Mr. ·c· v. Tht Advocate- Geiieral of Madras Sinha J. M'!Y B. [1957] with clients who have to trust their legal advisers with moneys in the course of their fiduciary relation- ship.
These protracted proceedings against the appellant leading up to the summons under rule 30 of Order IV of the Supreme Court Rules have ended in the removal of the appellant's name from the roll of
advocates of the High Court and of this Court, but only after the complainant has lost his good money. It is clear, therefore, that the continuance of the appellant in the legal profession is a serious menace
to the profession itself, which requires a high degree of integrity of character and sense of responsibility in which the appellant has been found singularly lacking. In view of these considerations, the appeal must be
dismissed and the rule made absolute with the result that the appellant's name shall stand removed from the roll of advocates of this Court. Appeal dismissed. BABULAL AMTHALAL MEHTA
THE COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS, CALCUTTA (S. R. DAS C.J., JAFER IMAM, s. K. DAS, GovINDA MENON and A. K. SARKAR JJ.) Sea Customs-Goods sei%ed in reasonable belief that they are 1muggled goods-Burden of proof-If violative of equal protection of law-Sea Customs Act (VII of 1878), as amended by Amending Act (XX! of 1955), 1. 178-A-Constitution of India, Art. 14. Section 178-A of the Sea Customs Act which places the burden of proving that any of the goods mentioned in
the section and reasonably believed to ~ smuggled are not really so on the person from whose p:>ssession they arc seized, is not discrimin2tive in character and does not violate equal protcCtion of law guaranteed by Art. 14 of the Constitution.
Budhan Chaudhury and Others v. The State of Bihar, (1955) I S.C.R. 1045, applied. Purushottam Govindji Halai v. Shri B. M. Desai, (1955) 2 S.C.R. 889 and A. Thangal Kunju Musaliar v. M. Venkitachalam Potti and another (1955) 2 S.C.R. 1196, referred to.
1 … S.C.R. William N. McFerland v. American Sugar Refining Co., (1916) 241 U.S. 79, W. D. Manley v. State of Georgia, (1929) 279 U.S. 1 and Tot v. United States, (1943) 319 U.S. 463, held inapplicable. Consequently, in a case where the Collector of Customs on the failure of a person, from whose possession certain diamond pieces were seized, to prove that they were not. smuggled goods but were legally
imported into India, confiscated the diamonds under ss. 167(8) and 167(39) of the Sea Customs Act, no violation of the fundamental right conferred by Art. 14 of .. the Constitution
occurred. ORIGINAL JuRISDICTION : Petition No. 98 of 1956. Petition under Article 32 of the Constitution of India for enforcement of fundamental rights. N. C. Chatterjee and S. C. Majumdar, for the
petitioner. P. A. Mehta, R. Ganapathy Iyer and R. H. Dhebar, for the respondents Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 5 . 1957. May 8. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Babula! Amlhalol .llehta
The Co/lerlor of Customs, Caku1111 GoVINDA MENON, J.-This application under Art. 32 Go,.indaMmonJ. of the Constitution raises the question of the consti- tutionality of s. 178-A, inserted in the Sea Customs Act,
(VIII of 1878), s. 14 of the Amending Act XXI of 1955, and the chief ground on which it is sought to be struck down is that it offends Art. 14 of the Constitu- tion. From the affidavits of both the parties to which
there are annexures the following facts emerge : The petitioner carries on business as a broker in diamonds and precious stones in Calcutta and, accord- ing to him, he enjoys credit and reputation in the
market as a well-known and respectable broker of such goods. On May 4, 1955, the Rummaging Inspector (Intelligence), Customs House, Culcutta, Respondent No. 3, armed with a search warrant from the Chief
Presidency Magistrate, Calcutta, Respondent No. 4, searched the residential room of the petitioner, situated at No. 32, Sir Hariram Goenka Street, Calcutta, and after a minute search of the steel almirah in which according
to the statement of the petitioner, he used to keep his stock in trade and finding none there questioned him as to where he had secreted the diamonds to which the Babula[ Amihalal
Mehta Tht Collector of Cw toms, Calcutta Govinda Menon J. [1957} reply given by him was in the negative. Thereupon a wall almirah, wherein washed clothes, and other articles were stored, was searched and therein in an old
jacket 475 pieces of diamonds were discovered along with one piece of synthetic stone. A statement signed by him was taken from which we find that his explana- tion for the possession was that Rs. 10,000/- worth of
diamonds were received by him from M/s. Ratilal Amritlal, of 89 Zaveri Bazar, Bombay, and the rest were purchased locally in Calcutta. He did not remember the names and address of the parties from
whom the local purchases were made, nor did ht· have in his possession any documents covering the purchase. Thereafter the Rummaging Inspector escorted the petitioner to the Customs House where the
Assistant Collector, Customs, asked him to produce evidence showing that the goods were not smuggled goods hut were legally imported on payment of duty. The Assistant Collector then permitted the petitioner
to go and gave him time 'till May 7, 1955, to produce evidence showing that · the goods were imported on payment of customs duty and under a valid import licence. On the same day, i.e., May 4, 1955, a notice
was served on the pel'itioner by the Customs authori- ties stating that there were reasonable grounds to believe that the goods seized by the Rummaging Ins- pector had been illegally imported into India and,
therefore, before further action was taken under ss. 167(8) and 167(39) of the Sea Customs Act, the peti- tioner should submit by May 7, 1955, any documents which might he in his possession showing that the
goods in question were legally imported into India on payment of proper Customs duty and on production of a valid import trade control licence. It is also stated that if the goods were not imported by the petitioner,
but were brought from another party he should submit by the same date any evidence in his possession show- ing the purchase of the goods. In answer to this, on behalf of the petitioner, Messrs. S. K. Sawdav
and Company, a firm of Advocates, Calcutta, wrote to the Assistant Collector, Customs, on May 7, 1955, reciting the circumstances under which the petitioner came to S.C.R. be in possession of the seized articles alleging that in
the circumstances the presumption of an offence having been committed in contravention of s. 86 of the Sea Customs Act attracting a punishment under s. 167(39) of the Sea Customs Act was unwarranted and request-
ed to be furnished with a statement of the reasons for the seizure as soon as possible. The letter went on to request for ten days' time for . procuring and producing certificates etc., from the Bombay trade and Calcutta
trade about the authenticity of the petitioner's business and also how he came to be in possession of the goods. Another letter was written by the same firm of Advo- cates on May 9, 1955, the details of which it is unneces-
sary to refer. On May 16, 1955, a further letter was written enclosing two , certificates and containing further particulars. This also reiterated the request for the supply of specific reasons for the seizure. On May 23, 1955, the Assistant Collector replied to the Advocates
informing them that the diamonds in question were seized on reasonable suspicions that the same had been imported into India illegally and as such were liable to seizure under the Sea Customs Act.
Further corres- pondence followed by a letter dated June 20, 1955, to which there was a reply on June 25, 1955, wherein there · was a detailed reference to everything that had taken place till then and especially with regard to the
earlier denial of the petitioner about there being any diamonds with him and the discovery of the same later on in a used jacket in a wall almirah. This is a com- prehensive letter
containing the justification for the proceedings taken by the search officers and finally the Assistant Collector observed that if the petitioner failed to submit a written explanation in time or did
not appear before him when the case was fixed for hearing, the case would have to be decided on the basis of the evidence on the record without any further notice. On July 1, 1955, Messrs. S. K. Sawday & Company
wrote a further letter on behalf of the petitioner reiterat- ing ·their objections and showing why action should not be taken. This was followed by letters dated July 4 and 20, 1955. A personal hearing was. granted on
July 21, 1955, followed by a letter from the Advocates 5-81 S.C. India/59 Babula! Amtha/al Mehta v. The Colkctor of Customs, Calcutta Govinda Menon J. Ba!ulal Amlhai.l MehltJ The Colkctor of
Cwtoms. Calcutlo Goriinda Merwn J. [1957] dated July 22, 1955. It is unnecessary for the present to elaborate the contents of these letters or to refer to the statement enclosed therewith from M/ s.
Ratilal Amritlal, Bombay . The Collector of Customs thereupon, after consider- ing the entire matter placed before him, passed an order dated September 12, 1955, which was despatched
on November 5, 1955, containing an elaborate discus- sion of the various facts and circumstances and finally concluding that since the petitioner had failed to discharge the onus under s. 178-A of the Sea Customs
Act in respect of the diamonds seized on May 4, 1955, orders had been passed confiscating the same under ss. 167(8) and 167(39) of the Sea Customs Act and that the confiscation would be absolute in terms
of the provisions of ss. 3(2) and 4 of the Imports and Exports (Control) Act, 1947. The reasons given in the above order were that the subsequent statements were contrary to what had been stated in the first instance,
that at the time of the raid, an attempt was made to. hide the diamonds in a suspicious manner and lastly that the petitioner was making statements which were in the nature of an afterthought, and not supported by
facts. On account of these and other reasons the Collector was of the opinion that the presumption under s. 178-A had not been rebutted. The order stated that an appeal against it lay
to the Central Board of Revenue within three months of the date of the despatch and also contained information as to the court-fee stamps etc., which would have to be affixe_d. Without availing himself of that remedy the petitioner
has come up to this Court by way of an application for a writ under Art. 32 of the Constitution. Though Mr. Chatterjee faintly argued · tpat the provisions of Art. 19(1)(f) and (g) and Art. 31 of the
Constitution had been violated. he did not seriomlv press those contentions. The main point of the attack was centered on the contention that s. 178-A was violative of the principles of equal protection of the
laws guaranteed under Art. 14 of the Constitution. Before we discuss the validity of s. 178-A, it would be . useful to consider the circumstances which led to S.C.R. the enactment of that statutory provision and for that ·
purpose a brief outline of t.1.e relevant sections of the Act would be necessary. Section 19 of the Sea Customs Act, 1878, enables the Central Government by Notification in . the official
Gazette to prohibit or restrict importation or exporta- tion of goods into or out of India, and s. 20 enumerates the dutiable goods. When any person imports goods into India, the owner of such goods is required, after
the delivery of the manifest by the master of the vessel in which they are imported, to make an entry of the goods for home consumption or warehousing by deliver- ing to the Customs-collector a bill of entry containing
particulars which shall correspond with the particulars given of the same goods in the manifest of the ship (s. 86). This is intended to give an idea to the Custoins- collector as · to whether what the owner claims is
different or the same as what the master of the vessel has intimated by the delivery of · the manifest. On the delivery of such a bill, if any duty is payable on such goods, the same shall be assessed and it is only after
payment of the duty so assessed that the owner may proceed to .clear the same (s. 87). Clearance of the goods after the payment of such duty is provided in s. 89 and if everything has been done according to law,
the owner can take away the goods. C!upter XVI deals with offences and penalties and s. 16/' of the same Chapter contains three columns in a schedule, the first of which mentions the offence, the
second, which does not have the force of law, gives the section of the Act to which the offence has reference and the third lays down the penalty which may be imposed. \:Vith regard to the third column a distinction
has to be rnade between the penalty to be imposed by the customs authorities and the punishment that can be imposed by a court of law for the infringement of certain provisions. Offences
mentioned in entries Nos. 26, 72 and 74 to 76 (both inclusive) have. reference to prosecution :md conviction before a Magistrate, whereas most of the others concern penalties imposed
by the Customs authorities: This distinction will be important when referring to s. 182. We are in this Babula/ Amlho/a/ Mehla v. Thi Collettor of Ciutams, Cakutl• ~rind11 Mmon J.
Ba!ulal AmlhalaJ Mehta The Collector of Customs, Calattta Goouida Menon J. [19571 case concerned with entries Nos. 8 and 39. The penalty of confiscation is provided in the third column of entry
No. 8, if any goods, the importation or exportation of which is prohibited or restricted, are imported contrary to such prohibition or restriction. It lays down that in addition to the confiscation of the goods, the persons
concerned shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding three times the value of the goods, or not exceeding one thousand rupees. This Court has held that the minimum is the alternative: see Maqbool Hussain
v. The State of Bombay( 1). Entry No. 39 also provides for a penalty not exceeding Rs. 500 and the confiscation of the goods if they are taken or passed out of any custom.house or wharf without an entry duly made.
Smuggled goods when traced and seized come under this category. Though the word 'smuggling' is not defined in the Act, it must be understood as having the ordinary dictionary meaning namely carrying of
goods clandestinely into a colmtry. Chapter XVII relates to searches and recovery of smuggled goods, as well as offences, appeals, etc. Section 169 gives power to any customs officer, duly
employed in the prevention of smuggling, to search anv person on board of any vessel in any part in (India) or any person who has landed from any vessel, provided that such officer has reason to believe that such person
has dutiable or prohibited goods secreted about his person. A safeguard is provided under s. 170 by which any person about to be searched may require the said officer to take him, previous
to search, before the nearest Magistrate or Customs-collector. The important factor in this case is that the person making the search or attempting to do it must have a reason to believe that such person has dutiable or prohibitecl
goods. These two sections refer to the time at which a person brings dutiable goods into India but the later provisiom of the Chapter lay down the procedure to be followed where goods have
been smuggled without being detected · at the port or the wharf. Power to issue search warrants is given to any Magistrate under s. 172 which is to the following effect : {I) [1953) S. C.R. 730,742.
f S.C.R. "Any Magistrate may, on application by a Customs-collector, stating his belief that dutiable or prohibited goods (or any documents relating to such goods) are secreted in any place within the local limits
of the jurisdiction of such Magistrate, issue a warrant to search for such goods (or documents). Such warrant shall be executed in the same way and shall have the same effect, as a search-warrant
issued under the law .relating to Criminal Procedure". The warrant, as will be noticed, may be issued only on the application of a Customs-collector who is a responsible senior officer and that is certainly a safe-
guard against indiscriminate issue of search warrants. Section 178 speaks of the seizure of goods liable to confiscation in any place either upon land or water by any officer of customs
or any other person duly employed for the pre•ention of smuggling. The impugned s. 178-A comes next which is quoted below : "178-A(l) : Where any goods to which this section applies are seized under this Act in the reasonable
belief that they are smuggled goods, the burden of proving that they are not smuggled goods shall be . on the person from whose possession the goods were seized. (2) This section shall apply to gold, gold manu-
factures, diamonds and other precious stones, cigarettes and cosmetics and any other goods which the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf."
The presumption under s. 178-A is equally applicable to seizure as a result of a search warrant under s. 172 or seizure made under s. 178. How the things seized are to be dealt with can be seen from s. 179, and s. 181
lays down that when a seizure or arrest is made, a statement in writing of the reasons therefor should be given to the person who is arrested or from whom goods are seized. When an article is seized under
ss. 172 and 178, except in cases falling under entries Nos. 26, 72 and 74 to 76 of s. 167, the confiscation or penalty or duty may be adjudged by the officer mentioned therein, i.e.,
the person from whom the articles are seized 1s entitled to an adjudication Babu/al AmJha/al Mehta v The Collector of Customs, Cai."utta Govinda Menon J. Bobola! .ilmlMI• M1Ala v The Coll1ct1r of
Cutuns. Cakulta GeuindtJ Menon.]. . ,/ [1957] regarding either confiscation· or penalty or duty. This gives the valuable right of having the adjudication of the claim made by a superior officer, and despite such
adjudication if the confiscation is still made, under s. 188 an appeal lies from the subordinate to the Chief Customs-authority within three months from the date of such a decision.
In the present case the confis- cation was made by the Collector of Customs and an appeal lay from him to the Central Board of Revenue. Section 191 enables the Central Government on the
application of any person aggrieved by any decision or order passed under this Act by an officer of Customs or Chief Customs-authority and from which no appeal lies, to reverse or modify such decision or order. The
outline of the various provisions above made shows that successive remedies are provided to an aggrieved person from whom articles have been seized and confiscated and the Act is a complete Code in itself
affording redress and relief m case of illegal or unjustified orders. The genesis of s. 178-A may now be considered. The Central· Government had appointed a commission known as the Taxation
Enquiry Commission which by its report recommended the adoption of the principles underlying s. 178-A in order to minimize smuggling. In Vol. II of their report, Chapter VII deals
with administrative problems in regard to customs and Excise duties. At pp. 320 and 321 the Committee recommends the amendment of the Sea Customs Act, firstly to •. make smuggling a criminal
offence and secondly empowering Customs officers to search premises etc. and the third recommendation is the one with which we are concerned. It is in the following terms : "To transfer the onus of proof in respect of
offences relating to smuggling to the person in whose possession any dutiable, restricted or prohibited goods are found." It is to implement this recommendation that s. 178-A has been enacted.
Section 178-A applies to diamonds and other precious stones and there has been no dispute about S.C.R. the application of this provision to the present case. On the facts mentioned above it is clear that the
seizure has been under the Act in the reasonable belief of the Customs authorities that they are smuggled goods and, therefore, the burden of proving that they are not smuggled goods has been cast by this section
on the persons from whose possession the goods are seized. No doubt the content and import of the section are very wide. It applies not only to the actual smuggler from whose possession the goods are
seized but also to those who came into possession of the goods after having purchased the same after the same has passed through many hands or agencies. For example, if the Customs
authorities have a reasonable beilef that certain goods in the possession of an innocent party are smuggled goods and the same is seized under the provisions of this Act, then the
person from whose possession the goods were seized, however innocent he may be, has to prove that the · goods are not smuggled articles. This is no doubt a very heavy and onerous duty cast on an innocent
possessor who, for aught one knows, may have bona fide paid adequate consideration for the purchase of the articles without knowing that the same has been smuggled. The only pre-requisite for the application
of the section is the subjectivity of the Customs-officer in having a reasonable belief that the goods are smuggled. A careful examination of the contents of the' some- what lengthy petition under Art. 32 of the Constitution
does not show how the impugned section offends Art. 14, and no distinct and separate ground is taken about its unconstitutionality, but Mr. Chatterjee argues that the burden of proof enunciated therein is
opposed to fundamental principles of natural justice as it gives an unrestricted arbitrary and naked powe; to the customs authorities without laying down any standard O( norm to be followed for exercising powers
uader the section. What is urged is that whereas ~nder ~he. ordinary law the burden of proof in matters like this 1s on the party who sets up a particular case under the section that process
is inverted and th~ Babula/ Amlholol Mehta v. The Collector of Customs, Calcutlo Govinda Minon ]. Babula! Amthalal Mehta v. The Collector of Customs, Calcutta Govinda Menon J. [1957]
burden is cast on the possessor of the article to show that it was imported into India with a prope1 bill of entry and after paying the proper custom duty due. As stated already, it is a heavy burden to be laid
upon the shoulders of an innocent purchaser who might have come into possession after the article has changed many hands and this, it is alleged, invokes discrimination between him and other litigants and
deprives him of the equal protection of the law guaranteed by Art. 14 of the Constitution. A large number of cases have been cited at the Bar in support of. the. respective contentions of the parties.
The true nature, scope and effect of Art. 14 of the Constitution have been explained by different constitutional Benches of this Coun in a number of cases, namely, Chiranjit Lal Chowdhury v. The Union
of India and Others(1 ), The State of Bombay and Another v. F. N. Balsara('), The State of West Bengal v. Anwar Ali Sarkar('), Kathi Raning Rawat v. The State of Saurashtra( 4 ), Lachmandas-Kewalram Ahuja and Another
v. The State of Bombay('), Syed Qasim Razvi v. The State of Hyderabad and Others('), Habeeb Mohammad v. The State of Hyderabad(') and V. M. Syed Mohammed and Company v. The State of A11dhra(8 ), but it will not
be necessary for us to enter upon a lengthy discussion of the matter or to refer to passages in those judg- ments, for the principles underlying the provisions of the Article have been summarised by a Full Bench
of this Court in Bttd!ian Chaudhury and Others v. The State of Bihar(9) in the following terms : "It is now well established that while Art. forbids class legislation, it does not forbid reasonable
cbssification for the purposes of legislation. In order, however, to pass the test of permissible classification two conditions must be fulfilled, namely (i) that the classification must be founded on an intelligible dif-
ferentia which distinguishes persons or things that (1) [1950] S.C.R. HGg. (2) [•951] S.C.R. GB,, (:l) [19,;·o] S.C.R. "84. (.f) [19;,2] S.C.R. 435. (9) (19'\5) (5) [•952] S.C.R. 710
(6) [1953] S.C.R. 591 () [19;3] S.C.R. 661 (8) (1954] S.C.R. rn7 1 s.c.R. IO-J.5 at P. 1048-1049. S.C.R. are grouped together from others left out of the group and (ii) that that differentia
must have a rational' relation to the object sought to be achieved by the statute in question. The classification may be founded on different bases, namely, geographical or according.
to objects or occupations or the like. What is necessary is that there must be a nexus between the basis of classification and the object of the Act under considera- tion. It is also well established by
the decisions of this Court that Art. 14 condemns discrimination not only by a substantive law but also by a law of procedure." The principle thus enunciated has been adopted . and
applied by this Court in · Purshottam Govindji Halai v. Shri B. M. Desai(1) and in A. Thangal Kunju Musaliar v. M. Venkitachalam Patti and another(2). Mr. N. C. Chatterjee appearing for the petitioner has
referred us to several decisions of the Supreme Court of America, such as William N. McFerland v. American .Sugar Refining Co.( 3 ), W. D. Manley v. State of Ceorgia(4) and Tot v. United States(•). It appears
to us that these decisions really turn upon the due process clause of the American Federal Constitution and cannot help in the construction of the equal protection clause of our Constitution. The contentions
urged by Mr. Chatterjee as to the unconstitutionality of s. 178-A of the Sea Customs Act, 1878, will, there- fore, have to be tested in the light of the principles laid down by this
Court in Budhan Chowdhury's case (supra). A cursory perusal of s. 178-A will at once disclose the well defined classification of goods based on an intelligible differentia. It applies only to certain goods
described in sub-s. (2) which are or can . be easily smuggled. The section applies only to those . goods of the specified kind which have been seized under the Act and in the reasonable belief that . they
are (1) [1955] 2 S. C R. 889, 8g8·899. (2) [1955] 2 S. C R 119~. 12296. (3) (1916) 241 U S 79; 60 L. Ed. 899. (4) (1929) 279 U.S. 1; 73 L. Ed 575. (5) (1943) 319 U.S. 463; 87 L. Ed. 1519.
Babula/ Amthalal Mehl a v. The Col/:clor of Customs. Ca/£utta Govinda Menon J. Babu/al .Amlltalal Metlio v. T lu Collector of Customs, Cakutta Ma7 IO. [1957J smuggled goods. It is only those goods which answer
the threefold description that come under the operation of the section. The object of the Act is to prevent smuggling. The differentia on the basis of which the goods have been classified and the presumption raised
by the section obviously have – a rational relation t<> the object sought to be achieved by the Act. The presumption only attaches to goods of the description mentioned in the section and it directly furthers the
object of the Act, namely, the prevention of smuggling, and that being the position the impugned section is clearly within the principle enunciated above, not hit by Art. 14. The impugned section cannot be struck
down on the infirmity either of discrimination or illegal classification. Confining as it does to certain classes of goods seized by the customs authorities on the reasonable belief that they are smuggled goods,
there is only a presumption which can be rebutted. In these circumstances, there can be no doubt whatever that s. 178-A does not offend Art. 14 of the Constitmion and this petition
1s, therefore, to be dismissed with costs. Petition dismissed. MENAKURU DASARATHARAMI REDD! ti. DUDDUKURU SUBBA RAO (S. R. DAS C.J., fAFER IMAM, GAJENDRACADKAR and A. K. SARKAR JJ.)
Hindu [Aw-Charitable Endowment-Compromise decree- Corutruction-Trust or charge-Intention of the donor-Test. A Hindu father executed a registered deed of trust giviug away his properties to public charities
and appointed himself and two others as trustees. The .son in assertion by his right to a moiety share therein started to alienate them. There was litigation between the trustees and the son which ultimately ended in a compromise decree for .partition bet\\·een the father and the !'011,
the two other trustees having retired pending litigation. A ftei the death of both the father and the son a suit was brought under