they were all consistent with his innocence. Though some of the findings give rise to suspicion, we cannot say that the High Court was wrong in holding that the said facts found did not corroborate the evidence
of Lawrence in implicating the accused in the offence. We, therefore, accept the finding of the High Court in regard to accused Nos. 2 and 3. In the result both the appeals fail and are dis-
missed. Appeals dismissed. ABHAYANAND MISHRA v. THE STATE OF BIHAR (K. SUBBA RAO and RAGHUBAR DAYAL, JJ.) Criminal Law-Attempt to cheat-Getting admission card from University on false representation-Preparation to commit offence and attempt to commit offence, difference-Admission card, if pro- perty-Indian Penal Code (Act 45 of z86o), ss. 420, 5II.
The appellant applied to the Patna University for pennis- sion to appear at the 1954 M. A. Examination in English as a private candidate representing that he was' a graduate having obtained his B. A. Degree in 1951 and that he had been teach- ing in a certain school. Believing his statements the University authorities gave him the necessary permisslon, and on his
remitting the requisite fees and sending copies of his photo- graph, as required, a proper admission card for him was despatched to the Headmaster of the School. As a result of certain information received by the University, an investigation was made and it was found that the appellant was neither a graduate nor a teacher as represented by him and that in fact he had been de-barred from taking any University examination for a certain number of years on account of his having com- mitted corrupt practice at a University examination. He was prosecuted and convicted under s. 420 read with s. 5u of the Indian Penal Code, of the offence of attempting. to cheat the University by false representations by inducing it to issue the admission card, which if the fraud had not been detected would J.fajor
E.G. Barsay v, State of Bo1nbay Subba Rao ]. April 24. I96I Abhayanand Mishra v. State of Bihar [1962] have been ultimately delivered to him. The appellant contend- ed that on the facts found the conviction was unsustainable on the grounds (I) that the admission card had no pecuniary value and was therefore r.ot property under s. 4IS, and (2) that, in any case, the steps taken by him did not go beyond the stage of preparation for the commission of the offence of cheating and did not therefore make out the offence of attempting to cheat. Held, that under s. 5rr of the Indian Penal Code a person
commits the offence of attempting to commit a particular offence, when he intends to commit that particular offence and, having made preparations and with the intention to commit that offence, does an act to\vards its commission; such an act need not be the penultimate act towards the commission of that offence but must be an act during the course of committing such offence. It is not necessary for the offence under s. srr that the transaction commenced must end in the crime or offence, if not interrupted.
The observations to the contrary in The Queen v. Ramsarun Chowbey, (1872) 4 N. W. P. 46, In the matter of the Petition of Raisat Ali, (1881) l.L.R. 7 Cal. 352 and ln re Amrita Bazar Pai- rika Press Ltd., (1920) I.L.R. 47 Cal. 190, not approved.
In the maiter of the petition of R. M acCrea, (1893) I.L.R. IS All. 173, approved. In re T. Muniraiht,an Reddi, A.LR. 1955 And. Prad. n8, explained. Held, further that an admission card issued by the Univer- sity for appearing at the Examination held by it, though it bas no pecuniary value, has immense value to the candidate and is property within the meaning of s. 4rs of the Indian Penal
Code. Queen Empress v. Appasami, (1899) I.L.R. 12 M<td. ISI and Queen Empress v. Soshi Bhusan, (1893) I.L.R. IS All. 210, relied on. In the present case, the preparation was complete when the appellant had prepared the application for the purpose of sub- mission to the University, and the moment he despatched it, he entered the realm of attempting to commit the offence of cheat- ing. Accordingly, the appellant was rightly convicted of the offence under s. 420 read with s. 5u of the Indian Penal Code. CRIMINAL
APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 226 of 1959. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated September 23, 1958, of the Patna High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 8.7 of 195.7.
H. J. Umrigar, P. Rana and M. K. Ramamurthi, for the appellant. ~43- H. R. Khanna and T. M. Sen, for the respondent. 1961. April 24. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by RAGHUBAR DAYAL, J.-This appeal, by special leave,
is against the order of the High Court at Patna dis- missing the appellant's appeal against his conviction under s. 420, read with s. 511, of the Indian Penal Code. The appellant applied to the Patna University for
permission to appear at the 1954 M. A. Examination in English as a private candidate, representing that he was a graduate having obtained his B.A. Degree in 1951 and that he had been teaching in a certain school.
In support of his application, he attached certain certificates purporting to be from the Headmaster of the School, and the. Inspector of Schools. The U niver. sity authorities accepted the appellant's statements
and gave permission and wrote to him asking for the remission of the fees and two copies of his photograph. The appellant furnished these and on April 9, 1954, proper admission card for him was despatched to the
Headmaster of the School. Information reached the University about the appellant's being not a graduate and being not a teacher. Inquiries were made and it was found that the certificates attached to the application were forged,
that the appellant was not a graduate and was not a teacher and that in fact he had been de-barred from taking any University examination for a certain num- ber of years on account of his having committed
corrupt practice at a University examination. In consequence, the matter was reported to the police which, on investigation, prosecuted the appellant. The appellant was acquitted of the charge of forg.
ing those certificates, but was convicted of the offence of attempting to cheat inasmuch as he, by false repre- sentations, deceived the University and induced the authorities to issue the admission card, which, if the
fraud had not been detected, would have been ultima. tely delivered to the appellant. Learned counsel for the appellant raised two conten- tions. The first is that the facts found did not amount
Abhayanand Mishta v. State of Bihar Raghubar Dayal]. Abhayanand 1\1ish1a v. State of Biha1 Raghubar Dayal J. [1962] to the appellant's committing an attempt to cheat the University but amounted just to his making prepara-
tions to cheat the University. The second is that even if the appellant had obtained the admission card and appeared at the M. A. Examination, no offence of cheating under s. 420, Indian Penal Code, would have
been committed as the University would not have suffered any harm to its reputation. The idea of the University suffering in reputation is too remote. The offence of cheating is defined in s. 415, Indian
Penal Code, which reads: "Whoever, by deceiving any person, fraudulently or dishonestly induces the person so deceived to deliver any property to any person, or to consent that any person shall retain any property, or inten-
tionally induces the person so deceived to do or omit to do anything which he would not do or omit if he were not so deceived, and which act or omis- sion causes or is likely to cause damage or harm to
that person in body, mind, reputation or property, is said to 'cheat'. Explanation.-A dishonest concealment of facts is a deception within the meaning of this section." The appellant would therefore have cheated the
University if he had (i) deceived the University; (ii) fraudulently or dishonestly induced the University to deliver any property to him; or (iii) had intentio- nally induced the University to permit him to sit at
the M.A. Examination which it would not have done if it was not so deceived and the giving of such permission by the University caused or was likely to . cause damage or harm to the University in reputation.
There is no doubt that the appellant, by making false statements about his being a graduate and a teacher, in the applications he had submitted to the University, did deceive the University a.nd that his intention was
to make the University give him permission and deliver to him the admission card which would have enabled him to sit for the M.A. Examination. This card is 'property'. The appellant would therefore
have committed the offence of 'cheating' if the admis- sion card had not been withdrawn due to certain infor- mation reaching the University. We do not accept the contention for the appellant
that the admission card has no pecuniary value and is therefore not 'property'. The admission card as such has no pecuniary value, but it has immense value to the candidate for the examination. \Vithout it he cannot
secure admission to the examination hall and conse- quently cannot appear at the Examination. In Queen Empress v. Appasami (1) it was held that the ticket entitling the accused to enter the examina-
tion room and be there examined for the Matriculation test of the University was 'property'. In Queen Empress v. Soshi Bhushan (') it was held that the term 'property' in s. 463, Indian Penal Code,
included the written certificate to the effect that the acd'Used had attended, during a certain period, a course of law lectures and had paid up his fees. We need not therefore consider the alternative
case regarding the possible commission of the offence of cheating by the appellant, by his inducing the Univer- sity to permit him to sit for the examination, which it would not have done if it had known the true facts
and the appellant causing damage to its reputation due to its permitting him to sit for the examination. We need not also therefore conHider the further ques- tion urged for the appellant that the question of the
University suffering in its reputation is not immedia- tely connected with the accused's conduct in obtaining the necessary permission. Another contention for the appellant is t.hat the
facts proved do not go beyond the stage of preparation for the commission of the offence of 'cheating', and do not make out the offence of attempting to cheat. There is a thin line between the preparation for and
an attempt to commit an offence. Undoubtedly, a culprit first intends to commit the offence, then makes preparation for committing it and thereafter attempts to commit the offence. If the attempt succeeds, he
·has committed the offence; if it fails due to reasons beyond his control, he is said to have attempted to commit the offence. Attempt to commit an offence, therefore, can be said to begin when the preparations
(1) (1889) I.L.R. 12 Mad. 151. (2) (1893) I.L.R. 15 All, 210, Abhayanand Mishra v. State of Bihar Raghubar Dayal ]. Abhayanand !11ishra v. State of Bihar Raghubar Dayal ]. [1962] are complete and the culpit commences to do some-
thing with the intention of committing the offence and which is a step towards the commission of the offence. The moment he commences to do an act with the necessary intention, he commences his attempt to
commit the offence. This is clear from the general expression 'attempt to commit an offence' and is exactly what the provisions of s. 511, Indian Penal Code, require. The relevant portion of s. 511 is:
"Whoever attempts to commit an offence punish- able by this Code ……… or to cause such an offence to be committed and in such attempt does any act towards the commission of the offence, shall, where
no express provision is made by this Code for the punishment of such a~tempt, be punished …… ". These provisions require that it is only when one, firstly, attempts to commit an offence and, secondly,
in such attempt, does any act towards the commission of the offence, that he is punishable for that attempt to commit the offence. It follows, therefore, that the act which would make the culprit's attempt to commit
an offence punishable, must be an act which, by itself, or in combination with other acts, leads to the com- mission of the offence. The first step in the commis- sion of the offence of cheating, therefore, must be an
act which would lead to the deception of the person sought to be cheated. The moment a person takes some step to deceive the person sought to be cheated, he has embarked on a course of conduct which is
nothing less than an attempt to commit the offence, as contemplated bys. 511. He does the act with the intention to commit the offence and the act is a step towards the commission of the offence.
It is to be borne in mind that the question whether a certain act amounts to an attempt to commit a particular offence is a quest,ion of fact dependent on the nature of the offence and the steps necessary to
take in order to commit it. No exhaustive precise definition of what would ae.iount to an attempt to commit an offence is possible. The cases referred to make this clear. We may refer to some decided cases on the con-
struction of s. 511, Indian Penal Code. In The Queen v. Ramsarun Ohowbey (1) it was said at p. 47: "To constitute then the offence of attempt under this section (s. 511), there must be an act done with
the intention of committing an offence, and for the purpose of committing that offence, and it must be done in attempting the commission of the offence. Two illustrations of the offence of attempt as
defined in this section are given in the Code; both are illustrations of cases in which the offence has been committed. In each we find an act done with the intent of committing an offence and immediate-
ly enabling the commission of the offence, although it was not an act which constituted a part of the offence, and in each we find the intention of the person making the attempt was frustrated by cir-
cumstances independent of his own volition. From the illustrations it may be inferred that the Legislature did not mean that the act done must be itself an ingredient (so to say) of the offence
attempted ……… ". The learned Judge said, further, at p. 49: "1 regard that term (attempt) as here employed as indicating the actual taking of those steps which lead immediately to the commission of the offence,
although nothing be done, or omitted, which of itself is a necessary constituent of the offence attempted". We do not agree that the 'act towards the com- mission of such offence' must be •an act which leads
immediately to the commission of the offence'. The purpose of the illustration is not to indicate such a construction of the section, but to point out that the culprit has done all that be necessary for the commis-
sion of the offence even though he may not actually succeed in his object and commit the offence. The learned Judge himself emphasized this by observing at p. 48: "The circumstances stated in the illustrations to
(1) (1872) o\ N.W.P. 46. I96I Abhayanand Mishra v. Slate of Bihar Raghubar Dayal]. r961 Ahhaya11a·1d Mishra v. State of Bihar Ragllubar Dayal]. [1962] s. 511, Indian Penal Code, would not have constitut-
ed attempts under the English law, and I cannot but think that they were introduced in order to show that the provisions of Section 511, Indian Penal Code, were designed to extend to a much wider
range of cases than would be deemed punishable as offences under the English Law''. In In the rnatter of the petition of R. llfacOrea (1) it was held that whether any given act or series of
acts amounted to an attempt which the law would take notice of or merely to preparation, was a ques- tion of fact in each case and that s. 511 was not meant to cover only the penultimate act towards the
completi.on of an offence and not acts precedent, if those acts are done in the course of the attempt to commit the offence, and were done with the intent to commit it and done towards its commission. Knox, J.,
said at p. 179: "Many offences can easily be conceived where, with all necessary preparations made, a long inter- val will still elapse between the hour when the attempt to commit the offence commences and the
hour when it is completed. The offence of cheating and inducing delivery is an offence in point. The time that may elapse between the moment when the preparations made for committing the fraud are
brought to bear upon the mind of the person to be deceived and the moment when he yields to the deception practised upon him may be a very con- siderable interval of time. There may be the inter-
position of inquiries and other acts upon his part. The acts whereby those preparations may be brought to bear upon her mind may be several in point of number, and yet the first act after prepara-
tions completed will, if criminal in itself, be beyond all doubt, equally an attempt with the ninety and ninth act in the series. Again, the attempt once begun and a criminal act done in pursuance of it towards the commission
of the act attempted, does not cease to be a crimi- nal attempt, in my opinion, because the person (•) I.J … R. 15 All. 173. committing the offence does or may repent before the attempt is completed".
Blair, J., said at p. 181: "It seems to me that that section (s. 511) uses the word 'attempt' in a very large sense; it seems to imply that such an attempt may be made up of a series of acts, and that any one of those acts done
towards the commission of the offence, that is, con- ducive to its commission, is itself punishable, and though the act does not use the words, it can mean nothing but punishable as an attempt. It does not
say that the last act which would form the final part of an attempt in the larger sense is the only act punishable under the section. It says expressly that whosoever in such attempt, obviously using
the word in the larger sense, does any act, etc., shall be punishable. The term 'any act' excludes the notion that the final act short of actual commission is alone punishable." We fully approve of the decision and the reasons
therefor. Learned counsel for the appellant relied on certain cases in support of his contention. They are not much to the point and do not in fact express any different opinion about the construction to be placed on the
provisions of s. 511, Indian Penal Code. Any diffe- rent view expressed has been due to an omission to notice the fact that the provisions of s. 511, differ from the English Law with respect to 'attempt to
commit an offence'. In Queen v. Paterson (1) the publication of banns of marriage was not held to amount to an attempt to commit the offence of bigamy under s. 494, Indian Penal Code. It was observed at p. 317:
"The publication of banns may, or may not be, in cases in which a special license is not obtained, a condition essential to the validity of a marriage, but common sense forbids us to regard either the
publication of the banns or the procuring of the license as a part of the marriage ceremony." (I) I.L.R. I All. 316. 3• Abhayanand v. State of Bihar Raghubar Dayal ]. z96z Abhayanand
Mishra State of Bihar Raghubar Dayal]. [1962] The distinction between preparation to commit a crime and an attempt to commit it was indicated by quoting from Mayne's Commentaries on the Indian
Penal Code to the effect: "Preparation consists in devising or arranging the means or measures necessary for the commission of the offence; the attempt is the direct movement towards the commission after the preparations have
been made." In Regina v. Padala Venkatasami (1) the prepara- tion of a copy of an intended false document, to- gether with the purchase of stamped paper forthe pur- pose of writing that false document and the securing
of information about the facts to be inserted in the document, were held not to amount to an attempt to commit forgery, because the accused had not, in doing these acts, proceeded to do an act towards the com-
mission of the offence of forgery. In In the matter of the petition of Riasat Ali (2) the accused's ordering the printing of one hundred receipt forms similar to those used by a company and his
correcting proofs of those forms were not held to amount to his attempting to commit forgery as the printed form would not be a false document without the addition of a seal or signature purporting to be
the seal or signature of the company. The learned Judge observed at p. 356: " ……… I think that he would not be guilty of an attempt to commit forgery until he had done some act towards making one of the forms a false docu-
ment. If, for instance, he had been caught in the act of writing the name of the Company upon the printed form and had only completed a single letter of the name, I think that he would have been guilty
of the offence charged, because (to use the words of Lord Blackburn) 'the actual transaction would have commenced, which would have ended in the crime of forgery, if not interrupted'."
The learned Judge quoted what Lord Blackburn said in Reg. v. Chessman ('): (1) (1881) LL.R. 3 Mad. 4. (2) (1881) I.L.R. 7 Cal. 352. (3) Lee & Cave's Rep. 145. "There is no doubt a difference between the pre-
paration antecedent to an offence and the actual attempt; but if the actual transaction has commen- ced, which woald have ended in the crime if not interrupted, there is clearly an attempt to commit
the crime." He also quoted what Cockburn, C. J., said in M'Pher- son' s Case (' ): "'fhe word 'attempt' clearly conveys with it the idea, that if the attempt had succeeded, the offence
charged would have been committed; An attempt must be to do that which, if successful, would amount to the felony charged." It is not necessary for the offence under s. 511, Indian Penal Code, that the transaction commenced
must end in the crime or offence, if not interrupted. In In re: Arnrita Bazar Patrika Press Ltd. (') Mukherjee, J., said at p. 234: "In the language of Stephen (Digest of Criminal
Law, Art. 50), an attempt to commit a crime is an act done with an intent to commit that crime and forming part of a series of acts which would consti- tute its actual commission·if it were not interrupted.
To put the matter differently, attempt is an act done in part execution of a criminal design, amount- ing to more than mere preparation, but falling short of actual consummation, and, possessing, except
for failure to consummate, all the elements of the substantive crime; in other words, an attempt con- sists in the intent to commit a crime, combined with the doing of some act adapted to, but falling
short of, its actual commission; lt may consequently be defined as that which if not prevented would have resulted in the full consummation of the act attempted: Reg. v. Collins(')".
This again is not consistent with what is laid down in s. 511 and not also with what the law in England is. In Stephen's Digest of Criminal Law, 9th Edition, 'attempt' is defined thus:
(1) Dears & B. zoz. (2) (1920) I.L.R. 47 Cal. 190, (3) (1864) 9 Cox. 497· I96I Abhayanand Mishra v. StaJe of Bihar Raghubar Dayal]. Abhayanand Mishra v. State of Bihar Raghubar Dayal].
[1962] "An attempt to commit a crime is an a.ct done with intent to commit that crime, and forming pa.rt of a series of acts, which would constitute its actual commission if it were not interrupted.
The point at which such a series of acts begins cannot be defined; but depends upon the circum- stances of each particular case. An act done with intent to commit a crime, the commission of which in the manner proposed was,
in fact, impossible, is an attempt to commit that crime. The offence of attempting to commit a crime may be committed in cases in which the offender voluntarily desists from the actual commission of
the crime itself." In In re: T. Munirathnam Reddi (1) it was said at p. 122: "The distinction between preparation and attempt may be clear in some cases, but, in most of the cases, the dividing line is very thin. Nonetheless,
it is a real distinction. The crucial testis whether the last act, if uninter- rupted and successful, would constitute a crime. If the accused intended that the natural consequence
of his act should result in death but was frustrated only by extraneous circumstances, he would be guilty of an attempt to commit the offence of mur- der. The illustrations in the section (s. 511) bring
out such an idea clearly. In both the illustrations, the accused did all he could do but was frustrated from committing the offence of theft because the article was removed from the jewel box in one case
and the pocket was empty in the other case." The observations 'the crucial test is whether the last act, if uninterrupted and successful, would constitute a crime' were made in connection with an attempt to
commit murder by shooting at the victim and are to be understood in that context. There, the nature of the offence was such that no more than one act was necessary for the commission of the offence.
(1) A.I.R. 1955 And. Prad. 118. l We may summarise our views about the construc- tion of s. 511, Indian Penal Code, thus: A person commits the offence of 'attempt to commit a particu-
lar offence' when (i} he intends to commit that parti- cular offence; and (ii) he, having made preparations and with the intention to commit the offence, does an act towards its commission; such an act need not be
the penultimate act towards the commission of that offence but must be an act during the course of com- mitting that offence. In the present case, the appellant intended to deceive the University and obtain the necessary per-
mission and the admission card and, not only sent an application for permission to sit at the University examination, but also followed it up, on getting the necessary permission, by remitting the necessary fees
and sending the copies of his photograph, on the receipt of which the University did issue the admis- sion card. There is therefore hardly any scope for saying that what the appellant had actually done did
not amount to his attempting to commit the offence and had not gone beyond the stage of preparation. The preparation was complete when he had prepared the application for the purpose of submission to the
University. The moment he despatched it, he entered the realm of attempting to commit the offence of 'cheating'. He did succeed in deceiving the Univer- sity and inducing it to issue the admission card. He
just failed to get it and sit for the examination because something beyond his control took place inas- much as the University was informed about his being neither a graduate nor a teacher.
We therefore hold that the appellant has been rightly convicted of the offence under s. 420, read with s. 511, Indian Pena.I Code, and accordingly dismiss the appeal. Appeal dismissed.
r96r Abhayar.ancl Mishra v. State of Bihar Raghubar Dayal ].