8!10 AYODHYA SINGH v. STATE OF RAJA.STIIAN August, 17, 1972 [J. M. SHELAT, I. D. DUA AND H. ·R. KHANNA, JI.] I.P c ,_…s 4S7 and 280 read with S. 15.-Appe/lant found inpo.ue.ssion nf stolen·g~ within 11 dayJ of the the/f-Appellilnt if tullty-$, U4 of the Evidtnc:t Act-Its scope.
1b.e appellant and a.oother were convkted u/s- 457 a:nd 380 read with s. 75 LP.C. by Add. Munisitf Magistnte,. The prosecution ca,e was that 00 9th Fcbnrn ~y 1964, certain gold and sliver om~Jl~. were stolen from :1 jeweller's hvuse in Jaipuc Ci.ty. The accused, ~
~lllgb . wu ~ after 30mc t.irr.e. The finger prmts left by the culJltlta.Uied with the epca- men finger im;,remons (\f Hira Singh accused. Further in punuanu of did0Sl2re sa!~rnoot made by Hira Singh accUBed, oerta.in amount of meney was recovered frml th:: wife cif the Hira Singh's brotber. A nlll:ll.b« of stolen articl~ a.od an instrument of house-hreaJdng were also found. On iotercegation of Hira Sing~ accmed. poliee ruidcd the bouse of tbe eppel- land and recovered from rhe place I 8 stolen article! on February 21, 1964. 1be appeUant was arrested 4 day5 later and 1rem his penonal search, 26 item& of stolen property were r~covercd .
In pursuance of information IUp- plied by tht appellant, the police recovered a number of stolen gold article> b~ in a gra,~yard. Tbe trial court aC\:cpted the 'Prosecution ca3e and c.on~ and sentenced the accused penon;. Appeals and revision peti- ttona fikd bv t~ accused ~re diJmiMed. On appeal to this Court. appcl- lant'a CC?unst~ rat~ ln:er alta, tht following objcctioos:-(1) the propriety of the tden~~ti~ of tht recovered articlea w..s ;ueailed; (2) the judg- me_nta of the tnal court and the Additional Sessions Judge were not very ·~~factory (3) that there bas been a misjoinder ot charges ( 4) the con- vtettoo of _the appellanl ahould have been under s 411 I PC and not under sectiOns 4$7 and 380 J.P.C.
' · · Dismiuing the appeals, c HE~.J~ll: (1) Tho recover~d urticlcs wer0 mi:ud with other similar arti~ f c Cl an nece&~ary precautions were taken by the Magistrate The article h'!cbe~~~~~d~~t~fted hyby t~e complainant and his father. Nothinl ex>gent be not accepted.
o w t e statement of the Magistrate In tb.l.t reapect (2) Although the High eo t b Court, the Additional Scsalona ~r 0 served that the judgments of tho mal ataoce I• not very material ·~c -, udge we~ not aat:Ufactory, but thls cirt'UJD· Ia details and c~me to the con~r~ the:•gh Court coD!Idered the evidence (i
been proved. Thuefore it can~s ~nbe at 1the Ci!e against tho accuseJ bad b«n prejudiced In any ,~11y. sad that the accused penon.s had . So far u the que5tion or … 1ubmt.s1on ia without any force D'li&JOind.:r of ~harga Is cooec:ruo:J, the •how that tne accu~d loi U
• bec~use the t'lrcumstances of the c:1s~ were charged and that th~ Y comm,tt.:d tho offences with which thev Jl the ll!"e tranaactioo. Thee tw~cncea were committed In the cour!e of an~ ~ed together Such a coun a~cused could consequently be cbarged nnunal Procedure.
e 11 PtTmltted by s. 239 of the Code of -. ! I ·I j ;i ·' d ;f 1.~ i c .r AYODHYA v. RAJASTHAN (Khanna, J.) ( 4) The house-breaking and theft took place on the night between February 8 and February 9, 1964. The various stolen articles were re- covered from the appellant) house on February 21, 1963 ~ the~e~ after from his person on February 25, 1964. The appellant was m police custody ·after February 25 1964 and more stolen articles were recovered on March 3 1964 from 'the graveyard in pursuance of his
disclosure statement. The articles which were recovered on March 3, 1964 can therefore -be held to be in possession of the appellant on February 25, 1964. It would thus follow that within 17 days of the theft, the appel- lant was found in possession of the stolen articles.
According to the illustration (a) of s. 114 of the Indian Evidence Act, a man who is in possession of the stolen goods soon after the theft, is either the thief or has received the goods knowing them to be stolen, unless he can account for his possession. In the present case, the appellant has not been able to account for his possession of the stolen articles. The' explanation fur- nished by him is not all worthy of credence.
'ihe courts below were right in convicting the accused. The fact that the appellant was found soon after the theft in possession of a very large number of stolen arti- cles as well as the other circumstances, show that the appellant was him- self the thief and not the receiver of stolen goods. [885A] CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Cr. A. No. 212
of 1'968. Appeals by special leave from the judgment and order dated January 19, 1968 of the Rajasthan High Court in Crl. Revision No. 383 of 1967. S. P. Singh and Shiv .Pujan Singh for the appellant.
Debabroto Mookerjee, P. C. Kapur and K. B. Mehta for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Khanna, J. Ayodhya Singh appellant and Hira Singh were convicted by Additional Munsiff Magistrate Jaipur for offences under section 457 and 380 read with section 75 Indian Penal Code. Ayodhya Singh was sentenced to undergo rigorous im-
pnsonment for a period ot two years and to pay a fine of rupees two thousand for the offence under section 457 read with section 75 Indian Penal Code. In default of payment of fine, Ayodhya Singh was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a further period of six month&.
Similar sentence was awarded to Ayodhya Singh for the offence under section 380 read with sec- tion 75 lndian Penal Code. The two sentences were ordered to run consecutively. · Hira Singh was sentenaed to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of two years and to pay a fine of rupees one thousand, or in default, to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a further period of six months for the offence under section 457 read with section 75 Indian Penal Code.
Similar sentence was awarded to Hira Singh for rthe offence under section 380 read with section 75 Indian Penal Code. The two sentences of Hira Singh were also ordered to run consecutively. Appeals filed by Ayodhya Singh and Hira Singh were dismissed by Additiot\al
Sessions Judge Jaipur. Revision petitions filed by Ayodhya Singh and 7-;L172Sup.C.I.f73 Bira· Singh in Rajasthan High Court met with no better fate. Ayodhya Singh thereafter filed this appeal by special leave through jail.
The prosecution cnse is that Kistoor Chand (PW 73) deals in gold and silver. He was running a shop in Johri bazar Jaipur, but sometime before the occurrence, he had to vacate the sh-op and remove the gold and silver ornaments worth over a lakh of rupees to his hous.e situated in Manni Ramji-ka-Rasta in Jaipur City. The house has four storeycs and the ornaments were ljUt in a room on the third storey of the house. Cash amount was also kept by Kistoor Chand.in that room. When Kistoor Chand got up on the morning of February 9, 1964 he found that the big window of the room in which ornaments had been kept was lying open. On opening the room it was found that the boxes containing ornaments were lying empty.
A number of articles were seen scattered in. the room. Report about the occurrence was lodged at police station Manak Chowk Jaipur City by Mahindra Kumar (PW 74), son of Kistoor Chand at 7-30 a.m. on February 9, 1964. A case was then registered by the police under sections 457 and 380 Indian Penal Code.
Sub Inspector Basarat Vallabh went soon after the registratioa '3f the case to Kistoor Chand's house and found that culprits had effected their entry into the room by breaking open the window. The Sub Inspector saw a number of articles scattered in the room. The containers for keeping gol4 and silver ornaments were lying empty. A police photographer was sent for.
The photographer developed the finger printS left by the culprits on a silver plate lying in an almirah of the room. The photographs of the finger impressions were compared with the specimen finger impressions of Hira Singh accused and it was found that they tallied with each other.
Hira Singh accused was arrested on February 21, 1964. In pursuance of disclosure statement of Hira Singh Rs. 1, 790 were recovered from Saraswati Bai, wife of the brother of Hira Slngh. A box was also recovered in pursuance of the disclosure statement of Hira Singh and a number of stolen articles were found in that box. Hira Singh also got recovered an instrument of house
breaking. As a result of the interrogation of Hira Singh, the police raided the house of Ayodhya Singh appellant at Jairi on February 21. 1964 and recovered from that place 18 stolen articles. Ayod~tya Singh was arrested by the police on February 25, 1964 at Etawah and from his nersonal ·search 26 items of stolen pro- perty were recovered.
The recovered property included cash amount of Rs. 6.485/ – inc1uding 28 currency notes of the denomi- nation of Rs.• 100/-. In pursuance of information supplied by c c AYODHYA V. RAJASTHAN tKhanna, J.)
Ayodhya Singh, the police recovered on March 3, 1964 a number of stolen gold articles wrapped in an old·baniyan which had been b·uried in a graveyard near milestone No. 5 on the Agra-Etawah- Kanpur road.
Identifications of recovered ornaments were held by Shri A. C. Bafna Magistrate (PW 72) on July 17, 1964 and Ju!y 20, 1964. The recovered ornaments were then identified by Kistoor Chand and Mahendra Kumar PWs as those which be-
longed to them and ~hich had been stolen. At the trial the two accused denied the prosecution allocations against them and stated that they had been falsely involved in tl1is case.
According to them, the various articles which had been. recovered by the police belonged to them. Regarding the reco- very ol some gold bars from him, the appellant stated that he got. the bars prepared for the purpose of purchasing bonds. The trial court accepted the prosecution case and convicted and sentenced the accused as above. The recovered articles were ordered to be restored to Mahendra Kumar complainant. Appeals and revision petitions filed by the accused, as stated earlier, were dismissed. We have heard Mr. Singh who has argued the case amicus
curiae. on behalf of the appellant and are of the opinion that there is no merit in the appeal. The fact that some persons had broken into the house of Kistoor Chand on the night between February 8 and February 9, 1964 and had removed valuable articles consist- ing of cash, jewellery and silverware is proved by the testimo1,1y of Kistoor· Chand and Mahindra Kumar.
The prosecution has also led evidence to show that a number of sotlen articles were recovered in·pursuance of the disclosure statement of f{ira Singh accused after he was arrested on February 21, 1964. The inter- rogation of Hira Singh led to the police raid on the house of Ayodhya Singh appellant wherefrom a number of stolen articles were recovered. Ayodhya Singh was arrested on F."ebtuary 25, 1964 and some of the stolen articles were recovered from his person.
Ayodhya Singh then:after made disclosure statement which led to the recov~ry of more stolen articles from a graveyard on March 3, 1964. The appellate court and the High Court ac- cepted tne. evidence adduced by the prosecution in this respect. The version of the accused that the recovered articles belonged to them was rejected. The courts below in this content relied-upon the identification of the recovered atiicles by Kistoor Chand and Mahindra Kumar.
Nothing has been brought to our notice hy Mr. Singh as may justify interference with the appraisement of the evidence of the trial magistrate, the Additional Sessions J t!dge and the HiQh Court.
One siQ:ni[lc-ant circumstance which shows the falsity of the claim made by the appe1lant that tbc recovered articles belonged to him is the fact that some of those articles ·.verc recovered from a Qravevard near milestone No. 5 at Agra-Etawah- Kanpur road. The articles were found to have been buried there SUPREME COURT REPOh 1
[1 , 3] 1 "·'- and were recovered in pursuance of the disclosure statement ui the appellant. If the aforesaid recovered articles consisting of gold bars belonged to the appellant, it is difficult to believe that he would have buried them in a lonely spot in a graveyard. The fact that the appellant buried them in a graveyard shows his anxiety to conceal those articles so that no on~ may know that he was· in possession of those articles.
Mr. Singh has assailed the propriety of the identification of the recovered articles. In this· respect we find that the evidence of Shri A. C. Bafna Magistrate (PW 72) shows that the recovered articles were mixed with other similar articles and all necessary precautions were taken.
Kistoor Chand and Mahindra Kumar correctly identified the recovered a~ticles~ Nothing cogent has been shown to us as· to why the statement of Shri Bafna in this respect be LOt accepted.
Mr. Singh has referred to the observations of the High Court that the judgments of the trial magistrate and the Additional Ses- sions Judge were not very satisfactory. Th.is circumstance, in
our opinion, is not very material because the High Court considered the evidence which had been adduced in ~he case at some length and came to the conclusion that the case against the accused had been proved. In View of the fact that the evidence on record has been discussed in detail by the High Court, it cannot be said that the appellant has be,.;_ prejudiced because of the fact that the judg~ ments of the trial magistrate and the appell<~~te court were not as elaborate as they should have been.
A faint attempt was made by ~r. Singh to show that there had been misjoinder of charges. This submission is plainly with~ out any force because the circumstances of the case show that the accused jointly committed the offences with which they
were chargoo· and that those offences were committed in the course of the same transaction. The two accused could consequently be ~barged and tried together as such a course is permitted by sec~ tion 239 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
Lastly, it has been argued that the conviction of the appellant should have been under section 411 Indian Penal Code and not under sections 457 and 380 Indian Penal Code. This contention is equally untenable. The house break!ng and theft in the house of Kistoor Chand took place on the niglit between February 8 and Februaiy 9, 1964.
The various stolen articles were recovered from the appellant's house .on February 21, 1964 and thereafter from his person on February 25, 1964. The appellant was in police custody after February 25, 1964 and more stolen articles were recovered on March 3, 1964 from the graveyard in pur- suance of his disclosure statement.
The articles which were recovered on March 3, 1964 can consequently be held to be in the possession of the appellant on February 25, 1694. It would c A,.YODHYA v. RAJASTHAN (Khanna, J.)
thus follow that within 17 days of the theft the appellant was found in possession of the stolen articles. According to illustra- tion (a) of section 114 of the Indian Evidence Act, a man who is in possession of stolen goods: soon after the theft is either the thief or has received the goods knowing them to be stolen, unless he can account for his possession.
It would, in our opinion, depend upon the facts and circumstances of each case whether the court should draw the presumption that a person found in posses- sion of stolen goods soon after the theft and who has not been able to account for his possession is the thief or whether he is the receiver of the goods knowi:ng them to be stolen. We may state at this stage that the appellant has not been able to account for his possession of the stolen articles and the explanation fur- nished by him .is not all worthy of credence. Looking to the facts and circumstances of the case, we are of the view that the courts below were justified in drawing. the presumption that the appellant was guilty of the offence under section 457 and 380 Indian Penal Code. The fact that the _culprits entered the room on the third floor by opening the window and thereafter broke open a lifrge number of boxes and almirahs and removed huge quantity of gold and silverware shows that it was not the work of a single indivi- dual. The fact that the appellant was found soon after the theft in possession of a very large number of stolen articles shows that he was himself the thief and not the receiver of stolen goods. The present is not a case wherein one or two or a very few of the stolen articles were found in the possession of the appeilant soon after the theft. On th~ contrary, the bulk of stolen articles were recovered from him. The number and the nature of the stolen articles recovered from the appellant soon after the theft coupled with the other circumstances of the case, in our opinion, warrant the presumption that the appellant himself committed the theft after entering the room on the third storey of Kistoor Chand's house throul!'h the window.
In the result, the appeal fails and is dismissed. S.C.