S.C.R. BHAGWATI PRASAD SAH AND OTHERS II. DULHIN RAMESHW ARI KUER AND ANOTHER· (SAIYID fAZL Au, MuKHERJEA and CHANDRASEKHARA AIYAR JJ .) Hindu Law-Joint family-Presumption of iointness-Separa-
tion of one member-Effect of-Burden of proof of subsequent state of family-Evidence of separation-Statement of deceased member- Evi dence Act (I of 1872), s. 32(3). Though the general principle is that a Hindu family is presum- -ed to be joint
unless the contrary is proved, yet where it is admitted that one of the coparceners did separate himself from the other members of the joint . family and had his share in the joint property partitioned
off for him, there is no presumption that the rest of the coparc~ners continued to be joint. There is no presumption on the other side too that because one member of the family separated himself, there has been separation
with regard to all. It would be a question of fact to be determined in each case upon the evidence relating to the intention of the parties whether there was a separation amongst the other coparceners or they remained united and the burden would
undoubtedly lie on the party who asserts the existence of a particular state of things on the basis of which the claims relief. Except in the case of reunion, the mere fact that separated coparceners chose to live together or act jointly
for purposes of business or trade or in their dealings with properties would not give them the status of coparceners under the Mitakshara law. The statements of a particular person that he is separated from a joint family of which he was a coparcener, and that he has no further interest in the joint property or claim to any assets left by his father, would be statements made against the interest of such person, and, after such person is dead, they would be rele- vant under s.
32{3) of the Evidence · Act. The assertion that there was separation not only in respect of himself but between all the coparceners would be admissible as a connected matter and an
integral part of the same statement. It is not merely the precise fact which is against interest that is admissible but all matters that are "involved in it and knit up with the state- ment."
The expression "joint family" is used in legal as well as in a loose sense. The fact that the said expression is used in May 7, Blurgwali PraJadSah and Other1 v. Dulhin Rame~hwari
x.,,, and Another. Mukherl•a J. [1951] describing a family in a document does not therefore nece!:sarily lead to the inference that the family is a joint Hindu family with all its legal incidents.
CIVIL APPELLATE JuRrsmCTioN. Civil Appeal No. 83 of 1950. Appeal from the Judgment and Decree dated the 2nd March, 1948, of the High Court of Judicature at Patna (Manohar Lal and Ray, JJ.) in Appeal from
Original Deeree No: 60 of 1944 arising out of the Judgment and Decree dated the 22nd December, 1943, of the Court of the First Sub-Judge of Saran, Ch:ipra, in Title Suit No. 24 of 1941.
BaJr..shi TeJr.. Chand (Ramanugrah Prasad, with him) for the appellants. Gopinath Kunzru (D. K. Saran, with him) for Res- pondent No. 1. 1951. May 7. The judgmeQt of the Court was deli-
vered by MuKHERJEA J.-This appeal is directed against a judgment and decree of a Division Bench of the Patna High Coun dated 2nd March, 1949, by which the learn- ed judges reversed, on appeal, a decision of the Second
Additional Subordinate Judge of Saran in Title Suit No. 24 of 1941. The controveri;y between the parties to the suit centres round only one question of fact, viz., whether the plaintiff's father, who died in 1926, was joint with
or separate from his nephew, the defendant No. l, at the time of his death. If he died separate, it is not disputed that his properties would devolve by inheritance upon his widow and after the death of the
widow would vest in his daughter, who is the plaintiff in the suit. If, on the other hand, he died joint, his interest in the joint properties would pass by survivor- ~ip to defendant No. 1, who together with his male
descendant constitute a joint Hindu family governed by the Mitikshara law. It may be convenient at the outset to give a brief resume of the materiai facts as they appear in tht: pleadings of . the parties. One Sheo Narain Sah, who
was the grandfather of the plaintiff as well as of defendant No. 1 had three sons: (1) Imrit, .(2) Janki and (3) Ram Narain. lmrit's branch is, represented by defendants 11 and 12 in the suit, and they are his son
and grandson respectively. Janki's only son is Ram Saran, the defendant No. 1. Defendants 2 to 4 are the sons of defendant No. 1 and defendants 5 to 10 are his minor grandsons. Ram Narain died in 1926 leaving
behind him his widow Sumitra and a daughter Rameshwari who is the plaintiff in the suit. Sumitra died in 1933 and the plaintiff claims to be the sole heir of Ram Narain after the death of her mother.
According to the plaintiff, there was a complete separa- tion ~tween the three sons of Sheo Narain in food, estate and business nearly 65 years prior to the institu- tion of the suit. After separation, Ram Narain and
Ram Saran, the defendant No. l, did carry on a cloth shop jointly and dealt with the profits of this business together, as well as acquired properties in their joint names. But these properties and interests they could
and did hold as tenants in common. Sumitra was a woman of weak intellect and after the death of Ram Narain, she was completely under the influence of defendant No. 1 and his sons. It is stated in the plaint
that in the year 1928 the defendant No. 11, who is the son of Imrit, instituted a suit at the instigation of defendant No. I and his sons in which he denied the separation of lmrit from the joint family and claimed
the properties in possession of defendant No. 1 and his sons as the joint properties of the family. That suit, it is said, ended in a collusive compromise and Sumitra was made to file a collusive written statement in that
suit as well as to depose falsely on commission to the effect that her husband died joint with defendant No. 1. The: plaintiff herself brought an earlier suit on much the same allegations as she has made
now but that suit she had to wididraw because of some formal defects. The present suit was instituted on 20th of December, 1940, and the plaintiff prayed for recovery of possession of the properties specified in Schedules I
to IV in the plaint together with mesne profits both past and future. Bhagwati Prasad Sak IJJfd Otheu v. Dulhin Rame~hwari Kuer and Another Mllkherjea J. Bhagwoti Pra3adSah and Others
v. Du/hin Rameshwar; Kuer and Another. M ukherjea J. [1951J Defendants 11 and 12 did not appear or contest the suit. The suit was contested by defendants l to 4 who filed one joint
written statement. Another written statement and that of a formal character was filed on behalf of the minor defendants by their pleader guardian appointed by the Court: The material thing
stated in this written statement \vas that the natural guardians of the minors . in spite of notices . being given to them did not properly instruct the pleader guardian. The defence of defendants l to 4 in substance was
that there was no separation between Ram Narain and defendant No. l as alleged in the plaint, but that after the death of Janki, the father of defendant No. 1, Imrie alone separated
himself from Ram Narain and the defendant No. l when the latter was only five years old. Ram Narain and defendant No. l continued to ·remain joint as before and as Ram Narain died
joint, the defendant No. l got all the properties by right of survivorship. It was denied that Sumitra was influenced in any way by defendant No. l or his sons or that she was made to file a collusive written
statement in the suit. instituted by defendant No. 11 or make a false statement in her deposition while giving evidence therein. Several other pleas were taken with which we ,are not concerned for our present
purpose. The material issue framed in the suit was issue No. 6 and this was worded as follows :- "Was there any separation between Ram Narain Sah, plaintiff's father and defendant No. l as •alleged?". The trial Court on a consideration of the evidence
adduced in this case decided this issue against the plaintiff and in that view dismissed th~ suit. There was an appeal taken . to the Patna High Court against this decision by the plaintiff
and the learned Judges of the· High Court reversed the decision of the trial Judge and gave the plaintiff S.C.R. a decree in terms of the prayers made in the plaint. The defendant No. 1 died after the decision
of the trial . Judge, and his sons and grandsons have now come up on appeal to this Court. The substantial contention raised by Mr. Bakhshi Tek Chand, who appeared in support of the appeal, is that the decision
arrived at by the High Court on the question of separation is not warranted by the evidence on the record. Before we discuss the evidence on the record, we desire to point out that on the
admitted facts of this case neither party has any presumption on his side. either as regards jointness or separation of the family. The general principle undoubtedly is that a Hindu family is
presumed to be joint unless the contrary is proved, but where it is admitted that one of the coparceners did separate himself from the other members of the joint family and had his
share in the joint property partitioned off for him, there is no presumption that the rest of the coparceners continued to be joint. There is no presumption on the other side too that because
one member of the family separated himself, there has been separation with regard to all. It would be a question of fact to be determined in each case upon the evidence relating to the intention of the parties
whether there was a separation amongst the other co- parceners or that they remained united. The burden would undoubtedly lie on the party who asserts the existence of a particular state of things on the basis of
which he claims relief. These principles which have been laid down in several pronouncements of the Judicial Committee seem to us to be perfectly sound : (vide Bal Krishna v. Ram Krishna(1) and Palaniammtrl
v. Muthuvenkatachala(2) and Balabux Ladhuram v .. Rukhmabai(3); Another thing to be noted in this con- nection is that it is not the case of the defendants made either in the pleadings or in the evidence that even if
there was a separation between Ram Narain and Rarr: (1) L.R. SS I.A. 220 (2) L.R. S9 I.A. 83 (3) LR. 301 .A. 130 Bhagwati Prasad Sali and OtFiers v. Dulhin Rames/.wari Kuer and Another·
Muhkerjea J. Bh.agwati Pra&adSah andOtbtr1 v. Dul/Ji• Ra~lh•OTi Kuer and Another. Mukherieo J. 60B [1951 J Saran at any anterior time they subsequently rennited. The controversy, therefore, narrows down to the short
point as to whether at any time before the death of Ram Narain there was a separation between him and Ram Saran. If, as the plaintiff avers, there was a d~ ruption of the joint status in regard to all the three
brothers, it would really be immaterial if, subsequent to separation, Ram Narain and Ram Saran lived together in commensality or dealt with their properties in such manner as is ordinarily done by members of a
joint Hindu family which is not set up in the present case. Except in the case of reunion, the mere fact that separated coparceners chose to live together or act jointly for purposes of business or trade or in their
dealings with properties, would not give them the status of coparccners under the Mitakshara law. It is in the light of these principles that we propose to examine the evidence before us.
Both the Courts below have discarded the oral evi- dence adduced by the parties · as wholly unreliable and the learned. counsel appearing for neither side has in- vited us to place any rclia'lcc on the same. W c do not,
therefore, think it necessary to refer to the oral evidence at all. As regards documentary evidence, it must be ad- mitted that there is no deed of partition in the present case, nor is there in existence any document to which
all the members of the family were part\es and which proceed~ on the basis of any admitted partition. Imrit's separation from the family is of course an admitted fact but there is no evidence even on the
side of the defendants to show when this separation took place. The defendant No. 1 in his deposition in a Money Suit, to which he was a party, stated in the year 1942 that his age was Bl at
that time. If tllis is a correct statement, Ram Saran must have been born some time in 1861 and Imrit' s separation may be dated near about the year 1866. The earliest document that we have on the record
is Ex. 2 dated the "30th of September, 1879. This is a S.C.R. mortgage bond executed by Imrit in favour of Ram Narain. There is no recital of separation in the docu- ment itself, but the statement of boundaries of the
mortgaged properties shows clearly that Ram Narain's share was separated from that of Imrit. The mortgaged prop~rties were two houses, one of which was situated at Dahiawan and the northern boundary of this house
is stated to be "house of Ram Narain Sahu, puttidar of me, the executant, partitioned". This shows that there was a partition. between lmrit and Ram Narain and Ram Narain had a separate house of his own. It
is not stated in this document that this house was the joint property of Ram Narain and Ram Saran. Exhibit 2 (a) is another mortgage bond between Imrit and Ram Narain and is dated the 21st of March, 1885
. and here the northern boundary of the mortgaged pro- perty is stated to be the "Bakasht land of Ram Saran Sahu, puttidar of me, the executant." This is a strong piece of evidence in favour of the plaintiff and taking
Exhibits 2 and 2(a) together, it can legitimately be inferred that Ram Saran was also separate and he had certain bakasht lands allotted to him in his share. The matter is practically clinched
by the recital of another document . which is Exhibit 2 (b) and which is also a registered mortgage bond executed by I mrit in favour of Ram Narain. The date of the instrument is 8th of November,
1898. T4ere is a recital in the document to the following effect :- "I, the executant, have. been living separately and have been separate in mess from Ram Narain Sahu and Ram Saran Sahu my own nephew for a long time
and at the time of separation all the movable and immovable properties were partitioned among all the three parties. Since separation, all business is carried on separately." The document further recites that Sheo Narain Sahu,
the father, was a party to this partition and he was given a house for his residence and Rs. 1,100 in cash for trade and ' maintenance and that after his death these properties were also divided amongst the three
sons. It is stated that Imrit received a sum of Bhagwati PrasadSah and Others v. Du/hin Rameshwari Kuer and Another. Mukherjea J. 19SI Bhagwati PrasadSah and Others v. Dulhin Rameshwari
Kuer a11d Another Mukherjea J. [1951] Rs. 334-7-9 as his share of the cash money left by his father and this money he paid to Ram Narain in part satisfaction of his debt. Then again, in the descrip-
tion of the mortgaged property given in the schedule, the northern boundary is stated to be "House of Ram Saran Sahu nephew of me, the executant." There is no reason to doubt the truth of these state-
ments which were 'made in an old document long before any dispute arose between the parties in regard to these matters. A question was raised, however, as to whether this statement of
Imrit could be legally admissible as evidence. Imrit is undoubetedly dead and Mr. Kunzru, appearing for the respondents, con- tended that this statement could be. admitted in evi-
dence under section 32 (7) of the Indian Evidence Act. We are not sure that section 32 (7) is really of assist- ance to the respondents. The particular right, which is the subject-matter of dispute before us, was certain-
ly asserted in this transaction but not by it within the meaning of section 13 (a) of the Evidence Act. We think, however, that the statements could be admitted under section 32(3) of the Evidence Act.
The state- ments of . a particular person that he is separated from a joint family, of which he was a coparcener, and that he has no further interest in the joint property or claim to any assets ·left by
his father, would be statements made against the interest of such person, and, after such person is dead, they would be relevant under section 32(3) of the Evidence Act. The assertion that there was separation not only in respect
of himself but between all the coparceners would be admissible as a connected matter and an integral part of the same statement (Vide Blackburn J. in Smith v. Blakey(') ). It is not merely the precise fact which is
against interest that is admissible but all matters that are "involved in it and knit up with the statement." See Wigmore on Evidence, Art. 1465. We agree with the learned Judges of the High Court
that Exhibits 2, 2 (a) and 2 (b) taken together afford most satisfactory evidence of there being a separation (ll L.R. 2 Q.B. 326 S.C.R. amongst all the sons of Sheo . Narain and that ~ey .
show further that the separanon took place dunng · Sheo Narain's lifetime. This conclusion is fortified by the recitals in several other documents which were executed during this period. In fact,
prior to there is no evidence of any transaction in which. both Ram Narain and Ram Saran took part, or of any acquisition of property in their joint names. It seems that on the very day that Exhibit 2(b)
was executed there was another mortgage bond exe- cuted by Imrit in favour of Ram Saran and though that document has not been produced, the transaction is recited in a latter document, namely, Exhibit C (9),
where it is expressly stated that the money was taken by Imrit on the strength of the mortgage bond from out of the funds of Ram Saran. Exhibit C (5) is a deed of sale dated 14th of February, 1880, and by this
instrument one Welayat Mian sold a house to Ram Narain and the document stands in the name of Ram Narain alone. On behalf of the appellants, it is con- tended that this house was treated as the joint property
of both Ram Narain and Ram Saran as would be evident from a Kobala Exhibit C(7) executed on 23rd of May, 1925, by both of them together in favour of one Dulhin Ram Kuer. It is said that this identical pro-
perty was the subject-matter of the subsequent sale deed. We have compared the boundaries and descrip- tion of the properties given in the: two documents and ~e are unable to hold that they
relate to the same property. The property dealt by Exhibit C(7) is situated in Mahalia Karim Chak, while that sold by Welayat Mian was situated in Dahiawan. The bound- aries on the three sides are also
quite different. Ex- hib~t C(8)" ~s another ·sale deed executed during this penod. It 1s dated 13th of December, 1898, and in this document also . Ram Narain figures as the sole pur-
chaser of certam property from Ram Singari Singh. Here again, it is the appellants' case that this property was shown to be the joint . property of Ram Narain and Ram Saran in the Survey Khatian. We do not
think .that this contention can be accepted as correct. 6-10 S.c. India/67. Bhagwati PrasadSah and Other3 v. Dulhin Rameshwari Kuer and Another Mukherjea J, Bhagwatl PraJadSah and Others
v. Dulhin Rameshwari Kuer and Another Mukherjea J, [1951] The property that is recorded in Khatian No. 233 in the joint names of Ram Narain and Ram Saran is situated in mouza Purbari Telpa, while
the property that is dealt with by Exhibit C(S) is in Telpa Buzurg. Moreover, the area of the property in Exhibit C(S) is only 6 cottas 8 dhoors, while that in the settlement record is more than one
bigha. Thus, all the earlier documents support the inference which may be drawn from Exhibits 2, 2 (a) and 2 (b) that all the three sons of Sheo Narain separated from each other, though it
is not possible to fix. the precise time at which such separation took place. From 1905 onwards we come to another series of documents upon which considerable stress was laid by the Subordinate Judge in support of his decision that
Ram Narain and Ram Saran remained joint through- out. It is perfectly true that for a period of nearly 20 years from this date, we find quite a number of transactions in which Ram Narain and
Ram Saran jointly took part and in some of which they· were described as members of a joint Hindu .family. In our opinion, the High Court is right in holding that during this period the cloth and money-lending business that
was carried on jointly by Ram Narain and Ram Saran probably became a flourishing concern. Ram Narain had no son of his own and Ram Saran being an orphan, the uncle and the nephew were drawn very much closer
to each other and to all out:Ward appearances they conducted themselves like members of a joint family, of which the uncle would naturally be the head. It was natural also that properties, which were acquired out
of the profits of the joint business, would be acquired in the names of both and in suits and other legal pro- ceedings they would figure ·as joint parties. The question however is whether from these documents it
is possible to infer that Ram Narain and Ram Saran were joint all along and are they sufficient to destroy the inference of separation that can legitimately be drawn from the earlier documents
referred to above ? Exhibit E is a Zarpeshgi deed executed by the sons of lmrit in favour of Ram Narai!i and Ram Saran S.C.R. jointly. The consideration for this lease was the money
due to them under the mortgages executed separately in their favour on 8th of November, 1895. One of these mortgages, as we have pointed out already, is Exhibit 2(b), while .the existence of the other is recited in
Exhibit C(9.). Although in Exhibit 2(b) it was stated that all the three ·brothers were separated, it was stated in Exhibit E that Ram Narain and Ram Saran were living jointly and that their business was joint.
Vv e do not think that the statement in Exhibit E contra- dicts the recital of Exhibit 2(b). There might have been complete separation between the two brothers and yet it is quite possible
that afterwards, when Ram Narain and Ram Saran began to carry on business together, they lived like members of a joint Hindu family. Exhibit C(3) is a sale deed dated 9th of July,
1909, executed by Bibi Bechan in favour of Ram Narain and Ram Saran. It is somewhat surprising that the vendor, who was a complete stranger, recites in this document that the purchasers are related to each other
as uncle and nephew and form members of a joint family. Exhibit C(4) is another sale deed dated the 7th of May, 1913, executed by one Kishun Chand and Gopi Chand in favour of Ram Narain alone. Ram
Saran does not figure as a purchaser in this document. It is argued by the learned counsel for the appellants that this land was recorded in the joint names of both Ram Narain and
Ram Saran in the Survey Khatian, but the description of the land as given in the sale deed is totally different from what appears in the Khatian. There is marked difference both as regards
the area as well as the Touzi number. In Exhibit C(2), which is a sale deed executed by Mustafa Hussain on 20th April, 1922, in favour of Ram Narain and Ram Saran, the purchasers are mentioned
as 1omt Zarpeshgidars of the executant of the deed, but there is no description of them as members of a joint family. Similarly, in Exhibit C(h), which is the sale deed is totally different from
what appears in the Ram Saran were described as joint creditors of the vendor. The only other sale deed executed during the lifetime of Ram Narain is Ex. C (1). This was also a deed of sale in favour of both Ram Narain and Ram
19SI Bhagwatl Pra:JadSa[J andOthen v, Dulhin Rame:Jhwar Kuer and Another Mukher}ea I. Bhagwati Prasad Sah and Others v. Du/bin Rame$hwari Ku er and Another Mukherjea J. [1951] Saran, though they are not described as members of a
joint family. In our opinion, a proper consideration of all these sale deeds does not necessar~ly lead to the conclusion that there was no original separation between Ram Narain and Ram Saran, as alleged by the plaintiff and proved
by the earlier documents. There is no doubt that Ram Narain and Ram Saran did carry on a cloth and money- lending business jointly. The vendors in the above sale deeds had borrowed money from this joint money-
lending concern and the consideration for the sales in the majority of instances were unsatisfied debts due by tliese persons. It was quite natural, therefore, that these properties should be purchased in the names of
both Ram Narain and Ram Saran jointly. Except in Ex. C(3), there is no recital in any of these documents that they were members of a joint Hindu family and even if there was any such recital, there would have
been nothing unusual in it, having regard to the way in which they conducted their affairs, both in and outside the family. The learned counsel for the appellants laid consider- able emphasis
however upon the statements of Ram Narain and also of Sumitra after the death of Ram Narain in a number of plaints and depositions where it was expressly stated that Ram Narain and
Ram Saran constituted a joint Hindu family, of which Ram Narin was the karta. In Ex. K (2), whicli is a plaint in a mortgage suit filed in the year 1917, there is a statement in paragraph (y) of the plaint as follows:-
"The bond in suit, is executed in favour of plaint- iff No. 1 alon(!, who is the head and managing member of the joint family, but the plaintiff No. 2, who is the brother's son of plaintiff No. l, has got a
claim to one-half share in the amount claimed. Therefore, he joins as a plaintiff." It may be noted that plaintiff No. 1 in the suit was Ram Narain and plaintiff No. 2 was Ram Saran. In
S.C.R. Ex. K (1), which is another plaint in a mortgage suit of 1924 and in which both Ram Narain and Ram Saran figured as plaintiffs, it was stated in paragraph 6 of the plaint that plaintiff No. 2 (Ram Saran) was the
member of a joint family with plaintiff No. 1 (Ram Narain) and, therefore, he was also joined in the suit. Lastly, we have got the following statement ·in a plaint in another mortgage suit, (Ex. K), which was filed by
Ram Narain a.i1d Ram Saran in the year 1923 :- "That the plaintiffs are members of a joint family . and carry on money-lending business jointly. Mortgage bonds are . executed in favour of
any member of the family. Accordingly, the mortgage bond sued upon was executed in favour of plaintiff No. 1 alone. But both of the plaintiffs have got claim thereto." It may be pointed out, first . of all, that these state-
ments occur in plaints filed in mortgage suits arising out of the money-lending business which was carried on by Ram Narain and Ram Saran jointly. The business being a joint business, even if the bonds were taken in
the name of one of the creditors, it was necessary, to avoid all risks, that both of them should join as plaint- iffs. It was for the purpose of explaining as to why the bond sued upon did not stand in the name of both
the plaintiffs, that this · explanation was. added to each one of these plaints. In the second place, it may be noted that it was expressly stated in these plaints that Ram Saran had also an equal
share in the mortgage money. It would be unusual in, and quite inappro- priate to, a transaction relating to a Mitakshara joint family, of which the karta or manager can by himself
file suits and conduct transactions, to specify that another coparcener has got so much share in the claim or property. Thirdly, the expression "joint family" can certainly be used in a legal as well as in a loose
sense, and it would not be improper in the circum- stances of the present case to hold that it was in fact used in a loose sense. The deposition of Ram Narain given in a mortgage suit {Ex. N)
does hot really improve the the position. In his deposition Ram Narain states as follows :- Bhagwati Prasad Sall andOthen v. Du/hill Rameshwarl Kuer and Another. Mukherjea J. Bhagwati
PraJad Sah andOther1 v. Dulhin Rame.shwarl Kuer and Anothtr. Mukherfea /, [1951] "Ram Saran Sahu is my nephew and we live jointly. I am karta of my family." Here again the deposition being given in a mortgage
suit only for the purpose of justifying the inclusion of the name of Ram Saran as a co-plaintiff, no undue stress could be laid upon the words used. Mr. Bakhshi Tek Chand tried to make much also of the statements
made by Sumitra, the mother of the plaintiff, both in the written statement which she filed in the suit brought against the defendants by Imrit's son and also in the deposition on commission which was given
by her in that suit. It is to be noticed that tl1e plaintiff was a party to this suit but later on Ram Saran and his sons had her name expunged from the suit altogether in order that there
may be a petition of compromise between them and the plaintiff in that suit in her absence. It would appear from the deposi- tion given on commission by the lady in that suit that
she was completely under the °influence of defendant No. 1 and her sons. The High Court, in our opinion, has rightly laid stress on some portions of her deposi- tion where she made
certain admissions even against her will. One thing said in her deposition was that there were really three houses and not two and this lits in with the story of a complete partition. In the second
place, she admitted that the separation of Imrit took place during the lifetime of Sheo Narain. That the stock of knowledge of this lady was very small and she could be made to say any thing as the defendants liked
is apparent from the fact that she herself did not know what was north, south, east or west. She did not know how to count money and did not know even how her husband conducted his
business. In such circumstan- ces, we feel unable to attach much importance to the evidence of this lady, though it is somewhat surprising that she should have made any statement against · the
interests of her own daughter. The two other classes of <locuments whicli are relev- ant for our present purpose and to which reference was made by the learned counsel for the appellants are
the settlement records and the account books. The S.C.R. settlement records Exs. 4 and R are not, in our opin- ion, decisive of the point in issue. The records show that some lahds were recorded in the name of Ram
Narain alone and others were recorded in the names of both Ram Narain and Ram Saran with a further remark that they have equal shares in the properties. If really the family was joint from the very beginning
and Ram Narain was the k..arta, then all the lands would have been recorded in the name of Ram Narain alone. The fact that some lands were re- corded in the name of Ram Narain alone, while
others were recorded in their joint names, clearly indicates that it was not a joint Mitakshara family in the proper sense of the word. In this con- nection reference may be made . to two important docu-
ments to which just importance has been attached by the learned Judges of the High Court. These are Exhibits G and 1. The first is a deed of relinquish- ment of claim by Ram Narain to Shri Thakur Lachhmi
Narayan Swamiji Maharaj. The document is dated 9th of November, 1899, and by this instrument Ram Narain relinquished his interest in certain properties which he purchased in his own
name, but for the benefit of the deity. It is stated in this document that Ram Narain would. remain manager of the temple during his lifetime and shall make settlement · and management of the properties in such a way as he
thought proper and after his death Ram Saran Sah, son of his full brother, and after him the heir and representative of Ram Saran Sah would be the managers. Ram Saran was an attesting witness to this
document. This clearly shows that Ram Narain had property of his own which he was disposing of in any way he . liked to the knowledge of his nephew who is alleged to be his joint coparcener. If it was an endow-
ment created by the family itself, there was .no neces- sity of laying clown that after the death of Ram Narain, his nephew would become the manager as the manager- ship would descend in the line of Ram Saran as a
matter of course. By the subsequent document (Exhi- bit l), which was executed shortly before the death of Ram Narain, this arrangement was changed and a Bhagwati Prawd :Jah and Other.
v. · Du/hin Rameshwari Kuer and Another. Mukherjea J. 19SI Bii:Jgwati Prasad Sah and Others v. Du/bin Rame~hwarl Ku er and Another. Mukherjea J. [1951] certain Mahant, namely, Mahant
Goswami Hirdaya Saran Deoji, was appointed manager of this endowed property. This proves that Ram Narain did purport to exercise absolute and unrestricted power of disposi- tion over his
properties in any way he liked, and that the properties except those which were jointly acquired by himself and his nephew out of the profits of the joint business, belonged to him absolutely.
As regards the .account books that have been produced in this case, the learned Judges of the High Court, it appears, are not quite correct in saying that there were two sets of accounts kept side by side, one in the name of Ram
Narain and other in the name of Ram Saran. At least the learned counsel appearing for the respondents could not satisfy us that this was in fact the true position. We think, however, that the
entries in the ;lccount books to which our attention was drawn by the learned counsel for the appellants do not realy improve the defendants' case. We agree with the learned Judges
of the High Court in holding that the entries are inconclusive and at the best equivocal. Thus, for, example, certain expenses were debited to Ram Narain on account of the costs incurred by
Ram Saran and others in going to Puri. It is not known who were the persons who actually accompanied Ram Saran to Puri and whether or not they were the wife and daughter of Ram Narain
himself. Then again certain amounts were debited on account of SaJaisa ceremony but nothing is elicited as to whose Sataisa ceremony it was. Certain expenses in connection with the marriage of
Ram Saran's daughter undoubtedly find place in these account books and they are debited against Ram Narain. We have looked into the entries ourselves. They relate to very small sums of
money cons1stmg mostly of expenses incurred in connection with invita- tion of guests and presents received from them. They are not marriage expenses proper and in the absence of better evidence we are unable to say that they sup-
port the defendants' story of there being a joint family in the true sense of the expression. The result is that on the whole we are of the opinion that the view taken by the learned Judges of the High
S.C.R. Court is correct and that there was in fact a separation of all the members of the family and not of Jmrit alone during the lifetime of Sheo Narain himself. As no case of re-union has been attempted to be made on behalf
of the defendants, the facts that Ram Narain and Ram Saran lived in commensality, carried on business together and acquired properties in their joint names, or that their names \Vere recorded as
joint holders of properties in the settlement records might at least create a tenancy in common between them, but not a joint tenancy under the Mitakshara law which would attract the law of
survivorship. Defenaant No. 1, therefore, did not acquire any right by survivorship to the prop·erties which were owned by Ram Narain and the plaintiff is entitled to succeed on this ground.
We are unable, however, to affirm the decree in the ' form in which it has been made by the High Court in I favour of the plaintiff. The plaintiff laid claim to the properties which are specified in schedules
I to IV of the plaint. In paragraph 21 of the written statement, it was expressly averred by the defendants that the list of properties and the valuation given at the foot of the plaint were incorrect.
Some of the properties, it was said, were non-existent. Some debts had become time-barred and claims with regard to certain others had been dismissed. Then, there were pro- perties .owned jointly by Ram Narain and Ram Saran
to Vie entirety of which no cl~im could be laid by the plaintiff. Upon this defence, issue No. 7 was raised in the trial Court and it involved a consideration of the question as to
what properties the plaintiff could claim to recover possession of even if she succeeded in establishing that her father died separate. The trial Court did not think it necessary to decide this issue,
as it dismissed the plaintiffs suit altogether. The High Court, it is to be seen, has given a decree to the plaintiff in terms of her prayers in the plaint without considering this matter at all.
It may be further pointed out that the plaintiff in her plaint claimed Rs. 6,600 as past mesne profits and there was a prayer for recovery of future mesne profits as well. What amount, if any,
the plaintiff would be entitled to Bhagwati Pra.<ad Sah and Others y, D11/hin Rameahwori ·Kuer and Another. Mukherfea J. Bhagwati Pra•adSah and0thet3 v. Dulhin Rame3hwari Kuer and Another.
Mukher}ea J, [1951] recover as mesne profits and on what basis mesne profits should be calculated formed the subject-matter of issue No. 8 and that issue has also been left un- decided by the
High Court. In these circumstances, although we agree with the decision of the High Court that the plaintiff's father did die separate from defendant No. 1 and consequently the latter was not
entitled to claim any property by right of survivor- ship, still for the determination of the properties with regard to which a decree for possession could be made and also for ascertainment of mesne profits, the case
must be sent back to the High Court. The result is that we affirm the findings of the High Court and remand the case in order that it may be disposed of in accordance with law after determina-
tion of issues Nos. 7 and 8. It would be open to the learned Judges to remit the issues to the trial Court for findings on the points to be arrived at on the eyidence on the record or on such further evidence, as
the parties might be allowed to adduce. The plaintiff- respondent will be entitled to costs of the appeal. Further costs would abide the result. Case remanded Agent for the appellants : Tarachand Briimohanlal.
Agent for respondent No. 1 : R. C. Prasad.