.;.. .- . AFSAR SHEIKH AND ANR. v .. SOLEMAN BIBI AND ORS. November 6, 1975 [Y. V. CHANDRACHUD, R. S. SARKARIA AND A, C. GUPTA, JJ.l Contract Act (9 of 1872) s. 0 16-Undue ilzfluence-Cdurt's approach in
11< case whe!'e, a transaction if>' soug/u to be set aside on ground of undue influence. Cede of Civil Procedure (Act 5 of 1908), 0. 6. rr. -2 a11d 4-Plea of fraud and misrepresentation-Court spelling o'ut a plea of undue influence–Propriety . <::&de of Civil Procedure (Act 5 of 1908), ss. JO(),
power under in sec(md appeal. IOI and I 03-High Court's The predecessor-in-interest of the respondents filed a suit for a declaration that the Hiba-bil-Ewaz executed by him was void and
inoperative due to fraud aJJd misrepresentation proceeding from the appellant ( donee ), the allega- tf&n being that the appellant represented it to be a deed of cancellation ot a \\ill.
The trial court and the first appellate court dismissed the suit. Jn 5econd appeal, the High Court remanded the case to the first appellate court holding that the finding given by the court below that the plaintiff had executed the doclilment after knowing _it5 contents was not sufficient in law to throw out the plaintiff's case, because, in view of the allegations in the plaint that the appel- lant was assisting him in the management of his property and that as a result thereof the plaintiff had developed confidence in the appellant which was abused by him by getting the document executed in his favour by the plaintiff, it was incumbent on the court to find out whether the donee was in a position to
dominate the will of •the donor. After remand, the first appellate court again .dismissed the suit. In a further second appeal. the High Court allowed the appeal on the ground that the written statement of the appellant contained a
clear admission of intimate relationship between the parties indicative of the JJOssibi!ity of dominating the will of the plaintiff by the appellant. and conse~ lquently, the onus had shifted on the appellant to show that the plaintiff had access to independent advice, and since the appellant did not produce any such e\·idence, the plaintiff should have been taken to have proved that the document was vitiated by. the undue influence of the appellant. Allowing the appeal to this Court.
HELD : The finding of the first appellate court to the effect that the plaintiff had failed to prove that the appellant Was in a position to dominate his wilt was not wrong or unreasonable.
In any case, it did not suffer from any illegality. omission, error or defect such as is referred to in s.100-( I) C.P.C. ft is a finding of fact and the High, Court. in second appeal, had no jurisdiction to intezfere with it even if it appeared to be erroneous to the High Court, the error not being of the kind indicated in the sub-section.
(338 C-D] ( 1) The High Court in second appeal has tried to make out a new case for the plaintiff. of undue influence which was neither pleaded adequately in the plaint nor put in issue nor raised in the trial court or the first appellate court on ·the first occasion. [332 D-El
c (a) The pleas of undue influence, fraud and misrepresentation arc in Jaw distinct categories and are somewhat inconsistent with one another. In view of 0 6, r.4 read with 0 6, r.2, C.P.C. thev are requ•recl to lfi? separately pleaded with soecilicity. particularity and precision.
(332 H-333 Al 22-L1276/SCI /75 (b) The specific case set up in the plaint was that the document was c vitiated by fraud and misrepresentation practised by the appellant (332 El ( c) A general allegation in the plaint that the plaintiff was a simple old man of 90 years who had reposed great confidence in the appellant was
totally insufficient to amount to an averment of undue influence oi which the High Court could take notice. Apart from this general and nebulous allegation no particulars of undue influence were pleaded. Even the mere relationship between the plaintiff and the appellant (appellant was the grandson of the sister of the mother of the plaintiff) was not disclosed. It was not particularised how the appellant was in a position to dominate the will of the plaintiff, in what manner he exercised that influence, and how it was 'undue' influence. (332 E-G; 333 A-Cl
( d) All that has been said in the written statement was that the relationship subsisti'ng between the plaintiff and the appellant was marked by love and affection and was skin to that of father and son.
This pleading could not be reasonably construed as an admission that he was in a position to dominate the will of the plaintiff. Normally, it would be the father anct not the son who would be in a position of dominating influence.
In spelling out a plea of undue influence for the plaintiff by an inverted construction or the appellant's written statement the High Court over-looked the principle of the maxim secundum allegata et probata that the plaintiff could succeed
only by what he had alleged and proved. [333 D-G] (2) (a) The law relating to undue influence is the same as that embodied in s. 16, Indian Contract Act, 1872. Under s. 16{1) the Court must consider
two things, namely, ( i) are the relations between the donor and donee such that the donee is in a position to dominate the will of the donor ? and (ii) has the donee, in fact, used that position to obtain an unfair advantage over tlJ.e donor ? Under _s. 16(3), if the person seeking to avoid a transaction on the ground of undue influence, establishes that the person who had obtained the benefit was in a position to dominate his will, and that the transaction was unconscionable, the burden shifts on the party who had obtained the benefit to show that the transaction was not i'nduced by undue influence. Therefore, there are three stages to be considered by the Court, in a case of undue influence in the order spe'Ci- .fied: (i) Whether the party seeking relief on the ground of undue influence has proved that the relations between the parties are such that one is in a position · to dominate the will of the other; (ii) it is not sufficient for the person seeking relief to show merely that the relatio1!_5_ 9f the parties have been such that one naturally relied upon the other for advice and that the other was i'n a position to dominate the will of the first in giving it. That is, making out mere influ- ence is not sufficient and something more must be proved so as to render the influence 'undue' in law; and (iii) if the transaction appears to be unconscion- able, then the burden of proving that it was not induced l)y undue influence lies upon the person who was in a position to dominate the will of the other. · [334 F-336 Bl
. -, Subhas/; Chandra v. Gana Prasad (1967] 1 S.C.R. 331 at 334; Roghunath Prasad v. Sarju Prasad, 51 I.A. 101 and Poosathurai v. Kappanna Chattiar and o'thers, 47 I.A. 1, followed.
…. (b) The High Court in the present case,. did not consider the propositions in the order indicated and was thus led to a wrong decision. [336 Bl ( c) The first appellate court after a careful examination of the evidence
found the first two stages against the plaintiff. It has held that although the relationship between the donor and the donee was intimate like that of father and son characterised by mutual cordiality and affection, the donee' was not in a position to dominate the will of the donor. that the appellant did not exer- cise any undue influence on the plaintiff and that the Hiba-bil-Ewaz was volun- tarily executed by the plaintiff after understanding its contents and effuct. The evidence shows that (i) Though the plaintiff was an old man, he was quite fit to look after his own affairs and that he deliberately overstated his age in the plaint.
(ii) There was nothing to show that his mental capacity was temporarily j f , … i AFSAR SHEIKH V, SOLEMAN BIBI (Sarkaria, !.) that he or permanently affected or enfeebled by old age or other cause so could not understand the nature of the deed and the effect and consequences of its execution. [336 B-C, E-Gl
(iii) The scribe gave evidence that the document was prepared ac?ording to the instructions of the plaintiff in the presence of the attesting witnesses aud that he read it out to the plaintiff who accepted it as correct and then affixed this thumb mark. [337 B-Cl
(iv) The attesting witness corroborated the scribe and the trial court and the first appellate court had concurrently found that these two. witnesses were respectable, independent and .disinterested persons, and that their evidence was credit-worthy. [337 D-EJ
(v) The scribe of the document which cancelled the registered will did _not, in his evidence, state that the appellant was present when that deed was written and executed and so, the appellant could not have come into possession or the cancellati~n deed to enable him to induce by misrepresentation or undue influence the execution of the Hiba-bil-Ewaz.
[337 F-G] (vi) The plaintiff in his evidence refused to concede that he had brought up the appellant as a son from hi~ V'ery infancy and that the latter used to look after his lands, thus destroying the slender basis from which the High Court spelt out fiduciary relationship. But assuming that the Hiba-bil-Ewaz was induc- ed by the influence of the appellant in whom the plaintiff reposed confidence such. as a father does in his son, it had not been proved that the influence was undue.
There is no presumption of undue influence .in the case of a gift to a son even when made during the donor's illness and a few days before his death. [336C-D, H-377B] Halsbury's Laws of England, 3rd Edition, Volume 17, p. 674, referred to. (3) The first appellate court also· held that the gift was acted Upon by the parties, that the appellant entered into po>Session of the gifted land, and that it was the plaintiff's natural son who did not like the property being given to the appellant that was responsible for the filing of the suit. [337 G-338 Bl (4)(a) The High Court was incompetent in second appeal to reverse the findings of fact recorded, after remand, by the first appellate court. The scope of the powers of the High Court to interfere in second appeal with the judg- ments and decree~ of the courts below is indicated in ss. 100, 101 and 103, C.P.C. The effect of ss. 100 and 101 is that a second appeal is competent only on the ground of' an error in law or prdcedure and not merely on the ground of an error on a question of fact, however, gross or inexcusable the error may seem to be. Section 103 enables the High Court in second appeal where the evidence on record is sufficient to determine an issue of fact necesiary for the disposaf of the appeal, only; (a) if the lower appellate court has ·not determined that issue of fact, or (b) if it has determined that issue wrongly. by reason of any illegalitv, omission, error or defect such as is referred to in s. 101. [333 G-334 CJ
Msi. Durga Chaudhrani v. Jawahar Singh, 17 I.A. 122 (P.C.) referred to . (b) It is well settled that a question whether a person was in a position to dominate the will of another and procured a certain deed by undue influence is a question of fact and a finding thereon is a finding of fact, and if arrived at fairly in accordance with the procedure prescribed. it is not liable lo be reopened in second appeal. [334 C-Dl
Satgur Prasad v. Har Narain Das, 59· I.A. 147 and Ladli Parshad Jaiswal v. The Karna/ Distillery Co. Ltd., [1964] 1 S.C.R. 270, referred to. c CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 898 of 1968. From the Judgment and Decree dated the 9th November, 1967
of the Patna High Court in Appeal from Appellate Decree No. ·779/65. c (1976] 2 S.C.ll. Sarjoo Prasad and S. N. Prasad for the Appellants. B. P. Singh for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by .
SARKARJA, J.-This appeal by special leave is directed against a iudgment, ~at~d, No~ember 9, 196?, of th~ Patna High Court decree- mg the plamtiff s smt after reversmg the Judgment of the Additional District Judge, Dum1ca.
<;>n~ E?ad Sheikh~ t~e predecessor-in-interest of the respondents ~erem mstituted a smt m the Court of Subordinate Judge at Pakur m 1960 for a declaration that the Hiba;-bil-Ewaz, dated February 9, 1959, executed by him, was void and inoperative due to fraud and misrepresentation proceeding from the donee, Afsar Sheikh, original defendant No. 1 (appellant No. 1 herein). Ebad claimed a further declaration, confirming his possession over the suit lands which were the subject of the Hiba. In the alternative, he prayed for possession thereof.
The plaintiff's case as laid in the plaint, is that he is an illiterate, simple villager, aged about 90 years. On April 2, 1957, one Saifuddin fraudulently got executed and registered a will, dated April 2, 1957, by the plaintiff in favour of the former and his wife in
respect of the suit lands. When this fraud was discovered by the plaintiff, he brought it to the notice of Afsar-appellant, a distant relation who was in his confidence and used to help him in cultivation of his lands.
Afsar Sheikh on February 3, 1959, took the plaintiff to Pakur for execution and registration of a deed cancelling the Will. A cancellation deed was drawn up and executed by the plaintiff, but it could not be presented for registration on that date on account of some delay.
On February 9, 1959, Afsar again took the plaintiff to Pakur and represented that the cancellation deed which was pre- pared on February 3, 1959, had been misplaced and lost, and con- ~equently it was necessary to execute a fresh deed of cancellation. With this misrepresentation, Afsar got executed and registere~ in his favour a Hiba-bil-Ewaz purporting to be a transfer of 12t Bighas of lands by the plaintiff. Thereafter, Afsar sold some of the land which he had obtained under the Hiba-bil-Ewaz to defendant-appellant 2. This sale-deed executed by Afsar was bogus and without consideration and did not confer any title or interest on the transferee. In his written statement, Afsar, defendant denied the allegations of fraud and misrepresentation. He averred that his grandmother was the sister of the plaintiff's mother. The defendant's father die~ whe!1 he was an infant. The plaintiff brought him up as a son. Smee his very infancy, the defendant has been living with the plaintiff, manag- ing his affairs and treating him as his father.
Th~ defendant furth~r stated that the plaintiff has transferred 1 O to 12 Bighas of land to his natural son and an equal area to his second wife. Out of love and affection, the plaintiff conferred a similar benefit on the defendant and voluntarily executed the Hiba-bil-Ew:µ: after receiving from the donee l
w … \ ,. . AFSAR SHEIKH v. SOLEMAN BIBI (Sarkaria, J.) :a dhoti as a symbolic consideration therefor. He denied that the plaintiff at the time of the gift was too old and infirm.
According to him, the plaintiff was not more than 75 years of age. He further averred that he was in possession of the suit lands ever since the ·execution of the Hiba. After considering the
pleadings, the trial court framed three Issues. Issue No. 2 as recast on August 8, 1961, was as follows: "Is the Hiba-bil-Ewaz void and inoperative, having been fraudulently obtained by defendant 1st party, as alleged by the plaintiff? Was it executed bona fide by the plaintiff out of his own free will and given effect to so as to confer valid title upon defendant 1st party with respect to the lands in suit?"
The trial court found that there was no fraud or misrepresentation ()n the part of Afsar. It further held that the done was in possession of the gifted lands ever since the gift. In the result,· it dismissed
·the suit. Aggrieved, the plaintiff preferred an appeal to the District Judge, who by his judgment, dated July 3, 1962, dismissed the same, and : affirmed the findings of the trial court.
The plaintiff carried a second appeal to the High Court. The appeal was heard by a learned Single Judge who held that "the mere finding as given. by the court below that the plaintiff in the present case had executed the document after knowing its contents is not sufficient in law to throw out the plaintiff's case" because in view of the allegation in the plaint "that defendant No. 1 was assisting him in the management of his property and that as a result thereof the plaintiff had developed confidence in him, which, according to the plaintiff, was abused in getting the document dated 9-2-59, executed by the plaintiff", it was incumbent on· the court below to find out whether the donee was in a position to dominate the will of the donor in giving advice. In the opinion of the learned Judge, if the trial court had come to the conclusion in favour of the allegations made by the plaintiff then the onus in that case would have shifted to defendant No. 1 to establish that he did not abuse his position and that the deed of Hiba-bil-Ewaz though unconscionable on the very face of it, · was not. brought about by any undue
influence on his part. \By his judgment, dated October 16, 1963, he remanded the case to the District Judge "for a fresh hearing on the material already on the record" for recording findings as to whether Afsar had obtained the Hiba-bil-Ewaz by
exercising undue influence over the plaintiff, whether consideration had been given for the Hiba-bil-Ewaz and whether the alleged donee had been in possession of the gifted lands. After the remand, the Additional District Judge, Dumka by his judgment, dated June 18, 1965, again affirmed the findings of the trial court.
He further found that there was nothing to show that c c (1976] 2 S.C.R. Afsar was in a position to dominate the will of the plaintiff or had got the Hiba-bil-Ewaz executed by exercising undue influence. Against this judgment, dated June 18, 1965, of [he Additional District Judge,, the paintift' preferred a Second Appeal in the High Court.
This appeal came up for hearing before another learned Judge who by his Judgment dated November 19, 1967, allowed the same and set aside the judgments of the courts below, on the ground that the written statement of the defendant contained a clear admission of intimate relationship between the parties indicative of the "possi- bility" of dominating the will of the plaintiff by defendant No. 1 and consequently the onus had shifted on the defendant to show that the plaintiff had access to independant advice.
Since the defendant did not produce any evidence to show that he had refrained from dominating the will of the plaintiff in obtaining the Hiba-bil-Ewaz, "the plaintiff should have been taken to have proved that the docu- ment was vitiated by undue influence of defendant No. 1".
The learned Judge did not, in terms, set aside the concurrent finding of the courts below on Issue No. 2 relating to fraud and mis- representation. Against the judgment of the High Court, the defendants have come in appeal before us.
We have heard the learned Counsel on both sides and carefully scrutinised the record. We are of opinion that the judgment of the High Court, cannot be upheld as it suffers from manifest errors. The High Court has tried in Second appeal .to make out a new case for the plaintiff on the ground of undue influence which was neither pleaded adequately in the plaint, nor put in issue. · The specific case set up in the plaint was that the Hiba-bil-Ewaz in question was vitiated by fraud and misrepresentation practised by Afsar defendant.
It was in that context it was stated in a general way, that the plaintiff was a simple, illiterate man of 90 years, an<d had great confidence in Afsar, and "the . parties used to help each other in respective cultivation''.
Apart from this general and nebulous allegation, no particulars of a plea of undue influence wei:e pleaded. Even the near relationship between the plaintiff and Afsar was not disclosed.
It was not particularised how Afsar was in a position to dominate the will 0£ the plaintiff, in what manner he exercised that influence, how the influence, if any, used by Afsar over him was "undue", and how and in what circumstances the Hiba-, bil-Ewaz was an 'unfair' or unconscionable transaction. In short no material particulars showing that the transaction was vitiated by undue influence were pleaded. Rather somewhat inconsistently with a plea of undue influence, it was alleged that the Hiba was tainted by fraud, misrepresentation and deceit practised by Afsar.
While it is true that 'undue influence', 'fraud', 'misrepresentation' are cognate vices and may, in part, overlap in some cases, they are in law distinct categories, and are in view of Order 6, Rule 4, read t
. .., .. r r AFSAR SHEIKH V. SOLEMAN BIBI (Sarkaria, !.) with Order 6, r.2, of the Code of Civil Procedure, required to be separtely pleaded, with specificity, particularity and precision. general allegation in the plaint, that the plaintiff was a simple old man of ninety who had reposed great confidence in the defendant, was much too insufficient to amount to an averment of undue in- fluence of which the High Court could take notice, particularly when no issue was claimed and no contention was raised on that point at any stage in the trial court, or, in the first round, even before the first appellate court.
The High Court has tried to spell out a plea of undue influence by referring to paragraph 7 of the written statement in which the defendant inter-alia stated that he was "looked after and brought up by the plaintiff as his son and he became very much attached to the ·plaintiff and since his infancy till the middle of this year this defendant always lived with the plaintiff and nsed to treat him as his father helped him and looked after all his affairs." This paragraph, accord- ing to the learned Judge, contains "a clear admissi0n of the intimate relationship between the two indicative 9f the position of dominating the will of the plaintiff by defendant No. 1"
We are, with due respect, unable to appreciate this antic con- struction put on the defendants' pleading. All .that has been said in the written statement is that the relationship subsisting between the plaintiff and the defendant was marked by love and affection, and c
was akin to that of father and son. Normally, in such paternal relationship, the father, and not the son, is in a position of dominating influence. The defendant's pleading could not be reasonably con-
strued as an admission, direct or inferential, of the fact that he was in a position to dominate the will of the plaintiff. In spelling out a plea of undue influence for the plaintiff by an 'inverted' .construction of the defendants' pleading, the High Court overlooked the principle conveyed by the maxim secundum allegata et f)robata,
that the plaintiff could succeed only by what he had alleged and proved. He could not be allowed to travel beyond what was pleaded by him and put in issue. On his failure to prove his case as alleged, the court
could not conjure up a new case for hirn by stretching .his pleading and reading into it something which was not there, nor in issue, with the aid of an extraneous document. Thus considered,
the High Court was in error when by its judgment, ·dated October 16. 1963, it remanded the case . to the first appellate Court with a direction to determine the question .of undue influence "on material already on record."
Be that as it may, the High Court was not competant, in second appeal to reverse the finding of fact recorded, after . the remand, by th~ first appellant Court, to the effect, that Afsar _was not in . a position to dominate the will of t~e. plaintiff, a?d he did. not .exercise any undue influence on the plamtiff to o~ta~n the Hiha-b1l-Ew~z, which was voluntarily' executed by the plamtiff after understandmg its contents and effect.
c (1976] 2 S.C,R. The scope of the powers of the High Court to interfere in second appeal with judgments and decrees of courts below is indkated in ss. 100, .101, and 103 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
Broadly, the effect of ss. 100 and 101, read together, is that second appeal is competent only on the ground of al) error in law or procedure, and not merely on the ground of an error on a question of fact. The
High Court has no jurisdiction to entertain a second appeal on the "ground of a erroneous finding of fact, however gross or inexcusable the error may seem to be" (Mst. Durga Choudhrani v. Jawahar
Singh) ( 1). Section 103 enables the High Court in second appeal, where the evidence on the record is sufficient, to determine an i~sue of fact necessary for the disposal of the appeal only-
( a) if the lower appellate Court has not determined that issue of fact, or (b) if it has determined that issue wrongly by reason of any illegality, omision, error or defect much as is
referred to in sub-section (1) of Section 100. lt is well settled that a question whether a person was in a position to dominate the will of another and procured a certain deed by undue influence, is a question of fact, and a finding thereon is a finding of fact and if arrived at fairly, in accordance with the procedure prescribed, is not liable to be reopened in second appeal (Satgur Prasad v. Har Narain Das;( 2 ) Lad/i Prashad Jaiswal v. Tile Kariial Distillery Co. Ltd.(3).
Bearing in mind the provisions of s. 103 read with s.100(1), the further question to be considered is: Was the finding of the first appellate Court on the point of undue influence vitiated
_by an illegality, omission, error of defect such as is referred to in s. 1:00( l)? For reasons to be stated presently, the answer to this questioa must be in the negative. The law as to undue influence in the case of. a gift inter vivos is the same as in the case of a contract. It is embodied in s. 16 of the Indian Contract Act. Sub-section (1) of s. 16 defines 'undue influence' in general terms. It provides that to constitute 'undue influence' two basic elements must be cumulatively present.
First, the relations subsisting between the parties are such that one of the parties is in a position to dominate the will of the other. Second, the party in dominant position uses that position to obtain an unfair advantage over the other.
Both these conditions must be pleaded with parti- cularity and proved by the person seeking to avoid the transaction. In view of this sub-section, the Court trying a case of undue influence of the kind before tis, must, to start with, consider two things, namely, ( 1) are the relations between the donor and the donee such that the donee is in a position to dominate the will of the donor?
and (2) has the donee used that position to obtain an (I) 17 I. A. 122 (P. C.) (2) 59 I. A. 147. (3) [1964] 1 S. C. R. 270. Atr AFSAR SHEIKH v. SOLEMAN BIBI (Sarkaria, J.) unfair advantage
over the donor? (Subhas Chandra v. Gana Prasad) . ( 1) Sub section (2) of s. 16 is 'illustrative as to when a person is considered to be in a position to dominate the will of the other. It gives three illustrations of such a position, which adapted to the facts of the present case, would be (a) whether the donee holds a real or apparent authority over the donor, (b) whether he stands in a fiduciary relation to the donor, or (c) whether he makes the · transaction with a person whose mental capacity is temporarily or permanently affected by reason of age, illness or mental or bodily distress.
Sub-section (3) contains a rule of evidence. According to this rule, if a person seeking to avoid a transaction on the grc'lund of undue influence proves- ( a) that the party who had obtained the benefit was, at
the material time, in a position to dominate the will of the other conferring the benefit,° and (b) that the transaction is unconscionable, the burden shifts on the party bencfitting by the transaction to show that it was not induced by undue influence. If either of these two con- ditions is not established the burden will not shift.
As shall be dis- £ussed presently, in the instant case the first condition had not been established, and consequently, the burden never shifted on the defen- dant. In Subhas Chandra case (ibid), this Court quoted with approval )lie observations of the Privy Council in Ragh.unath Prasad v. Sarju /'rasad( 2 ) which expounded three stages for consideration of a case of undue influence. It was pointed out that the first thing to be con- sidered is, whether the plaintiff or the party asking relief on the ground sf undue influence has proved that the relations between the parties t'o each other are such that one is in a position to dominate the will ~f the other.
Upto this point 'influence' alone has been made out. Once that position is substantiated, the second stage has been reached -namely, the issue whether the transaction has been induced by undue influence. That is to say, it is not sufficient for .the person seeking the relief to show that the relations of the parties have been such that the (me naturally relied upon the other for advice, and the other was in a position to dominate the will of the first in giving it. "More than mere fofluence must be proved so as to render influence in the language ·of the law, 'undue' (Poosathurai v. Kappanna Chettiar and others) .(3) Upon a determination 'of the issue at the second stage, a third point emerges, which is of the onus probandi". If ~he trans~ction appe~rs ro be unconscionable, then the burden of provmg that 1t was not 111- duced by. undue influence is to lie upon the person who was in a position to dominate the will of the other.
(1) [1967] I S. C.R. 331 at 334. (2) 51 T. A. 101. (3) 4 7 I.A. I. c c (1976] 2 S.C.R. "Error is almost sur.e to arise if the order of these propositions be changed. The unconsc10nableness of the bargain is not the first thing to be considered.
The first thing to be considered is the relations of the parties. Were they such as to put one in a position to dominate the will of the other". . In_ the present . case the High Court did not consider the proposi- tions m the order md1cated above, and this led to a wrong decision. In the case before us, after a careful examination of the evidence on record, the first appellate Court found the points to be considered at the first two stages, against the plaintiff. It held that although the relationship between the donor and the donee was intimate, like that of father and son characterised by mutual cordiality and affection, the donee was not in a position to dominate the will of the donor. No
less a witness than the donor himself, as R.W. 10, emphatically main~ tained in cross-examination : "Afsar worked sometimes as my labourer on wages and I don't understand what confidence has got to do with it." He intransigently refused to concede even the stark fact-which was otherwise found fully established-that he had brought up Afsar as a son from his very infancy and the latter used to look after the former's lands.
Thus? even the slander shred 'in the plaint from which the High Court tned to spell out a whole pattern of fiduciary relationship be- tween the parties and a position of dominant influence for Afsar, was . torn and destroyed by the plaintiff himself in the witness-stand. Jn the context of the first-stage consideration, the District Judge found on the basis of the evidence on record, that although the plain- tiff was an old man-and he had intentionally, far overstated his agc- yet he was quite fit to look after his affairs. On this point, the District ·Judge accepted the version of the plaintiff's own witness (PW 7) which was to the effect, that the plaintiff himself yokes the bullocks, and un- aided by anybody else, ploughs his lands. In the face of such evidence, the District Judge was right in holding that Ebad plaintiff, though old, was physically fit "to cari:.v on his affairs.
There was no e_vidence to show that the mental capacity of the donor was tcmporarily or per- manently affected or enfeebled by old age or other cause. so that he could not understand the nature·of deed or the effect and consequences of its execution. The mere fact that he was illiterate and old, was no proof of such mental incapacity. None of the circumst~nces ~entioned iii sub-section (2) of s, 16, had been proved. from which. an rnferen~e could be drawn that the donee was in a position to dommate the will of the donor.
The failure of the plaintiff to prove this element of 'un~ue influ- ence' which was to be considered at the first stage, would itself lead to th~ collapse of the whole ground of "undue influence".
Assuming for the sake of argument that the "Hiba-bil-Ewaz was induced by influence of Afsar, in whom th~ former reposed confidence such as a father does, in his son, then also 1t had not been proved that j
r AFSAR SHEIKH v. SOLEMAN BIBI (Sarkaria, J.) such influence was 'undue'. As a rule "there is no presumption of undue influence in the case of a gift to a son … although made during the donor's illness and a few days before his death". (Halsbury's Laws of England 3rd Ed. Vol. 17, p. 674).
The District Judge has held (as per his judgment dated 18-6-1965) that the plaintiff executed the Hiba-bil-Ewaz of his own free will after understanding the contents of the deed. Indeed, the evidence of the deed writer, DW 6, who knew Ebad for abc,mt 5 years previously, was to the effect that he had scribed the deed (Hiba-bil-Ewaz) according to Ebad's instructions in the presence of the attesting witnesses. DW 6 then read out the contents of the deed to Ebad, who accepted the same to be correct and then thumb- marked it. This account of the witness was not challenged in cross- examination.
c D.W. 7 is an attesting witness of the deed. He was the Sarpapch of Birkiti Gram Panchayat. He had come to the Registration Oi1lce at Pakur on that day in connection with his own business.
He was known to Ebad. According to the witness, it was Ebad, the donor,- and not the donee-who had requested the witness to attest the deed. The witness stated that it was Ebad who told him that he was gifting 12-! biglias of land to Afsar in token consideration of a Dhoti given by the latter. The witness corroborated the scribe, that the deed had been drawn up according to the instructions given by Ebad. The first two courts have concurrently found that these witnesses are respectable, independent and disinterested persons,
and their evidence is entirely creditworthy. They also accepted the evidence of DW 3, DW 4 and DW 5 regarding the giving of Dhoti as considera.~ tion for the Hiba by the donee to the donor.
PW 4 was another deed-writer, who had scribed the cancellation deed (Ex. I), admittedly executed by the plaintiff on 3-2-1959 to revoke the will. The plaintiff's case was that on 3-2,1959, it was
Afsar who took him to Pakur and got the cancellation deed executed, and took hold of that deed, and thereafter by a misrepresentation that • the deed had been lost, got on 9-2-1959, the Hiba-bil-Ewaz executed. The core of this story was gonged out by the plaintiff's own witness, PW 4, who had scribed the cancellation deed.
PW 4 did not swear to the presence of Afsar defendant on 3-2-59 at Pukar when the can- cellation deed Ex. 1 was written and executed. In view of this, the first appellate court, was right in holding, in concurrence with the trial court, that Afsar never accompanied Ebad to Pukar c:n 3-2-1959, and he not having come into possession of the ca~eellat10n dee~, no occasion for him arose to induce by misrepresentation or undue mflu- ence the execution of the Hiba-bil-Ewaz in question.
The first . appellate Court further came to the co?clusion tha.t this gift was acted upon by the parties, the dom~e entered mto pos~ess1on of the gifted land, that the plaintiff's natural son Moktul who smce lc:ng before the gift, had been living separately from ·him, started residmg c
SUPREME COUT REPORTS· (1976] 2 S.C.R. with the pla~tiff, a~d, according to the plaintiff's own admission, M_oktul, sometn~e pnor to the suit (which has been filed about one year after th~ execut10n of the Hiba) convened a Panchayat in the Mosque, to consider why the land should be given to defendant 1 and since then the trouble arose which led to the institution of the suit. In short, the District Judge who was the final court of fact, after a survey of the entire evidence on record, found that Afsar was not in a position to dominate the will of Ebad Sheikh and that the execution of the Hiba-bil-Ewaz was not induced by undue influence.
We have discussed the evidence of the important witnesses in some detail to show that on the l\laterial on· record, the finding of the first appellate court to the effect, that the plaiilill' had failed to pr0ve that defendant 1 was in a position to dominate his will, was not wrong or unreasonable. In any case, it did not sull'er from any "illegality, omis- sion, error or defect such as is referred to in sub-section ( 1 ) of section 100". It was a finding of fact and the High Court in second appeal, had no jurisdiction to interfere with the same, even if it appeared to be erroneous to the High Court, the error not being of a kind indicated in section 1 00 ( 1 ) .
Since the plaintiff had failed to substantiate the first clement esscnr- tial to the proof of undue influence, the High Court was wrong in holding that the burden had shifted on the defendant to show that the Hiba-bil-Ewaz was not induced by undue influence.
For these reasons we allow the appeal, set aside the judgment of the High Court and dismiss the suit, but, in the circumstances of the case, leave the parties to bear their own costs throughout.
V.P.S. Appeal allowed. t