c ANIL KUMAR SAWHNEY v. GULSHAN RAJ OCTOBER 11, 1993 [KULDIP SINGH AND YOGESHWAR DAYAL, JJ.] Negotiable Instrnments Act, 1881 : Sections 5,6 and 19-Post-dated cheque-Nature of–Only a Bill of Exchange till the date shown on its face- Becomes a cheque only from that date.
Sections 138(a), 139 and 140 as inserted by the Amending Act, 1988-Limitation period of six months for presenting the cheque for pay- ment-To be reckoned from the date shown on the face of the cheque and not from the date on which it was made.
The appellant and respondent were share-holders of a private limited company. The company had two groups of share-holders, one led by the appellant and the other by the respondent. Disputes arose between the two groups which led to the filing of a civil suit. Ultimately the parties arrived at a settlement which was recorded in a deed of compromise. E Appellant agreed to transfer all the shares of his group to Respondent for a total consideration of Rs. 10 lakhs. The payment was to be made by way of eight post-dated cheques.
The suit was disposed of in terms of the settlement. Some of the cheques were encashed. Some cheques were returned by the banks with the endorsement "not arranged for no funds". The appellant issued notices under S.138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act to the Respondent and since payment was not forthcoming, he filed complaints before the Chief Judicial Magistrate. Summons were issued to the Respondent for appearance in the said proceedings. Respondent approached the High Court for quash· G Ing the proceedings. A Single Judge of the High Court quashed the proceedings· on the short ground that since the cheques were post-dated, the provisions of S.138 of the Act were not attracted and as such no offence was made out. Aggrieved by the High Court's order, the complainant preferred the present appeals.
Allowing the appeals, this Court SHWHNEYv. G. RAI HELD: 1. A "cheque" under Section 6 of the Negotiable Instruments A Act is also a bill of exchange but it is drawn on a banker and is payable on demand. It is thus obvious that a bill of exchange even though drawn on a banker, if it is not payable on demand, it is not a cheque. A "post-dated cheque" is only a bill of exchange when it is written or drawn; it become a "cheque" when it is payable on demand. The post-dated cheque is not payable till the date which is shown on the face of the said document. It will only become cheque on the date shown on it and prior to that it remains a bill of exchange under Section 5 of the Act. It is clear from Section 19 that a "cheque" is an instrument which is payable on demand. A post-dated cheque, which is not payable on demand till a particular date, is not a cheque in the eyes of law till the date it becomes payable on C demand. [212-F -H, 213-A]
2. When a post-dated cheque is written or drawn it is only a bill of exchange and as such the provisions of Section 138(a) are not applicable to the said instrument. The post-dated cheque becomes a cheque under the Act on the date which is written on the said cheque and the six months D period has to be reckoned for the purposes of Section 138(a) from the said date. One of the main ingredients of the offence under Section 138 of the Act is, the return or the cheque by the bank unpaid. Till the time, the cheque is returned by the bank unpaid, no offence under Section 138 is made out. A post-dated cheque cannot be presented before the bank and E as such the question or its return would not arise. It is only when the post-dated cheque becomes a "cheque", with effect from the date shown on the face of the said cheque, the provisions of Section 138 come into play. With effect from the date shown 'on the race or the said cheque it becomes a "cheque" under the Act and the provisions or Section 138(a) would squarely be attracted. (213-C-F]
3. In the instant case, the post-dated cheques were drawn in March 1990 but they became "cheques" in the year 1991 on the dates shown therein. The period of six months, therefore, has to be reckoned from the dates mentioned on the face of the cheques. (213-F·G]
Babu Xavier v. Lalchand Munoth, 1990 TLNJ(Crl.) 121, approved. Manoj K Seth v. Fernandez, 1991 2 KLT 65, overruled. CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal H A Nos. 640-42 of 1993.
From the Judgment and Order dated 21.1.1992 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Crl. Misc. Nos. 8857-M, 8859-M and 8855-M of 1991. Kailash Vasdev for the Appellant. c Y.K. Jain and P.K. Jain (for Rajendra Narain and Co.) for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by . KULDIP SINGH, J. Leave granted. Anil Kumar Sawhney filed three complaints before the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Karnal alleging that Gulshan Rai, the accused therein, had committed an offence under section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments D (Amendment) Act, 1988 (for short the Act). The learned magistrate issued summons in each of the three complaints to Gulshan Rai for his ap- pearance in the said proceedings. Gulshan Rai challenged the orders of the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate before the Punjab and Haryana High Court by way of criminal miscellaneous petitions under section 482, Cr.P .C. Learned single Judge of the High Court quashed the proceedings on the short ground that the cheques in dispute being post-dated cheques, the provisions of section 138 of the Act were not attracted and, as such, no offence was made out on the admitted facts of the criminal complaints. These appeals by way of special leave petitions are by Anil Kumar Sawhney against the order of the High Court.
The appellant and the respondent were the share-holders of M/s. Sai Beverages Private Limited, a private limited company having its registered office at Karnal. The comp~y had two groups of share-holders, one led by the appellant and the other by the respondent. 'Disputes between the two groups of share-holders led to the filing of a civil suit at Karnal. G Ultimately the parties arrived at a settlement which was recorded in a deed of compromise dated March 5, 1990. The appellant agreed to transfer all the shares standing in the names of his group- associates to the respon- dent-Gulshan Rai for a total consideration of Rs.10 lacs. The payment was to be made by way of eight post-dated cheques of different amounts. The H suit was disposed of in terms of the settlement ~ntered into between the SHWHNEYv. G~ RAJ [KULDIP SINGH, J.]
parties. Some of the cheques were encashed on presentation to the A bankers. Two cheques dated February 15, 1991 for Rs.1 lac each, one cheque dated April 15, 1991 for Rs. 1,50,000 and another cheque dated May 15, 1991 for Rs. 1,50,000 were returned by the banks with the endor- sement "not arranged for – no funds". The appellant thereafter issued notices as contemplated under Section 138 of the Act and having failed to B receive the payment; filed complaints before the Chief Judicial Magistrate at Kamal.
The Banking, Public Financial Institutions and Negotiable Instru- . ments Laws (Amendment) Act, 1988 (the Amendment Act) came into force with effect from April 1, 1989. The Amendment Act inserted a new C Chapter XVII in the Act (enacting sections 138, 139, 140 and 142). The Statement of Objects and Reasons given in the Amendment Act for inserting new Chapter XVII in the Act are as under:
"(xi) to enhance the acceptability of cheques in settlement of liabilities by making the drawer liable for penalties in case of D bouncing of cheques due to insufficiency of funds in the accounts or for the r:ason that it exceeds the arrangements made by the drawer, with adequate safeguards to prevent harassment of honest drawers,"
Sections 5, 6, 19, 138, 139 and 140 of the Act, to the relevant extent, are reproduced hereunder: '"Bill of Exchange' is an instrument in writing containing an un- conditional order, signed by the maker, directing a certain person to pay a certain sum of money only to, or to the order of, a certain F person or to the bearer of the instrument.
xxxx xxxx xxxx 6. "Cheque" A 'cheque' is a bill of exchange drawn on a specified banker and not expressed to be payable otherwise than G on demand. 19. Instntments payable on demand – A promissory note or bill or exchange, in which no time for payment is specified, and a cheque, are payable on demand.
c 1.38. Dishonour of cheque for insufficiency etc. of funds in the account – Where any cheque drawn by a person on an account maintained by him with a banker for payment of any amount of money to another person from out of that account for the discharge, in whole or in part, of any debt or other liability, is returned by the bank unpaid, either because of the amount of money standing to the credit of that account is insufficient to honour the cheque or that it exceeds the amount arranged to be paid from that account by an agreement made with that bank, such person shall be deemed to have committed an offence and shall, without prejudice to any other provision of this Act, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extent to twice the amount of the cheque, or with both:
Provided that nothing contained in this section shall apply unless – (a) the cheque has been presented to the bank within a period of six months from the date on which it is drawn or within the period of its validity, whichever is earlier;
(b) the payee or the holder in due course of the cheque, as the case may be, makes a demand for the payment of the said amount of money by giving a notice, in writing, to the drawer of the cheque, within fifteen days of the receipt of information by him from the bank regarding the return of the cheque as unpaid; and
(c) the drawer of such cheque fails to make the payment of the said amount of money to the payee or, as the case may be, to the holder in due course of the cheque, within fifteen days of the receipt of the said notice.
Explanation – For the purpose of this section, "debt or liability'' means a legally enforceable debt or other liability. 139. Presumption in favour of holder – It shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that the holder of a cheque received the cheque of the nature referred to SHWHNEYv. G. RAI (KULDIP SINGH, J.)
in section 138 for the discharge, in whole or in part, or any debt A or other liability. 140. Defence which may not be allowed i1t a1ty prosecutio1t u1tder sectio1t 138 – It shall not be a defence in a prosecution for an offence under B section 138 that the drawer had no reason to believe when he issued the cheque that the cheq'.le may be dishonoured on present- ment for the reasons stated in that section."
The facts are more or less undisputed. Out of several cheques issued C post-dated in March 1990 under the deed of compromise between the parties, two of the cheques were dated February 15, 1991 one dated April 15, · 1991 and the fourth dated May 15, 1991. The dispute in the present appeals is as to what is the date on which a cheque is stated to have been drawn. In other words, what is the date from which the period of six months as contemplated under Section 138(a) of the Act is to be reckoned. The main contention raised by the respondent before the High Court was that the cheques in dispute were drawn in March, 1990 when those cheques were written and made. The dates written on those cheques, which were post-dated cheques, are not the dates when the cheques were drawn. E According to the respondent, since the cheques were drawn in March, 1990 and those were presented before the bankers in the year 1991, the cheques had been presented to the bank_ beyond the period of six months from the date on which those were drawn and as such no offence was rtiade out under section 138(a) of the Act. Following the judgment of a learnged F single Judge of the Madras High Court in Babu Xavier v. Lalcha1td Munoth 1990 TLNJ (Crl.) 121 the High Court quashed the criminal complaints against the respondent.
The Madras High Court in Babu's case (supra) interpreted Section 138 of the Act in the following terms: "When proviso (a) to section 138 limits the applicability of the provision to cheques presented within six months of the date of drawal of the cheques, it has to be taken that it was the intention of Parliament to exclude cheques post- dated or ante-dated beyond H ….,.-
a period of six months from the ambit of the penal provision. The use of the words in proviso (a) … 'within a period of six months from the date on which it is drawn' rather than 'within a period of six months from the date the cheque bears' and the use of words 'or within the period of its validity, whichever is earlier rather than the words 'or within the period of its validity, whichever is later' would make this intention explicit.
Post-dated cheques, though legal, are real anomalies in the commercial world. They are payable on demand and negotiable ·c even between the dates of issue and the dates shown on them. The holder of such a ·cheque, duly negotiated to him, even before the date the cheque bears, is indeed a holder in due course under the Act. Yet, when presented to the bank before the ostensible date, the banker does not honour the cheque but returns them. The unpaid banker who honour the cheque, without noticing the date the cheque bears, does so, at his risk, since he is bound to suffer loss, if the drawer of the cheque countermands the cheque before the date of cheque, by a stop payment order or he dies or becomes insolvent before the above date. The position of a holder in due course of such a cheque is just the same.
Yet the law is that a cheque otherwise valid does not become invalid merely by reason of its being either post-dated or ante- dated. When, therefore, a person receives a cheque, post-dated or ante-dated beyond the period of six months, he should be deemed to receive it with the knowledge that, .in the event of dishonour for want of funds, section 138 of the Act would not help him. This obviously is the intention of Parliament.
It follows from the above discussion that a cheque is drawn on the date when the drawer signs the cheque, complete in its form. On such an interpretation, cheques post-dated or ante-dated beyond the period of six months from the date the cheques bear would be out of the purview of section 138 of the Act."
On behalf of the appellant a Division Bench judgment of the Kerala IH High Court in Manoj K. Seth v. Fernandez. [1991) 2 KLT 651which took a. SHWHNEYv. G. RA1 [KULDIP stNGH, J.) contrary view, was cited. The Kerala High Court did not agree with the A judgment of the Madras High Court in Babu's case and interpreted section 138 of the Act in the following terms:
"Interpretation of S.138 of the Act to discover the liability arising from dishonouring of a post-dated cheque has to be with due B regard to the said character of post-dated cheque and the scope of clause (a) of the proviso to s.138 cannot be considered in isolation. The Statute has to be construed with reference to the context and other clauses of Act to make it consistent with it. The very object of the provision is to enhance the acceptability of cheques by making the drawer liable for penalty in case the cheque C bounces for the reasons mentioned in the said section. If a post- dated cheque is considered to be drawn on the date of its delivery, the drawer of such ~heque can defeat S.138 of the Act by showing a date beyond six mOnths of its delivery. In the circumstance an interpretation which Will bring about such a result cannot be D adopted. The object of the section is to make drawer of the cheque subject to penalty when the cheque bounces on the ground men- tioned in the Section. The rigour of the Section itself reveals the intention of the legislature. Enough safeguards are provided in the Section itself to protect honest drawers.
Offences under S.138 of the Act would be committed only when a cheque drawn for payment of any debt or liability is returned by the bank unpaid and drawer fails to make payment of the said amount within 15 days of notice of dishonour. One of the elements p to be satisfied is the cheque should have been returned unpaid. It goes without saying such return of the cheque by the drawee could only be on presentation; that is when he is capable of presenting the same for encashment. In the case of post-dated cheque as noted early, the same can be presented only on or after the date of the cheque. The question as to when a post-dated cheque can G be considered to have been drawn for the purpose of S.138 of the Act cannot be dealt with independently of the right to present the same. In relation to the drawer and drawee post-dated cheque becomes operative only from the date of cheque when alone the same is intended to be honoured. Post dated cheque for the H su1: REME COURT REPORTS (1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
purpose of clause (a) of the provis9 to S.138 of the Act has to be considered to have been drawn on the date it bears and in this case, since the cheque was presented within six months of the date of the cheque, it cannot be said that the condition in the said proviso is not satisfied.
In view of the above, with respect, we are unable to agree with the view taken in Babu Xavier's case (1990 TLNJ (Crl) 121) referred to early." The Punjab and Haryana High Court in the impugned judgment C followed the Madras High Court view and did not agree with the Division Bench of the Kerala High Court.
We do not agree with the reasoning and the conclusions reached by the Madras High court which have been followed by the learned single Judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in the impugned judgment. D . Both the High Courts fell into patent error in holding that the provisions of Section 138 of the Act are not applicable to the post-dated cheques. The interpretation placed by the High Courts on Section 138 of the Act is not only contrary to the plain language of the various provisions of the Act but is also contrary to the Objects and Reasons of the Amendment Act. The said interpretation, if accepted, would defeat the very purpose of inserting Chapter XVII in the Act.
Sections 5 and 6 of the Act define "Bill of Exchange" and "Cheque". A "Bill of Exchange" is a negotiable instrument in writing containing an instruction to a third party to pay a stated sum of money at a designated future date or on demand. A "cheque" on the other hand is a bill of exchange drawn on a bank by the holder of an account payable on demand. Thus a "cheque" under Section 6 of the Act is also a bill of exchange but it is drawn on a banker and is payable on demand. It is thus obvious that a bill · of exchange even through drawn on a banker, if it is not payable on G demand, it is not a cheque. A "post-dated cheque" is only a bill of exchange when it is written or drawn, it becomes a "cheque" when it is payable on demand. The post-dated cheque is not payable till the date which is shown on the face of the said document. It will only become cheque on the date shown on it and prior to that it remains a bill of exchange under Section H 5 of the Act. As a bill of exchange a post-dated cheque remains negotiable SHWHNEY1·. G. RA! [KULDfP SINGH,J.]
bul il will nol become a "cheque" Lill Lhe dale when il becomes "payable on A demand". IL is clear from Section 19 Lhal a "cheque" is an inslrumenl which is payable on demand. A post-dated cheque, which is not payable on demand till a particular date, is not a cheque in the eyes of law till the date it becomes payable on demand.
An offence to be made out under the substantive provlSlons of Section 138 of the Act it is mandatory that the cheque is presented to the bank within a period of six months from the date on which it is drawn or within the period of its validity, whichever is earlier. It is the cheque-drawn C which has to be presented to the bank within the periods specified therein. When a post-dated cheque is written or drawn it is only a bill of exchange and as such the provisions of Section 138(a) are not applicable to the said instrument. The post-dated cheque becomes a cheque under the Act of the date which is written on the said cheque and the six months period has to D be reckoned for the purposes of Section 138(a) from the said date. One of the main ingredients of the offence under Section 138 of the Act is, the return of the cheque by the bank unpaid. Till the time the cheque is returned by the bank unpaid, no offence under Section 138 is made out. A post-dated cheque cannot be presented before the bank and as <:;uch the E question of its return would not arise. It is only when the post-dated cheque becomes a "cheque", with effect from the date shown on the face of the said cheque, the provisions of Section 138 come into play. The net result is that a post-dated cheque remains a bill of exchange till the date written on it. With effect from the date shown on the face of the said cheque it becomes a "cheque" under the Act and the provisions of Section 138(a) would squarely be attracted. In the present case the post-dated cheques were drawn in March 1990 but they became "cheques" in the year 1991 on the dates shown therein. The period of six months, therefore, has to be reckoned from the dates mentioned on the face of the cheques. Even otherwise we agree with the reasoning adopted by the Division Bench of the Kerala High Court. Section 138 has to be construed with reference to the context. If the object of bringing Section 138 of the Act on the statute has to be fulfilled then the only interpretation which can be given to clause (a) of proviso to Section 138 of the Act is that a post-dated H cheque shall be deemed to have been drawn on the date it bears. We, allow the appeals and set aside the impugned judgment of the High Court dated January 21, 1992. The learned Chief Judicial Magistrate Kamal shall now proceed with the complaints pending before him· in accordance with law.
G.N. Appeals allowed