c AMRITLAL NATHUBHAI SHAH AND OTHERS v. UNION GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AND ANOTHER August 24, 1976. [A. N. RAY, C.J., N. L. UNTWALIA AND P. N. SmNGHAL, JJ.] Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957-State Gov- emme11t reserved certain areas for exploitation of minerals in public sector-if had the power to do so-Stale Governmellf~If could reject application of private persons.
The appellants' applications for grant of mining leases were rejected by the State Government on the ground that the areas for exploitation of which they had applied, had been reserved for exploitation in the public sector. The Central Government dismissed the revision applications pointing out that since the mine- rals vested in the State Government it had inh,erent right to reserve any particular area for exploitation in the public sector.
In writ petitions challenging the orders of the State Government the appel- lants contended before the High Court that the State Government had no autho- rity to reserve any a~ea for exploitation of minerals in the public sector and its action had no support under the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Develop- ment) Act, 1957. The High Court dismissed the petiti )ns.
Dismissing the appeals, HELD : The State Government was well within its rights in rejecting the appli- cations of the appellants under r.60 as premature and the Central Government was justified in rejecting the revisiorr applications. [376 BJ (i) The 1957-Act declared that it was expedient in the public interest that the Union should take under its control the regulation of mines and the developm!lnt of minerals. The State Legislature's power under Entry 23 of List II was thus taken away so that regulation of mines and mineral development had to be in accordance with the Act and the Rules. [374 CJ
(ii) The State Government is the owner of the minerals within its territory, and the minerals vest in it, and no person has any right to exploit them otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of the Act and the Rules. [374 DJ (iii) There is nothing in the Act or the Rules to require that the restrictions imposed by the Rules would be applicable even if the State Government itself wanted to exploit the minerals. There is no reason why the State Government could not reserve any land for itself for any purpose and such reserved land would then not be available for the grant of prospecting licence or a minirrg lease. [374 HJ
(iv) The State Government's power under s. 10 of the Act to entertain appli- cations includes the power to refuse to grant a licence or a lease on the ground that land was not available for such grant by reason of its having been reserved by the State Government for any purposes. (375 BJ
(v) The authority to order reservation flows from the fact that the State is the owner of the mines and the minerals within its territory. Rule 59 clearly con- templates reservation by an order of the State Government. (375 E] (vi) Under rr. 58, 59 and 60 it is not permissible for any person to apply for a licence or lease in respect of a reserved area until after it becomes available for such grant and the availability is notified by the State Government. The State Government in the present case reserved the areas .for the purpose stated in the notifications and as these lands did not become available again for grant of a pros- pecting licence or a· mining lease. it was well within its rights in rejecting the appli- cations of the appellants under r. 60 as premature. [375 H; 376 A] State! of Orissa v. Union of India, A.LR. 1972 Oris.sa 68 and Mis. S. Laf and Co. Ltd. v. The Union of India and others A.I.R. 1975 Patna 44 held inapp!ic cable.
AMRITLAL NATHUBHAI SHAH v. UNION OF INDiA (Shinghal, J.) 373 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeals Nos. 1554-64/72. (From the Judgment and Order dated 4-5-1972 of the Gujarat High Court in Special Civil Appln. Nos. 1018 and 1045-1054/68 respectively).
A. K. Sen, Bishamber Lal Khanna and E. C. Aggrawala for the Appellants. L. N. Sinha, Sol. Genl. of India and Mr. Girish Chandra, for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
SHINGHAL J.,-These appeals by certificate are directed against a common judgment of the High Court of Gujarat dated May 4, 1972. We have heard them together and will dispose them of by a common judgment. The facts giving rise to the appeals are similar in essential respects and may be shortly stated.
There are large deposits of bauxite in Gujarat State. The State Government issued a notification on December 31, 1963, intimating that the lands in all the talukas of Kutch district and in Kalyanpur taluka of Jamnagar district had been reserved for exploitation of bau- xite in the public sector. A similar notification was issued on Febru- ary 26, 1964, in respect of all areas of Jamnagar and Junagarh districts. Even so, the appellants made applications to the State Government for grant of mining leases for bauxite in the 'reserved areas. There
were no other applications to that effect, but the State Government rejected the applications of the appellants on the ground that, as had been notified, it had reserved the areas for the public sector. The
appellants felt aggrieved and applied to the Central Govlernment lfor revision of the State Government's orders. The revision applications were dismissed after obtaining the comments of the State Government and the orders of rejection were upheld.
In doing, so, the Central Government referred to the fact .that the minerals "vested" in the State Government which was "owner of minerals" and that the State Gov- ernment had the "inherent right" to reserve any particular area 'for exploitation in the public sector. It also pointed out that once a notification had been issued by the State Government for the reservation of any particular area, no party could, as of right, claim any mineral concession in the. reserved area. While making its orders of rejection, the Central Government explained the circumstances in which mineral leases were granted to
Carborundum Universal Limited and the Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation. The appellants felt aggriev- ed. and challenged the orders of the State Government and the Central Government by writ petitions to the Gujarat High
Court. It was urgecl that the 'State Government had no authority to reserve any area of land for exploitation of bauxite in the public sector, and that the refusal to grant mining leases to the appellants was based· on a ground which was altogether extraneous and irrelevant and could not be supported with reference to the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957, hereinafter referred to as the Act, and the rules made tliereunder.
It appears that although the writ petitions c c were based on that short ground, the controversy in the High Court ranged over a wider field including 'that relating to the scope of the executive power of the State Government in refJPect of the impugned reservations.
The High Court therefore examined the controversy with reference to articles 162 and 298 of the Constitution, and the relevant entries in the Lists in the Seventh Schedule, but we are not concerned with that a~pect of the matter as the arguments before us have been confined -to the provisions of the Act and to the Mineral Concession Rules, 1960, hereinafter referred to as the Rules, made thereunder.
It may be mentioned that in pursuance of its exclusive power to make laws with respect to the matters enumerated in entry 54 of List I in the Seventh Schedule, Parliament specifically declar:ed in ,section 2 of the Act that it was expedient in the public interest that the Union should take under its control the regulation of mines and the develop- ment of minerals to the extent prov\ided in the Act. Thy State Legis- lature's power under entry 23 of List II was thus taken away, and it is not disputed before us that regulation of mines and mineral develop- ment had therefore to be in accordance with the Act and the Rules. The mines and the minerals in question (bauxite) were however in the territory of the Sta,te of Gujarat and, as was stated in the orders which were passed by the Central Government on the revision applications of the appellants, the State Government is the "owner of minerals" within its territory, and the minerals "vest" in it.
There is nothing in the Act or the Rules to detract from this basic fact. That was why the Central Government stated further in its revisional orders that the State Government had the "inhereut right to reserve any particular area for exploitation in the public sector". It is therefore quite clear that, in the absence of any law or contract etc. to the contrary, bauxite, as a mineral, and the mines thereof, vest in the State of Gujarat and no person has any right to .exploit it otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of the Act and the Rules. Section 10 of the Act and Chapters II, III and IV of the Rules, deal with the grant of prospecting licences and mining leases in the land in which the minerals vest in the Government of a State. That was why the appellants made their applications to the State Government. Section 4 of the Act provides that no person shall undertake any prospecting or mining operations in any area, except under 'and in accordance with the terms and conditions of a prospecting licence or, as the case may be, a mining lease, granted under the Act and the rules made thereunder, and that no such licence or lease shall be granted "otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of the Act and the rules." But there is nothing in the Act or the Rules to require that the restrictions imposed by Chapters II, III or IV of the Rules would be applicable even if the State Government itself wanted to exploit a mine- ral for, as has been stated, it was its own property. There is therefore no reason why the State Government could not, if it so desired, "re- serve" any land for itself, for any purpose, and such reserved land would then not be available for the grant of a prospecting licence or a mining lease to any person.
f AMR~TLAL NATHUBHAI SHAH v. UNION OF INDIA (Shinghal, !.) 375 Secti©n 10 of the A,ct in fact provides that in respect of minerals which vest in the State, it is exclusively for the State Governmt;nt to entertain applications far the grant of prospecting licences or mining leases and to grant or refuse the sa.me.
The section is therefore indi- cative of the power· of the State Government to take a decision, one way or the other, in such matters, and it does not require much argu- ment to hold that that power included the power to refuse the grant of a licence or a lease on the ground that the land cin question was not available for such grant by reason of its having been reserved by the State Government for any purpose.
We have gone through sub-sections (2) and (4) of section 17 of the Act to which our attention has been invited by Mr. Sen on behalf of the appellants for the argument that they are the only provisions for specifying the boundaries of the reserved areas, and as they relate to prospecting or mining operations to be undertaken by the Central Government, they are enough to show that the Act does not contemplate or provide for reservation by any other authority or for any other purpose.
The argument is however untenable because the aforesaid sub-sections of section 17 do not cover the entire field of the authority ef refusing to grant a prospecting licence 0r a mining lease to any one el$e, and do not deal with the State Government's authority to reserve any area for itself. As has been stated, the authority to order reservation flows from the fact that the Stat0 is the owner of the mines and the minerals .within its territory, which vest in it. But quite apart from that, we find that rule 59 of the Rules, which have been made under sectim1 13 of the Act, clearly contemplates such reservation by an order of the State Government.
That rule deals with the availability of areas for the grant of a prospecting licence or a mining lease in such cases, and provides as follows : "59. Availability of certain areas for grant to be notified -In the case of any land which is otherwise available for the grant of a prospecting licence or a mining lease but in respect of which the State Government has refused to grant a pros- pecting licence or a mining lease on the ground that the land should be reserved for any purpose, the State Government
shall, as soon as such land becomes again available for the grant of a prospecting or mining lease, grant the licence or lease after following the procedure laid down in rule 58." c
Mr. Sen has conceded that it is a vialid rule. It clearly contem- plates reservation of land for any purpose, by the State Gover.nment, and its c;@nsequent non-availability for the grant of a prospecting licence or mining lease during the period it remains under rese:f'l.lation by an order of the State Government. A reading of rules 58, 59 and 60 makes it quite clear that it is not permissible for any person to apply for a licence or lease in respect of a reserved area until after it becemes available for such grant, and the availability is notified by the State Government in the Official Gazette. Rule 60 provides that an applica- tion for the grant of a IJrospecting licence or a mining lease in respect of an area for which no such notification has been issued, inttt alia, 8-1104SCI/76
37G (1977] 1 S.C.R. under rule 59, for making the area available for grant of a licence or a lease, would be premature, and "shall not be entertained and the fee. if any, paid in respect of any such application shall be refunded." It would therefore follow that as the areas which are the <SUbject matter o;' the present appeals had been reserved by the State Governmt:nt for the purpose stated in its notifications, and as those lands did not become available again for the grant of a prospecting licence or a mining lease. the State Government was well within its rights in rejecting the applica- tions of the appellants under rule 60 as premature. The Central Gov- ernment was thus justified in rejecting the :revision applications which were filed against the orders of rejection passed by the State Govern- ment.
We have gone through the decisions in State of Orissa v. Union of Indicl(l) and M/s S. Lal and Co. Ltd. v. The Union of .India and others( 2 ), on which reliance has bfOen placed by Mr. Sen. In the for- mer case the High Court of Orissa took the view that reservation of a particular area for being exploited in the public sector by the State could not be said to be ,a purpose for which it could be reserved under rule 59. In taking that view the High Court went by the consideration that the subject of the legislation in the Act became an "exclusive sub- ject for legislation by Parliament" and there was no residuary power of working out mines and minerals without observing the conditions prescribed by the Act and the Rules. The High Court therefore went wrong in not appreciating that even though the field of legislation had been covered by the declaration of the Parliament in section 2 of the Act, that could not justify the inference that th@
State Government thereby lost its right to the minerals which vested in it as a property within its territory. The High Court has also erred in taking the view that the State was required to obtain a licence or a lease even though it was itself the owner of the land and there was nothing in the Act or the Rules to show that the provisions for the obtaining of a licence or lease would still be applicable to it.
Tn S. Lai and Co. Ltd. v. Union of India and others (supra) the High Court noticed the decisi0n in State of Orissa v. Union of India (supra) but it cannot be urged with any justification that the view ex- pressed in it was followed by the Patna High Court. On the other hand the Patna High Court followed the view which was taken by the Guja- rat High Court in the judgment which is the subject matter of the present appeals and held that the State Government has the power "to reserve certain areas for exploitation by itself, or by a statutory corpor- ation or for a company in a public sector." The controversy in that ca<.'~ was, however, examined with reference to the provisions of article 298 of the Constitution.
The two cases cited by Mr. Sen cannot thus be of any avail to the appellants. For the foregoing reasons there is no merit in these appeals and they are disa1issed with costs. P.B.R.
Appeals dismissed (I) -AJ.~. l972 01TsM 68. (2) A.LR. 1975 Pat'1a 44.