196B Khandig1 Sham Bhat Atricu1'ural Ineome.tax Officer Suhba Raa J. Augual 21. In the result the petition is dismissed with costs. It is common case that this decision will govern the other petition also, namely, Writ Peti-
tion No. 104 of 1961. The said petition also is dismis- sed with costs. There will be one set of hearing fee. This order is without prejudice to the order for costs made on 16-3-1962.
Petitions dismissed. BHIVA DOULU PATIL v. STATE OF MAHARASHTJ:tA (J. L. KAPUR, A. K. SARKAR apd M. HrDAYATULLAH, JJ.) ' Criminal 1'rial-Approver- Corroboration, if necessary qua each accused-Indian Evidence Act,
1872(1 of 1872), 88. 114,133 . .The appellant and R were convicted for murder on the testimony of an approver corroborated by the recovery at the instance of R of the knife with which the murder was commit- ted and of the evidence that the appellant and R had got the knife prepared nine weeks before the murder. The appellant contended that his conviction was illegal as there was no corrobo- ration of the testimony of the approver
so far as he was concerned. Held, that the conviction of the appellant was not sus. tainable. The law required that there should be corrobora- tion of the approver in material particulars and. qua each
accused. The combined effect of ss. 133 and 114 illustration (b) is that though the conviction of an accused on the testi- mony of an accomplice could not be said to be illegal, the courts will not accept such evidence without corroborat:ion in ..,.
.J ·-4 SS.C.R. SOPREmj COURT REPORTS material particulars. In the present case there W'\S no corro· boration of the testimony of the approver qua the appellant. The preparation of the knife nine weeks before the occurrence was no corroboration of the approver as within that time gap the appellant might have recanted; nor was the discovery of the knife at the instance of R sufficient to connect the appell. ant with the murder. The fact that the approver had made
a confessional statement to liis brother could not be called corroboration of the approver. It was not sufficient for the conviction of the appellant that there was evidence to corro· borate the participation of R in the murder.
Res. v. Boyes,( 1861)9 Cox, crim. cas,32, Bhuboni Sahu v. The King, (1949) L. R. 76 I. A. 147 and R. v. Baskerville, (1916) 2 K. B. 658, referred to. CRIMINAL"fAPPELLATE JuRISDIOT!ON: Criminal
Appeal No. 174 4 of1961. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated April 12/13, 1961, of the Bombay High Court in Or. A. No. 308 of 1961. G. O. Mathur, for the appellant.
S. B. Jathar and R. N. Sachthey, for the respondents. 1962. August 29. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by KAPUR, J,-This is an appeal against the judgment and order of the High Court of Bombay
confirming the conviction of the appellant for an offence under s. 302, Indian Penal Code, read with s. 34 for the murder of one Lahu Vithu Patil on the night between May 23, and 24, 1960 at village
Pasarde. Four persons Rama Krishna Patil accused No. 1, Bhiva Doulu Patil accused No. 2 (now appellant before us), Lahu Santu Patil accused No. 3 and Deoba approver P.W.5 are alleged to have
tken part in murder of Lahu Vithu Patil. Rama B hiva Doulu Pa'il v. Statt o' Malrara1htr 1 Kapuf J Bhiva Doulu Patil v. State of Maha1aahlrD Kapur J. Krishna Patil accused No.I was convicted of
murder and sentenced to death but on appeal his sentence was reduced to one of imprisonment for life. The appellant was convicted as above stated and sentenced to imprisonment for life. The third
accused Lahu Bantu Patil was acquitted and the 4th participant Deoba turned approver and is P.W.5. The case for the prosecution was that the appellant had a suspicion that the deceased had
a liaison with his wife. He, the appellant, approa- ched the approver and suggested that the deceased should be killed. This was on March 16, 1960. On March 17, 1960, Rama Krishna Patil accused No. I
and appellant got a knife prepared by Nanu Santu Sutar P.W.7 from a crowbar. The deceased was a wrestler and he and his brother used to sleep in the fields and they also had dogs and for that
reason the murder could not be committed for sometime. When rains set in, the deceased started sleeping at Patil's Talim (gymnasium). There, on the night of the murder the deceased was killed
with the knife which was used by Rama Krishna Patil accused No.I. At that time the appellent had a torch and two others Lahn San tu Patil and Deoba were unarmed. Two blows ware given by accused
No.I one on the throat and the second one on the left side of the chest. At the place of the occurr- ence the assailants left a towel and a patka(turban). Both these articles have been found to belong to
accused No. 1 Rama Krishna Patil. Hearing the noise and growning of the deceased, Lahu Vithu Patil, other persons who were sleeping were awakened and one of them went and informrd the
brother of the deceased and then the first infor- mation report was made to the police but no names were mentiond therein. On June 6, 1960, Deoba was arrested on information received by
Police Sub-Inspector Nandke. On June 25, 1960, . "-~ / 3 S.C.R. as a result of a statement made by accused No.I the knife which is alleged to have been used for the murder wa.s recovered. This knife is stated to be
stained with blood but it has not been proved to be human blood. It m'1y be stated that the knife was of rather unusually large dimensions, The two injuries on the deceased were very extensive and
according to the medical evidence thPy could have been caused with the knife which was recovered. The question that arises in the present case is whether the statement of the approver has been
corroborated in material particulars and qua the appellant. The trial court convicted the appellant on the testimony of the approver and found corro- boration for the approver's testimony in the
statemant of Nanu Santu Sutar P-W. 7 who had prepared the knife alleged to have be m used for the offence on March 17, 1960, and his m 1tive to commit tQ.e murder because of tho suspicion he
had about his wife having a liaison with tho dece- ased. These facts according to the learned .Judge were sufficient to convict the appell.mt. The High Court on appeal found corroboration in material
particulars; from the evidence of Santu l'.W. 6 brother of Deoba to whom Deoba had made a confession of his participation in the offence; the discovery of the knife at the instance of accused
No. 1 and the knife being found blood-stained and the unusual character of the knife which fitted in with the dimensions of the inj 11ries caused to the deceased. From those facts the learned Judges
came to the conclusion that the approver D.ioba was giving a true version of the occurrence. With great respect to the High Court we are unable to agree because without corroboration of the appro-
ver qua the appellant the conviction is unsu,itain- able, the law being that there should be corrobo- ration of the approver in material particulars ancl ~ua eac4 aQcqsed. Bhiva Doulu Patil
v. Stat1 of M oha'rasktra Kapur .J. Rh.Vr.J Doulu P9til v. S:a1~ af Maharaslttra Kapur J. The statement of Santu, brother of the appro- ver is no corrobnration of the approver. It only
means that approver made a confessional statement to his brother. That cannot be called, in the cir- cumstances of this case, to be a corroboration of the approver. The evidence of Nanu Bantu Sutar
P.W. 7 also cannot operate as a corroboration of the approver's story because the knife was got prepar- ed by accused No. l and the appellant nine weeks before t,he murder and that fact by itself will not
corroborate the charge under s. 302 read with s. 34 of the Indian Penal Code against the appellant. The time gap between the preparation of the knife and murder is great and it is possible in such cir-
cumstances that the appellant might have recented and not proceeded with the commission of the offe- nce. The finding of the knife at the instance of the first accused also is no corroboration of the appro-
ver's story which would be sufficient to connect the appellant with the murder, under s. 34 of the Indian Penal Code. It may be that in this case the approver's evidence was eufficiently corroborated
for the conviction of the first 11ccused upon which we express no opinion but so far as the appellant is concerned we find that there is no corrobortion of the approver's story and it is not eufficient that
there is evidencf' to corroborate.the participation of the first accused in the murder. It is also necessary for there being independent, corroboration of the participation of the appellant in the offence with
which he has been charged. In these circums- tances the conviction of the appellant is not sustainable. In coming to the above conclusion we have not been unmindful of the provisions of s. 133 of
the Evidence Act which reads :- ;$. 133 "An accomplice shall be a competent wf tpess against an accused person; 3 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPOR'.tS and a conviction is not illegal merely
because it proceeds upon the uncor- roborated testiruony of an accomp- lice". It cannot be doubted that under that section a con· viction based merely on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice m'1y not be illegal, the
courts nevertheless cannot lose sight of the rule of prudence and practice which in the words of Martin B in Res. v. Boyes (1) ''has become so hallowed as to be deserving of respect" and in the words of Lord
Abinger "it deserves to have all the reverence of the law". This rule of guidance is to be found in illustration ( b) to s. 114 of the Evidence which is as follows :- "The court may presume that an accomp-
lice is unworthy of credit unfoss he is corrobo- rated in material particulars". Both sections are part of one subject and have to be considered together. The Privy Council in Bhuboni Sahu v. The King (
) when its attention was drawn to the judgment of Madras High Court in re Rajagopal(•) where conviction was based upon the evidence of an accomplice supported by the state- ment of a co.accused, said as follows :-
•'Their Lordships …………………………. . would nevertheless observe that Courts should be slow to depart from the rule of prudence, based on long experience, which niqnires
some independent evidence, implicating the particular accused. The danger of acting upi1n accomplice evidence is not merely that the accomplice is on his own admission a man of bad character who took part in the offence and
afterwards to save himself betrayed bis former ~y associates, and who has placed himself in a <J) (1861) 9,Cox, Crim. Cas. 32.. (2) (1949) L.R. 76. I.A. l'f7. Pl I.L.R. 1944. Med. 30B.
·' · .. – Bhi'a Doulu Patil State of Maharashtra Kopur J. Bhi·vn Doulu P«.til v. State of Mahif'tJ•htr" /(apur J, · position in which he can hardly fail to have a strong bias in favour of the prosecution ; the
real danger is that he is telling a story which in its general out.line is true, and it is easy for' him to work into the story matter which is untrue". The combined effect of ss. 133 and 114,
illustration (b) may be stated as follows : Accor- ding to the former, which is a rule of law, an accomplice is competent to give evidence and according to the latter which is a rule of practice it
is almost always ·unsafe to convict upon his testi- mony alone. Therefore though the conviction of an accused on the testimony of an accomplice cannot be said to be illegal yet the Courts will, as
a matter of practice, not accept the evidence of such a witness without corroboration in material particulars. The law may be stated in the words of Lord Reading C. J. in R. v. Baskerville (I) as
follows:- "There is no doubt that the uncorrobora- ted evidence of an accomplice is admissible in law (R. v Attwood, 1787, L Leach 464). But it has been long a rule of practice at common law
for the judge to warn the jury of the danger of convicting a prisoner on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice, and in the discre- tion of the Judge, to advise them not to
convict upon such evidence, but the judge should point out to the jury that it is within their legal province to convict upon such ,_ unconfirmed evidence (R. v Stubbs, Dears 555 ;
In re Heunier, 1894 2 Q.B. 415)". W<', therefore, allow this appeal, set aside the order of conviction aud direct that the appellant be released forthwith. .,__ Appeal allowed. (:J> fi916] 2. K.D, 658,