Paragraph numbers below are the court’s original numbering, recovered from the source text.
BALWANT SINGH AND ORS. -/ ~ v. ANAND KUMAR SHARMA AND ORS. JANUARY 28, 2003 [V.N. KHARE, CJI., S.B. SINHA AND DR. AR. LAKSHMANAN, JJ.] Rent Control and Eviction: c Bihar Buildings (Lease, Rent & Eviction) Control Act; Section J J: Eviction Petition filed on ground of default in payment of rent-Dismissed by Trial Court-First Appellate Court decreed the suit for default-Appeals dismissed by Second Appellate Court and High Court-On appeal, Held: when statute prescribes period of payment of rent, such provision is considered D mandatory and needs to be complied with-Hence dismissal of suit justified- Since the Statute does not empoiver Court to extend time, the Court does not possess power to extend time for payment of rent beyond the prescribed time –..(
period-Interpretation of statutes. Respondent-landlord tiled a suit for eviction of appellant-tenants on E the ground of default in payment of rent and bonafide requirements. Trial Court dismissed the suit. Appellate Court allowed the appeal and decreed the suit for default. On dismissal of their appeal by the Second appellate Court as well as the High Court, tenants filed the present appeal. The matter was referred to the present three-Judge Bench to F examine the correctness of the view taken by the Full Bench of Patna High Court in Raj Kumar Prasad v. Uchit Narain Singh, AIR (1980) Patna (FB) 242 on the basis of earlier decision of two-Judge Bench of the Supreme Court on the issue of default in payment of rent and the same was followed by the High Court in the impugned judgment.
It was contended for the tenants that since the view taken by the High Court was in conflict with the earlier decisions of the Supreme Court, the judgment needs to be set aside. Dismissing the appeal, the Court
(2003) I S.C.R. HELD:
1. The statute mandates that the rent should be paid within the time fixed by the contract and in absence thereofby the last date of the month next following. The obligation on the part ofthe tenant to pay rent in the manner laid down under the Bihar Buildings (Lease, Rent and Eviction Control) Act, being a statutory one, he must comply therewith B strictly. The statute prescribes the period within which the rent must be . rendered to the landlord by a tenant. When the statute lays down the period during which the rent is required to be paid or deposited, the same is required to be complied with. lt is well settled principle that if a thing is required to be done by a private person within a specified time, the same would ordinarily be mandatory but when a public functionary is required C to perform a public function within a time-frame, the same will be held to be directory unless the consequences therefor are specified. High Court has rightly held that by reason of the two decisions of the Supreme Court*, the Full Bench decision of the High Court cannot be said to have been over-ruled. [656-C-D-G; 658-A)
*Gowali Charan v. Surendra Kumar Khandani and Ors., 11987) Suppl. · SCC 578 and Satyanarain Kandu v. Smt. Hemlata and Ors., (1996) PLR 110 SC, overruled. E. Palanisamy v. Palanisamy (dead) by Lrs. and Ors., 12003] 1 SCC 123 and Shri Lakshmi Venkateshwara Enterprises Pvt. Ltd v. Syeda Vajuninissa E Begum (Smt.) and Ors., [19941 2 sec 671, referred to.
Sutherland, Statutory construction, 3rd Edition, Vol. 3 at P. 107, 109 & 1 I 0, referred to.
2. Where a statute empowers the Court to extend time or further F time when a tenant fails to deposit rent within the stipulated time, only in such cases, the Court possesses power to extend time and in no other cases. [658-B)
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION Civil Appeal No. 910 of· G 2001. From the Judgment and Order dated 11.1.2000 of the High Court of Patna in appeal from Appellate Decree no. 3/85. S.B. Upadhyay. Amitesh Kumar and ~akshmi Raman Singh for the H appearing parties.
… ·' –J —- BAL WANT SINGH"· A.K. SHARMA (V.N. KHARE, CJ.] The Judgment of the Court was delivered by KHARE, CJ. The appellants herein are the tenants. The landlord brought a suit for eviction of the t~.nant, inter alia on the ground of personal necessity as well as for default in payment of rent. The trial court dismissed the suit. However, the first appellate court allowed the appeal of landlord and thus the ' suit on the ground of default was decreed. The second appeal, by the tenants, B was dismissed, The High Court held that mere acceptance of delayed rent by the Landlord did not amount to waiver of the right which was accrued to him under the Act and also the tenant has committed default in payment of the rent. It is against the said judgment, the tenants preferred present appeal by means of a special leave petition.
When the matter came up before a Bench of this Court, the Bench was of the view that as the case may require consideration of the correctness of the view taken by a Full Bench of Patna High Court in Raj Kumar Prasad v. Uchit Narain Singh, AIR (1980) Patna (FB) 242 in view of two decisions of this Court in Gowali Charan v. Surendra Kumar Khandani and Ors., D [ 1987] Suppl. SCC 578 and Satyanarain Kandu v. Smt. Hemlata and Ors., ( 1996) PLR 110 SC both by two-Judge Bench and as such has referred the matter to a Bench of three Ld. Judges . It is in this way, this matter has come up before us. Learned Counsel for the appellant urged that view taken by the High Court is in conflict with the two decisions of this Court and therefore the Judgment under challenge deserved to be set aside. We do not find any E merit in the argument for the reasons stated hereinafter.
Section I l(l)(d) of the Bihar Buildings (Lease, Rent & Eviction) Control Act reads thus: "I I. Eviction of tenants (I) Notwithstanding anything contained in F my contract or law to the contrary but subject to the provisions of the Industrial disputes Act, 1947 (Act XIV of 1947), and to those Section 18, where a tenant is in possession of any building, he shall not be liable to eviction therefrom except in execution of a decree passed by the Court on one or more of the following grounds:
(a) .. .. (b) … . (c) … . (d) Where the amount of two months rents, lawfully payable by the H [2003) I S.C.R. tenant and due from him is in arrears by not having been paid within the time fixed by contract, or in the absence of such contract, by the last day of the month next following that for which the rent is payable or by not having been validly remitted or deposited in accordance with Section 16."
The provisions of the said Act would clearly show that unlike Rent Control Statutes of other States, the expression 'wilful default' .or 'habitual default' has not been used therein. The words are 'is in arrears'. In the event, rent for two months is not paid a cause of action arises. The statute mandates that the rent should be paid within the time fixed by the contract and in C absence thereof by the last. date of the month next following. The obligation on the part of the tenant to pay rent in the manner laid down under the Act, being a statutory one, he must comply therewith strictly. The statute, therefo~e, in other words, prescribes the period within which the rent must be rendered to the landlord by a tenant. When the statute lays down the period during which the rent is required to be paid or deposited, the same is required to be D complied with.
Recently, in E. Pa/anisamy v: Palanisamy (dead) by lrs. and Ors., [2003] I SCC 123, a Division Berich of this Court observed: " ….. The rent legislation is normally intended for the benefit of the tenants. At the same time, it is well settled that the benefits conferred . on the tenants through the relevant statutes can be enjoyed only on the basis of strict compliance with the statutory provisions. Equitable consideration has no place in such matters"
It is also pertinent to note that the Rent Control Act is not only a F beneficial enactment for the tenant but also for the benefit of the landlord. (See Shri Lakshmi Venkateshwara Enterprises Pvt. ltd. v. Syeda Vajuninissa Begum (Smt.) and Ors .. [1994] 2 SCC 671.
Yet there is another aspect of the matter which cannot be lost sight of. It is rt well settled principle that if a thing is required to be done by a private G person within a specified time, the same would ordinarily be mandatory but when a public functionary is re.quired to perform a public function within a time-frame, the same will be held to be directory unless the consequences therefor are specified. In Sutherland, Statutory Construction, 3rd edition, Vol. 3 at p. I 07, it is pointed out that a statutory direction to private individuals H should generally be considered as mandatory and that the rule is just the BAL WANT SINGH v. A.K. SHARMA [V.N. KHARE, CJ.]
opposite to that which obtains with respect to public officers. Again, at p.109, A it is pointed out that often the question as to whether a mandatory or directory construction should be given to a statutory provision may be determined by an expression in the statute itself of the result that shall follow non-compliance with the provision. At page 111 it is stated as follows:
"As .a corollary of the rule outlined above, the fact that no B consequences of non-compliance are stated in the statute, has been considered as a factor tending towards a directory construction. But this is only an element to be considered, and is by no means conclusive."
It is in the aforementioned backdrop the decisions of this Court relied C upon by Mr. Upadhyay are required to be considered. In Gowali Charan v. Surendra Kumar Khandani and Ors., [1987] Suppl. SCC 578, this Court did not lay down any law within the meaning of Article 141 of the Constitution of India. The judgment does not contain any reason. D It does not. set out any fact nor did it take notice of any precedent. It is difficult to ascertain as to on what grounds this Court observed: "Having regard to the fact that the entire rent for the period in question from January-February, 1967 to January-February, 1968 had been paid to the plaintiff, we do not think that the High Court was E justified in holding that the plea of wilful default has been established entitling the plaintiff to a decree for eviction under Section I l(l)(c) of the Bihar Buildings (Lease, Rent and Eviction) Control Act, 1982." This decision in our opinion does not lay down the correct law and must be over-ruled.
In Satyanarain Kandu v. Smt. Hemlata and Ors., ( 1996) PLR 110 SC, this Court passed an order presumably in exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 142 of Constitution of India. In that case, it was categorically held that the default had taken place but the same was held to be merely a technical one. If a cause of action arose for the landlord to file a suit for eviction G against the tenant, such a cause of action cannot be held to be non-existent only because, in the opinion of this Court, the default was technical one. The said decision also does not lay down the correct view of the law and must be over-ruled.
We. therefore, are of the opinion that the High Court has rightly held H [2003] I ·S.C.R. A that by reason of the said two decisions, the Full Bench decision of the High Court cannot be said to have been over-ruled.
\:– In C.A. No. 5077/1998, which we ·have decided today, we have held that whe~e a statute empowers the Court to extend time or further time when a tenant f4ils to deposit rent within the stipulated time, 9nly in such cases, the B Court possesses power to extend time and in no other cases. For aforesaid reasons, the appeal is dismissed. However, there shall be –I-
no orders as to costs. S.K.S. Appeal dismissed.