had not been dissented from the learned Chief Justice observed : "I would rather base the appellant's case on
the ground that the right to apply for a final decree was suspended during the period in which the suit was stayed. Such a principle was applied by the Calcutta High Court (1) I.L.R, 1941Bom.43'·
(2) A.I.a. 1933 Cal. 508. in Lakhan Chunder Sen v. Manhusudan Sen ( affirmed by the Privy Council in N rityamoni Dassi v. Lakhan Chandra Sen (2)." It would thus appear that the learned Chief.Justice
based his decision really on s. 14 of the Limitation Act. In both the cases referred to by the learned Chief Justice the provisions of s. 14 of the Limitation Act were applied. In Pulin Chandra Ben's case('), the facts were
these: The next friend of a minor instituted a suit upon a mortgage but died after the preliminary decree was passed. No new next friend was, how· ever, appointed in his place. The minor made an
application for passing a final decree within 3 years after attaining majority, but three years after the petiod of grace fixed by the preliminary decree. The High Court, while holding that though the erstwhile
minor was not entitled to claim the benefit of s. 6 of the Limitation Act, held that the execution application must be regarded as within time since it had been made within three years from the d?.te when the right
to apply accrued to him on his attaining majority. No doubt, this is a case where in effect the court has applied the principles under!) ing s. 6 though it was clearly of opinion that s. 6 in terms did
not apply. There is no discussion of the point at all and, therefore, we do not think that this is a decision which needs to be considered. The next two decisior.s relied on are Badruddin
Khan v. Mahvar Khan (1) and Managing Committee Sundar Singh Malha Singh Rajput High School, lndora v. Sundar Singh Malka Singh Sanatan Dh11.rml1 Rajput High School Trust ('). In both these
cases the court applied what according to it were the general principles underlying s. 15 of the Limitation Act, though the facts of these cases do not strictly fail within the purview of that section. The question
(1) (1907) I L.R. 35 Cal. 209. • (21 (1916) LL R. 43'cal 660. <3 A.IR. 1933 C•I, 508. 14) l.L.R. 1931 All 101 (5) I.L.R. 1945 Lah. 8. A. \. Krish>ioopa Ghtttiar v. Nae iapp 1 Chettiar
Muaholku.r I. A S. Ir•iJhMpfla Chtlliar v. Nachi'appJ C~ttiar 254 SUPREME COlRl REPORTS [1964) VOL. is whether there is any well.recognized prindple whcreunder the period of limitation can be regarded
as being suspended bfcause a party is prevented under certain circumstances from taking action in pursuance of his rights. The Limitation Act is a consolidating and amending statute relating to the
limitation of suits, appeals and certain types of applications to courts and must, therefore, be regard- ed as an exhaustive Code. It is a piece of adjective or procedural law and not of substantive law.
Ruks of procedure, whatc\ er they may be, are to be applied only to matters to which. they are made applicable by the legislature expressly or by necessary implication. They canuot be extended by analogy
or reference to proceedings to which they do not expressly apply or co1;ld be said to apply by necessary implication. It would, therefore, not be correct to apply any of the provi-ions of the Limitation Act to
matter> which do not strictly fall within the purview of those provisions. Thus, for instance, period of limitation for various kinds of suits, appeals and applicalions arc prescribed in the First Schedule.
proceeding which does not fall under any of the articlrs in tt.at schedule could not be said to be barred by time on the analogy of a matter which is governed by a particular article.
For the same reasons the provisions of ss. 3 to 28 of Limitation Act cannot be applied to situations which fall outside their purview. These provisions do not adumbrate any general
principles of substantive law nor do they con fr r any substantive rights on litigants and, therefore, cannot be permittt d to have greater application than what is explicit or implicit in them. Suspension of limitation
in circumstances of the kind obtaining in these appeals is neither explicit nor implicit ins. 15 upon which reliance is placed on behalf of the appellants. We are, therefore, unable to accept the first argument
of ivtr. Sastri. Coming to the second argument of Mr. Sastri it would be usdul to reproduce th~ relevant portion 2 S.C.R. of the letter dated April 19, 1949, on which reliance is placed :
"The properties of our client's family and his father, Venkatachalam Chettiar's share of properties have vested in you in the capacity of Trustees as per the composition scheme of
arrangement effected on September 9, 19!6 and you are managing the same, and you have to pay Rs. 300 per annum to our client from 1st Chitrai of Sarvajit year (April 14, 1947) for his family expenses as provided in the
scheme of composition and you have paid Rs. 300 and for the year Sarvajit and have obtained a receipt therefor from my client. You have not paid the sum of Rs. 300 due for the year Sarwadhari to our client though he
demanded you many times. As it. is learnt that individual No. 2 out of you, are raising non- maintainable objections and the sum of Rs. 300 due for the year Virodhi, still remains to be
µaid, I have been given instructions to demand the. total amount of Rs. 600 payable for the aforesaid years. So you should pay the amount to my client and obtain a receipt therefore within
one week after the receipt of this notice. Further you have till now collected Rs. 17,500 as per the scheme of arrangement and though you have received the amount long time ago, you
have not paid to the creditors their dividend amounts, you are bound by law and equity to pay interest to the aforesaid amounts You are hereby informed that as you have not paid to the creditors the dividend amounts my
client is put to a heavy loss and that you are bound to bear all the losses that may be camed thereby and make good the losses ; you should immediately pay off the creditors the dividends
and in default my client will have to launch A. S Krishn<PPa Ch,ttior v. Nachiappa Clutti:n- Mudho1kar J. A. S. '•islrnaf!pa Ch1ttiar v. !( a,ltiapp3 Chtttia Mudiw/;ar J. SUPREME COURT REPORT::-.(1964] VOL.
proceedings against you and seek reliefs through Court." This letter was written ·by the vakil of the second defendant to the Trustees demanding pay· ment of the maintenance allowance due to the
second defendant. The second object of this letter was to require the trustees to pay out of the funds in their hands dividrnds due to the various creditors under the composition scheme. JI.Ir. Sastri contends
that this letter contains a definite admission of the jural relationship between the defendant on the one hand and the creditors on the other-i. e., the rela- tionship of creditor and debtor and, therefore, this is an admission of liability under the decrees. Relying upon
the decision of this Court in Khan Bahadur Shapoor Preedom .\fazrla v. Durga l'rosad Glvmuiria ('), he says that the. essential requirement for sustai- ning a pica' of acknowledgment
under s. 19 of the Limitation Act is that the statement on which it is sougbt to be founded must relate to a subsisting liability, indicate the existence of jural relationship and must be intended, either expressly or impliedly,
to admit that jural relationship. Where such jural relationship is admitted expressly or impliedly, he contends, that the mere fact that the precise nature of the liability is not mentioned would not prevent
the acknowledgment from falling within s. 19. That was a case in which the mortgagor had writtento his creditor a letter to the following effect : "'.\.ly dear Durgaprosad, Chandni Bazar is again advertised for sale
on Friday the 11th inst. I am afraid it will go very cheap. I had a private offer of Rs. 2, 7ii,OOO a few days ago but as soon as they heard it was advertised by the Registrar they withdrew.
As you arc interested why do you not take up the whole. There is only (I) [ 1961] 1 S.C.R. 140. 2 s.a.R. about 70,000 due to the mortgagee-a payment of 10,000 will stop the sale. Yours sincerely,
Sd/ J. C. Galstaun." The question to be considered was whether this amounted to an acknowledgment of the mortgagee's right. This Court held that it did amount to an acknowledgment and observed thus :
"It is thus ·clear that acknowledgment as prescribed bys. 19 merely renews debt; it does not create a new right of action. It is a mere acknowledgment of the liability in respect of
the right in question ; it need not be accom- panied by a promise to pay either expressly or even by implication. The statement on which a plea of acknowledgment is based must relate
to a present subsisting liability though the exact nature or the specific character of the said liability may not be indicated in words. Words used in the acknow lcdgment must, however, indicate the existence of jural rela-
tionthip between the parties such as that of debtor and creditor, and it must appear that the statement is made with the intention to admit such jural relationship. Such intention can be
inferred by implication from the nature of the admission and need not be expressed in words. If the statement is fairly clear then the inten- tion to admit jural relationship may be implied
from it. The admission in question need not be express but must be made in circumstances and in words from which the court can reasonably infer that the person making the admission intended to refer to a subsisting
liability as at the date of the statement. In construing words used in the statements made ii) · A. S. Krishnappa Ch1ttiar v. Nachiappa Chttli a Mudho/kar J. A. S. KriJhna,P. ClrtUiar
v. Na.c/riappo Chtttiar Afu'111lkar J, 258 SUPRENIE COURT REPORTS [1964] VOL. writing on which a plea of acknowledgment rests oral evidence has been expressly excluded but surrounding circumstances can always be
considered. Stated generally courts lean in favour of a liberal construction of such state· ments though it docs not mean that where no admission is made one should be inferred, or where a statement was
made clearly without intending to admit the existence of jural relationship such intention could be fastened on the maker of the statement by an involved ~or far-fetched process of reasoning.
Broadly stated that is the effect of the relevant provisions contained in s. 19, and there is really no substantial difference between the parties as to the true legal position in this
matter." In our opinion, this case is not of assistance co the appellants. In the appeals before us though there was a personal liability on the defendants under the various decrees, their liability which was created
by the composition deed was only on properties in which they had, consequent on the creation of a trust under the composition deed, only a beneficial interest. This new liability had to be discharged by
the trustees in whom the leg~! title to the property vested Thus there were •wo different sets of persons who were liable, the dc'cndants and the Trustees and their respective liabilities were distinct. What the
defendant No. 2 has referred to is the libility of the Trustees arising under the terms of the deed of composition and could be enforced only against them. To refer to a liability resting on someone else is not
to acknowledge one's own liability within the meaning of the word in s. Hl. The defendant No. 2 has not even indirectly referred to the decree much less to the liability arising under any of them.
In the circumstances we must hold that this letter does not extend the period of limitation. For these reasons 2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT '.'IBPORTS we uphold the decision of the High Court and dismiss
each of these appeals with costs. There will, however, be only one hearing fee. Appeal& dismissed. LAKSHMI ACRI AND OTHERS v. T.v.v. KAILASA TREVAR AND OTHERS (S. K. DAS, A. K. SARKAR, 1\1. HrnAYATULLAH and
N. RAJAGOPALA AYYANGAR JJ.) D<bt Relief-Agriculturist-Scaling down of decree debt- Enabling statute coming into force pending appeal-Application made 1Jfter appellate decree, if barred by res-judicata-Madras Agric1.tturists Relief Act, 1938 (Mad. 4 of 1938), as amended by Madras Act 23 of 1948, BB. 16 (iii), 19 (2).
The appellants had filed a suit on a mortgage against respondent No. I and others as defendants and had obtained a preliminary decree in it on May, 15, 1937 and a tinal decree on January 20, 1938. Appeals were filed against the preliminary Decree in the High Court of Madras.
While the app.·als were pending there, the Madras Agriculturi•ts Relief Act, 1938 came into force. The defendants in this suit other than respondent No. 1 thereupon applied for relief under this Act. The appli- cations succeeded and the High Court passed a new preli-
minary decree on March ~!5, 1942 after sca1ing down the amount recoverable in accordance with the Act. The respondent No. I had neither contested the suit nor appeared in the appeal! nor made any application under the Act for relief. 'T'he preliminary decree passed by the High Court, therefore, confirmed a• against him the decree passed by the trial Court.
Respondent No. I thrreafter applied to the trial Court for relief under the Act but the application was dismissed on the ground that in view of the judgment of the High Court the application was not maintainable in the trial Court.
Respondent No. I thereafter applied to the Hig;. A. S. Krishnappo Chaltiar NorhiaPP• Chmiar Mudholkor /, Morch 7