B. R. LTD. v. V. P. GUPTA, C.I.T., BOMBAY May 3, 1978 [Y. V. CHANDRACHUD, CJ. AND V. D. TULZAPURKAR, J.J lflco1ne Tax Act, 1922, S. 24(2) as it stood prior to its amendnient by the Finance Act, 1955-Interpretation of the expression "same business" occurring in S. 24(2)-Decisive tests to show the "same business" for the purpose of "set ofl" of loss in previous year.
The appellant used to carry on business in (i) general insurance (ii) broker· age and commission and (iii) import and sale of woollen fabrics, leather beltings 9 hardware, toilet goods, chemicals and cotton fabrics etc. The business of import and sale was closed by the appellant towards the end of the calendar year 1952, corresponding to the assessment year 1953-54. In that year, the appellant suffered an accumulated business loss of Rs. 56,488/-. From the assessment year 1954-55 i.e. from the commencement of the calendar year 1953, the appellant started ex- porting textiles instead of importing woollen fabrics. The appellant claimed that the loss of Rs. 56,488/- incurred by it on the import and sale of articles should be set off against the ?rofits made by it during the assessment years 1954-55, 1955·56 and 1956-57. The Income Tax Officer and the Appellant Assistant Com- missioner rejected the claim on the ground that the business of importing and selling goods was distinct and separate from the business of exporting goods; that the import and export business did not constitute the "same business"; and that as the import business was discontinued and did not exist in the assessment years 1954-57 the unabsorbed loss could not be set off against the profits in the export business. The revision applications filed before the Co1nmissioner were rejected. Allowing the appeals by special leave the Court
HELD•: I. Under Section 24(2) of the Income Tax Act, 1922, an un- absorbed loss could be+ carried forward to be set off against the profits of a subsequent year or years, only if such profits accrued to the assessee from the same business and not otherwise. In law, the two words "same" and "similar" connote different concepts and, therefore, the carrying on of a similar business will not meet the requirements of the section. The business has to be the same as before. But though this is so, it is not possible to evolve a satisfactory test of universal application for determining
whether~ the business which an assessee carries on in a year in which he has maae profits against which a carried forward loss could be set off is the same business which he was cany- ing on in the yea{ in which he incurred the loss. The determination of the question whether an assessee is carrying on in two different accounting periods the same business depends essentially on the facts of each particular case,
though the decision whether an assessee is carrying on the same business is a mixed question of law and fact [881 H, 882 A-DJ Satabganj Sugar Mills Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Central, Calcutta, 41 I.T.R. 272; followed.
2. The objective tests or the "fairly adequate tests" as laid down by the deci- sions of Courts, for determining whether the two businesses constituted the "same business" within the meaning of S. 12B(1) of the Act, 1922 are :- (i) Whether there is any inter-connection, any "inter-lacing, inter-depen- dency, any unity at all embracing the two businesses of the assessee. (ii) 'Whether there is in-existence a common management, common fund and a common place of business.
c (iii) Complete unity of control and not the nature of the two lines or business should be the deciding factor and; (iv) Non existence of any element of diversity or distinction or separate- ness in regard to both the businesses.
[&82 G, 883 G-H, 884 Fl Scales v. George Thompson & Co. 13 Tax Cases 83; Conunissioner vf Income Tax, Madras v. Prithivi Ins. Co. Ltd., 63 l.T.R., 632; Hooghly Trust (P) Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, West Bengal, 73 I.T.R. 685; Produce Exchange Corporation Ltd., v. Commissioner of lncon1e Tax (Central) Calcutta 77 l.T.R. 73; Standard Refinery and Distillerv Ltd. v. Commissioner of Incon1e Tax (Cen- tral), Calcutta, 79 l.T.R. 589; foliowed.
3. In the instant case : (a) The Commissioner was wrong in taking the view that the business which the appellant was doing in the relevant assessment years was not the same business which it was doing when it incurred the unab- sorbed loss.
A common management, a common business organi- sation, a common administration, a common fund and a common place of business show in the instant case the inter-lacing and inter- dependence of the businesses carried on by the appellant. (884 F-G] (b) The Com.missioner relied on the circumstances that "there is a dis- tinct .and marked difference in the nature of goods dealt with" by the appellant and, ''the procedure involved in the in1port of articles from foreign countries and the export of articles manufactured in India to different foreign countries is entirely different". These
circumstances are not by themselves sufficient to establish that Cne business of import which the appellant was doing is not the same business as that of export. The decisive test, as held by this Court in Produce Exchange Corporation; is unity of control and not the nature of the two lines of business.
[884 H, 885 A-B] (c) The Conunissioner also fell into the error of supposing that, <ipart from the fact that the two activities must form an integral part of the entire business, the "main consideration which has to prevail is whether, "notwithstanding the fact that the assessee may close one activity, it does not interfere in carrying on of the other acti- vity". The f~ct that one business cannot conveniently be carried on- after the closure of the other may furnish a strong indication that the two businesses constitute the same business.
But the decision of this Court in Prithvi Insurance Co. shows that no decisive in- ference can be drawn from the fact that after the closure of one business, another may or may not conveniently be carried OJJ.. [885 B-C]
(d) The Commissioner also overlooked that in the report dated June 6, 1962, which the Income-Tax Officer made in the revision applica- tion filed by the appellant, it was expressly stated that it was true that "there was a common control and common management of the same Board of Directors" of the business of import and export. Thus the unity of control and the other circumstances adverted to above show that there was dovetailing or inter-lacing between the business of import and the busiess of export carried on by the as- sessee and that they constitute the same business.
[885 C·D] and (e) The appellant is entitled to set off the unabsorbed loss of the assess- ment year 1953-54 against the profits of the assessment years 1954- 55, 1955-56 and 1956-57. [885 EJ
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 1594-1596 'of 1972. From the Judgment and Order dated 18-1-1972 of the Commis- sioner of Income Tax at Bombay in Revision Petition B.C. No. RP I V /Nos. 374-376 of 1960.
B. R. LTD. v. c. LT. BOMBAY (Chandrachud, C.J.) Ravinder Narain, K. l. John and Talat Ansari for the Appellant. R. M. Dhebar, K. C. Dua and A. Subhasini for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
CHANDRACHUD, C.J.-The· appellant which is a public limited company incorporated under the Indian Companies Act is authorised by its memorandum and articles of association to carry on business. inter alia, as importers, exporters and insurance agents.
We are concerned in these appeals with the assessment years 1954-55, 1955-56 and 1956-57 corresponding to the accounting years 1953, 1954 and 1955. The appellant used to carry on business in
(i) general insurance, (ii) brokerage and commission, and (iii) import and sale of woollen fabrics, leather beltings, hardware, toilet goods, chemicals, cotton fabrics, etc. The business of import and sale was
closed by the appellant towards the end of the calendar year 1952 corresponding to the assessment year 1953-1954. In that year the appellant suffered an accumulated business loss of Rs. 56,4881·-. From the assessment year 1954-55, that is to say, from the com- mencement oi the calendar year 1953, the appellant started exporting cotton textiles instead of importing woollen fabrics which, as stated earlier, it had ceased to do towards the end of the calendar year 1952. The appellant claimed that the loss of Rs. 56,488/- incurred by it on the import and sale of articles mentioned above should be set off against the profits made by it during the assessment years 1954-55, 1955-56 and 1956-57.
The Income-tax Officer and the Appellate Assistant Commissioner rejected and appellant's claim on the ground that the business of importing and selling goods was distinct and separate from the busi- ness of exporting goods; and since the import business which the appel- lant was doing till the commencement of the assessment year 1953-54 and the export business which it commenced in the assessment year 1954-55 did not constitute the same business and as the business of import in which the loss was suffered was discontinued or did not exist in the assessment years 1954-55 to 1956-57, the unabsorbed Joss of the assessment year 1953-54 could not be set off against the profits realised from the other business in subsequent years.
c Instead of filing ai1 appeal to the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, the appellant filed revision applications to the Commissioner of In- come-tax against the orders of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner, under. section 33A of the Income-tax Act, 1922.
The revision appli- cations were filed on June 15, 1960 but it was on January 18, 1972 that they were disposed of by the Commissioner, Bombay City-V, Bombay. The reason for the delay seems to be that the Commis-
sioner was awaiting the decision of a case which, it seems, \Vas ulti- mately withdrawn. c It was urged on behalf of the appellant before the Commissioner that the business of import and export was one and the same business as both activities involved purchase and sale of goods and that the place where the goods were purchased or sold would not make any material difference as far as the nature of business was concerned· In his order dated January 18, 1972 the Commissioner observed that apparently this argument was well-founded but a detailed scrutiny of the nature of the two businesses would show that the nature of the articles imported was entirely different from the nature of the articles exported and the procedure involved in the import and export of art- icles was also entirely different.
The Commissioner found that where- as until the commencement of the assessment year 1954-2.5 the appel- lant was dealing in woollen fabrics and other articles, it started dealing in cotton textiles only with effect from the assessment year 1954-55. Relying upon a judgment of the Calcutta High Court in Shree Ramesh Cotton Mills Ltd. v. C.l.T. Calcutta(') the Commissioner held '.hat the business of import,of certain articles in one year and the export of other articles in other years were not dovetailed into one another and there was no inseparable link between the two activities.
The fact that the same capital and the same management looked after the businesses in the different ventures would not, according to the Com- missioner, make the import and export businesses carried on in differ- ent years the same business.
The Commissioner's attention was drawn to a juclgment of this Court in Produce Exchange Corporation Ltd. v. C.I.T. (Central) Calcutta(') but he felt that the decision was dis- tinguishable since the appellant therein was carrying on business in diverse commodities in the same year and the import business was
stopped in subsequent years. Consequently, the Commission~r re- jected the revision applications pertaining to the three assessment years. These appeals by special leave are directed against the orders passed by the Commissioner.
Section 6 of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, which corres- ponds to section 14 of the Act ot 1961, classified all income for the purposes of charge of income-tax and computation of total income under six heads, the fourth being "profits and gains of business, pro- fession or vocation".
Section 10(1) of the Act of 1922 taxed the profits of business, profession or vocation carried on by the assessee. By section 24(1) of that Act any assessee who sustained a loss of profits or gains for any year under any of the heads mentioned in section 6 was entitled to have the amount of the loss set off against his income, profits or gains under any other head in that year. Sec-
tion 24(2), prior to its amendment by the Finance Act, 1955, read thus : "Where any assessee sustains a loss of profits or gains in any year, being a previous year not earlier than the pre- vious year for the assessment for the year ending on the
31st day of March, 1940, in any business, profession or voca- (I) 64 !TR 317. (2) 77 ITR 739. B. R. LTD. v. c. I. T. Bo:l1BAY (Chandrachud, C.J.) tion, and the loss cannot be wholly set off under sub-section (1), so much of the loss as is not so set off or the whole loss where the assessee had no other. head of income shall be carried forward to the following year and set off against the profits and gains, if any of the assessee from the same business, profession or vocahon for that year; ………. " Section 16 of the Finance Act, 1955, in so far as relevant, substituted the following sub-section for the original sub-section (2) with effect from April 1, 1955 :
"Where any assessee sustains a loss of profits or gains in any year, being a previous year not earlier than the pre- vious year for the assessment for the year ending on the 31st day of March, 1940, in any business, profession or vo- cation. and the loss cannot be wholly se\ off under sub-
se.ction (1), so much of the loss as is not so set off or the whole loss where the assessee had no other head of income shall be carried forward to the following year, and ….. .
(ii) where the loss was sustained by him in any other business, profession or vocation, it shall be set off against the profits and gains if any, of any business, profession or vocation carried on by him· in that year, provided that the business, profession or vocation in which the loss was origi- nally sustained continued to be carried on by him iu that
year; and . ….. " The Commissioner's orders which are impugned in these appeals show that the revision applications were argued before him on the footing that sub-section (2) of section 24 as it stood before its amend- . ment in 1955 governs the matter.
The appeals before us were argu- ed on the same basis and, therefore, our decision must turn on the interpretation of the expression "same business" which occurs in sec- tion 24(2) as it stood theri.
We may, ho.wever, add that even under the amended provision, the consideration whether in the year of pro- fit the assessee was carrying on the same business which he was carry- ing on in the year in which the unabsorbed Joss occurred is not irre- levant.
Indeed, it is not even irrelevant for the purposes of section 72 of the Income-tax Act, 1961, which corresponds to section 23 (2) -of the 1922 Act. After the amendment of section 24(2) in 1955 and under section 72 of the Act of 1961, the right to carry forward an unabsorbed loss depends upon whether the assessee still carries on the business in which the loss was incurred. That involves con- sideration of the question whether the business carried on by the assessee is the same which he was carrying on when he suffered a loss.
Under section 24(2) of the Act of 1922, an unabsorbed loss could be carried forward to be set off against the profits of a subsequent year or years, only if such profits accrued to the assessee from the c
c SUPREME COURT RllPORTS (1978] 3 S.C.R. same business and not otherwise. It is elementary that in law, the two words 'same" and 'similar' connote different concepts and there- fore the carrying on of a similar business will not meet the reqnire- ments of the section. The business has to be the same as before. But though this is so, it is not possible to evolve a satisfactory test of universal application for determining whether, the bnsiness which an assessee carries on in a year in which he has made profits against which a carried forward loss could be set off, is the same business which he was carrying on in the year in which he incurred the loss. Decided cases to which we will presently refer show that the deter- mination of the question whether an assessee is carrying on in two different accounting periods the same business depends essentially on the facts of each particular case though, the decision whether an assessee is
carrying on the same business is, as held by this Court in Setabganj Sugar Mills Ltd. v. Comn!is- sioner of Income-tax, Central, Calcutta('), a mixed qnestion of law and fact as the question has to be decided on the, application of various tests in so far as they may be applicable.
Since legal prin- ciples are required to be applied to the facts found and legal inferences are required to be drawn from those facts, the question assumes the form of a mixed question of law and fact and ceases to be a mere question of fact.
In Scales v. George Thomson & Co.,(') the respondent company was incorporated in 1905 to take over as a going concern the business of George Thompson & Co., shipowners, ship and insurance brokers, nnderwriters and merchants.
The question regarding the computa- tion of income-tax liability of the company concerned the under- writing activities carried on by the company. The Revenue contend- ed that the whole of the operations of the company constituted one trade, profession or vocation only while the company contended that. the underwriting was a separate trade, profession or vocation, from that of shipowning and that on the cessation of the underwriting acti- vities in 1920 the results of these activities in the years 1918, 1919 and 1920 should not be included in compnting the income-tax liability of the company for the year ending April 1922· For answering the question whether the operations of the company constituted one
trade, profession or vocation, Rowlatt, J. formulated the following test : "I think the real quetsion is, was there any inter-connec- tion, any interlacing, any inter-dependence, any unity at all embracing those two businesses".
Applying this te_st the learned Judge held that the business of . the company as shipowners was different .from its business a~ un~erwnters becanse the two businesse~ were not mterlaced or dovetailed mto each other.
(I) 41ITR272. (2) 13 Tax Cases 83, B. R. LTD. v. c. I. T. BOMBAY (Chandrarhud, C.J.) In Commissioner·of Income-tax, Madras v. Prithvi Insurance Co. Ltd.,(') the respondent company carried on the business of life insu- rance as well as general insurance.
Both life insurance and general insurance businesses were attended to by its branch managers and agents without any distinctiou. There was one common administrative organisation and the expenses incurred both for administration and for heads of expenditure such as salary of the staff, postage, staff welfare fund and general charges, were common.
The question was whl(ther the unabsorbed losses of the respondent company for the aosessment year 1950-51 and earlier years in respect of life insurance business could be set off against its profits of the general insurance business for the assessment years 1951-52 to 1954-55 under section ~· 24 (2) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922.
Speaking for the Court, Shah, J. adopted the test evolved by Rowlatt, J. as a "fairly adequate test" for determining whether the two businesses constituted the same business and held : "That inter-connection, interlacing, inter-depen- dence and unity are furnished in this case by the existence of common management) common business organisation, common administration, common fund and a common place of business".
The Court rejected the Commissioner's argument that whether one of the businesses can be closed without affecting the conquct of the other business was a decisive test in determining whether the two constituted the same busi- ness within the meaning cf section 24(2). If one business cannot be conveniently carried on after the closure of the other, said the Court, there would be a strong indication that the two businesses constituted the "same business" but. no decisive inference could be drawn from the fact that after the closure of one business another may conveniently be carried on.
In Hooghly Trust ( Private) Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, West Bengal,(') the question was whether the cloth business and the business in the general section carried on by the assessce constituted the same business within the meaning of section 24(2). Adopting the test formulated by Rowlatt, J., this Court set aside the judgment of the High Court and upheld the one of t'.he Tribunal that the cloth business never assumed the proportion or statnre of a distinct and
separate business and that there was sufficient evidence to show r dovetailing of the two business. In Produce Exchange Corporation Ltd., v. Commissioner of 1"- come-tax (Central), Calcutta, (supra) the appellant carried on busi- ness as a dealer in diverse commodities and also in stocks and shares. In the accounting year 1949, it suffered a loss in the sale of shares which it claimed to carry forward and set off against the profits of the subsequent years from transactions in other commodities. The
Tribunal found that there was complete unity of control and shares were one of a number of commodities in which the company dealt with in the ordinary conrse of business and tha~ there was no element oE diversity or distinction of separateness about the transaction in shares.
Differing from the Tribunal the High Court held that the (I) 63 !TR 632. (2) 73 !TR 685. · c essential matter to be considered was the nature of the two lines of business and not merely their unit)O of control and therefore the entire trading activity of the company did not constitute one business. Reversing the decision of the High Court it was held by this Court that the decisive test was unity of control and not the nature of the two Jines of business and therefore the Tribunal was right in its decision that the share business and other businesses carried on by the company constituted the same business within the meaning of section 24(2) as it stood before its amendment in 1955. This conclusion was reached !Jy the Conrt by applying the test in Scales, (Supra).
There is only one other judgment to which we would like to refer an~ that is reported in Standard Refinery and Distillery Ltd. v. Com- e mzsszoner ?fJncome-tax (Cent~al), Calcutta.(') The appellant which owned a distillery and had acqurred a sugar refinery obtained on lease a sugar and gur refining company with effect from im11~ !, 1945. The appellant purchased a certain number of shares of that company in 1946 and sold them 1n 1947 at a loss. A part of this loss was unabsorbed and the qne<ition which arose for consideration was whether the appel- lant could carry forward that loss and set it off against tho~ income from sugar manufactnring and distillery for the subsequent year. Hegde, J. speaking for the Court observed that the concepts of inter-connec- tion and inter-lacing, inter-dependence and unity were not free from ambiguity but that this Court had laid down in Prithvi Insurance Co. (Supra) and Produce Exchange Corporation (Supra) certain objective tests for finding out the existence of inter-connection, inter-lacing, inter- dependence and unity between two or more business. On an appli- E cation of those objective tests, to which we have already referred, the Court set aside the judgment of the High Conrt and upheld the view of the Tribunal that the activities of the company constituted the same business si'nce there was complete unity of control, shares were one of a number of commodities in which the company dealt in the ordinary conrse of business and since there was no element of diversity or dis- tinction or separateness in regard to the transaction in shares qua the F other trading activities of the company.
In the light of the objective tests evolved in these decisions, not forgetting of course the basic formulation of Rowlatt, J. in Scales, ·'""'4. .l we are of the opinion that the Commissioner was wrong in taking the view that the business which the appellant was doing in the relevant assessment years· was not the same business which it was doi'ng when G it incnrred the unabsorbed loss. A common management, a co01D1on business
organisation, a cominon administration, a common fund and a common place of business show in the instant case the inter- lacing and inter-dependence of the businesses carried on by the appel- lant.
In support of his conclusion that the two businesses are different, the Commissioner relies on the circumstances that "there is a distinct and marked difference in the nature of goods dealt with" by the appel- (1) 79 ITR 589.
,_ B. R. LTD, v. c. I. T. BOMBAY (Chandrachud, C.J.) !ant and, "the procedure involved in the import of articles from foreign conntries and the export of articles manufactured in India to different foreign countries is entirely different".
Thelle circumstances are not by the11IBelves sufficient to establish that the business of import which the appellant was doing is not the same business as that of export. The decisive test, as held by this Court in Produce Exchange Corporation, (Supra) is unity of control and not the nature of the two lines of business. The Commissioner also fell into the error of supposing that, apart from the fact that the two activities must form an integral part of the entire business, the "main consideration which has to prevail is" whether, "notwithstanding the fact that the assessee may close one t- activity, it does not interfere in carrying on of the other activity". The fact that one business cannot conveniently be carried on after the closure of the other may furnish a strong indication that the two busi- nesses constitute the same business. But the decision of this Court in Prithvi Insurance Co., (Supra) shows that no decisive inference can be drawn from the fact that after the closure of one business, another may or may not conveniently be carried on.
The Commissioner also overlooked that in the report dated June 6. 1962, which the Income-tax Officer made in the revision applications filed by the appellant, it was expressly stated that it was true that "there was a common control and common management of the same Board of Directors" of the business of import and export Thus the unity of control and the other circnm- stabces adverted to above show that there was dovetailing or inter- lacing between the business of import and the business of export carried on by the assessee and that they constitute the same business. c
For these reasons, we set aside the orders passed by the Commis- sioner and hold that the appellant is entitled to set off the unabsorbed loss of the assessm!'cnt year- 1953-54 against the profits of the assess- ment years 1954-55, 1955-56 and 1956-57. The appellant will get its costs of the appeals in one set from the respondent.
S. R. Appeals allowed.