Paragraph numbers below are the court’s original numbering, recovered from the source text.
5. It has been consistently laid down by this Court that where a case rests squarely on circumstantial evidence, the inference of guilt can be justified only when all the incriminating c facts and circumstances are found to be incompatible with the innocence of the accused or the guilt of any other person. (See Hukam Singh v. State of Rajasthan (AIR 1977 SC 1063); Eradu and Ors. v. State of Hyderabad (AIR 1956 SC 316); Earabhadrappa v. State of Karnataka (AIR 1983 SC 446); State of U.P. v. Sukhbasi and Ors. (AIR 1985 SC 1224); Ba/winder Singh v. State of Punjab (AIR 1987 SC 350); Ashok Kumar Chatterjee v. State of M.P. (AIR 1989 SC 1890). The circumstances from which an inference as to the guilt of the accused is drawn have to be proved beyond reasonable doubt .E and have to be shown to be closely connected with the principal fact sought to be inferred from those circumstances. In Bhagat Ram v. State of Punjab (AIR 1954 SC 621), it was laid down that where the case depends upon the conclusion drawn from circumstances the cumulative effect of the circumstances must be such as to negate the innocence of the accused and bring the offences home beyond any reasonable doubt.
6. VVe may also make a reference to a decision of this Court in C. Chenga Reddy and Ors. v. State of A.P. (1996) 10 sec 193, wherein it has been observed thus: -i "In a case based on circumstantial evidence, the settled law is that the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is drawn· should be fully proved and such circumstances must be conclusive in nature. Moreover, all the circumstances should be complete and there should · be no gap left in the chain of evidence. Further the proved circumstances must be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused and totally inconsistent with his innocence …. ". a
7. In ~adala Veera Reddy v. State of A.P. and Ors. (AIR 1990 SC 79), it was laid down that when a case rests upon circumstantial evidence, such evidence must satisfy the following tests: c "(1) the circumstances from which an inference of guilt is sought to be drawn, must be cogently and firmly established; (2) those circumstances should be of a definite tendency unerringly pointing towards guilt of the accused; (3) the circumstances, taken cumulatively should form a chain so complete that there is no escape from the conclusion.that within all human probability the crime was committed by the accused and none else; and (4) the ctrcumstantial evidence in order to sustain . . conviction must be complete and incapable of explanation of any other hypothesis than that of the guilt of the accused and such evidence should not only be consistent with the guilt of th.e accused but should be inconsistent with his ihnocence." )..·
8. In State of U.P. v. Ashok Kumar Srivastava, (1992 Crl.LJ 1104), it was pointed out that great care must be taken in evaluating circumstantial .evidence and if the evidence relied on is reasonably capable of two inferences, the one in favour of the accused must be accepted. It was also pointed out that t· the circumstances relied upon must be found to have been fully established and the cumulative effect of all the facts so .14 established must be consistent only with the hypothesis of guilt. BALDEV SINGH v. STATE OF HARYANA [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]
9. Sir Alfred Wills in his admirable book "Wills' Circumstantial Evidence" (Chapter VI) lays down the following rules specially to be observed in the case of circumstantial evidence: "(1) the facts alleged as the basis of any legal inference must be clearly proved and beyond reasonable doubt connected with the factum probandum; (2) the burden of proof B is always on the party who asserts the existence of any fact, which infers legal accountability; (3) in all cases, whether of direct or circumstantial evidence the best evidence must be adduced which the nature of the case admits; (4) in order to justify the inference of guilt, the inculpatory facts must be c incompatible with the innocence of the accused and incapable of explanation, upon any other reasonable hypothesis than that of his guilt, (5) if there be any reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused, he is entitled as of right to be acquitted" ..
10. There is no doubt that conviction can be based solely 0 on circumstantial evidence but it should be tested by the touch- stone of law relating to circumstantial evidence laid down by t- the this Court as far back as in 1952.
11. In Hanumant Govind Nargundkar and Anr. V. State E of Madhya Pradesh, (AIR 1952 SC 343), wherein it was observed thus: _, "It is well to remember that in cases where the evidence is of a circumstantial nature, the circumstances from which -.it the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should be in the first …. instance be fully established and all the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused. Again, the circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency and they should be such as to exclude every hypothesis but the one proposed to be proved. In other words, there must be a ·1 chain of evidence· so far complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for a conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and it must be such as to show ….. c that within all human probability the act must have been done by the accused."
12. A reference may be made to a later decision in· Sha rad Birdhichand Sa rd a v. State of Maharashtra, (Al R 1984 SC 1622). Therein,· while dealing with c:ircumstantial evidence, it has been held that onus was on the prosecution to prove that the chain is complete and the infirmity of lacuna in prosecution cannot be cured by false defence or plea. The conditions precedent in the words of this Court, before conviction could be based on circumstantial evidence, must be fully established. They are: (1) th~ drcumstances from which the conclusion of guilt·is to be drawn should be fully established. The circumstances concerned 'must' or 'should' and not 'may be' established; (2) the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the·guilt of the accused, that is to say, they should not be explainable on any other hypothesis except that the accused is guilty; (3) the circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency; (4) they should exclude every possible hypothesis except the one to be proved; and (5)there must be a chain of evidence so complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for the conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and must show that in all human probability the act must have been done by the accused.
13. These aspects were highlighted in State of Rajasthan v.- Raja Ram (2003 (8) SCC 180), State of Haryana v. Jagbir Singh and Anr. (2003 (11) SCC 261) and Kusuma Ankama Rao v. State of A.P. (Criminal Appeal No.185/2005 disposed -f BALDEV SINGH v. STATE OF HARYANA [DR ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.] ,…., of on 7.7.2008).
14. In the background of what has been stated above relating to the law on circumstantial evidence,· only question.to be examined is whether the presence of the injuries on the accused can be held to be sufficient to hold appellant guilty. The B trial court held that the accused was examined on 24.3.1993 by the doctor PW 3 who found abrasions Or) the thighs and hip y joints of the accused, as the injuries must have been received in a scuffle. This circumstance found supported from the finding of chappals and other articles. It was held that recovery of utensil c and chappals of the deceased does not lead to the guilt of the accused but that circumstances show the involvement of the accused who was found to have injuries on the persons corresponding with the injuries on the deceased. The High Court noted as follows: "In our considered view, a very strong circumstance which connects the appellant with the commission of offence is the presence of injuries on his person especially thigh and hip joints." "This certainly is a very strong circumstance which by itself can be said to be conclusive in its nature pointing towards the guilt of the accused." "The recovery of chappals, Dolu (steel container) and certain other articles from the fields of the appellant speak volumes of the fact of a strong corroborative circumstance against the appellant." "The aforesaid strong circumstances can very well be taken in to account for upholding the conviction of the appellant."
15. Circumstances on which the trial court and the High Court had relied to hold the accused guilty by no stretch of imagination can be determinative of the fact that accused was A responsible for the commission of rape. Even if it is accepted that the chappals and the utensils were found in the. fields of the appellant, the dead body was found by another place i.e. in the tield ·of Shea Ram.
16. Above beihg the position that the judgment ofthe trial court affirmed by the High Court cannot be maintained and are set aside. The appeal is allowed. The ap.pellant who is in custody shall be released forthwith unless required to be in custody in connection wit~ any other case. C KK.T. ··Appeal allowed. …… . t r