BRAHM PARKASH v. MANBIR SINGH AND OTHERS (B. P. SINHA C. J., J. C. SnAn and l\. RA.JAOOPALA AYY.~NGAR .JJ.) Jfortyuye-Mars/,,1/liny-1'1ac/"18er also mnr/y11{]e• of other properly of mortgagnr-lf di,.ntitl<d fo marahalling-Tran-•ftr nf Properly Act, 1882 Cf of l~S:J) •· 5U.
M5 the owner of properties A, II and C created several mortgai:es over them. The appellant was one of the mort- gagees of properties A and ll and :>.{G was one of the mortgagees of property C. Snbseqnently, the mortgagor sold property l3 to ~[G. One of the mortgagees of propcrtie• A and B filed a fi;11it for recovery of the 1noney due on tile mortgage. MG claimed that the mortg;ige debt ~hould first be satisfied out of property A not sold to hi1n.
'l'hi~ clairn to rnarshalling Wa!I allowed. The appellant r.ontemkd that under .. 56 or the 1'ran~fcr of Property Act<\ purcha:;cr -..vho \\'a'\ also<\ Juortgagi=e in respect of any property of the ntortgaJ{Or \Vas not entitled to marshalling an<l that 111arshalling should nut have been alJo,vcd in the preseut cC1Se as it \\·as hound to prejudice the appellant. Held, that ~rG wa> entitled to marshalling.
When s. 56 refer~ to a subseq11ent purch<l.ser it docs not exclude a pur- chaser v•ho has a mortKagc over so111c other property of the nlortgagor not connected \vitl1 the proceedi11gs.
Further, it could not follo\V as a n1atler of la\v that 1narshalling mus.t nece!.Sarilv prejudice a s11bscq11e11l inortgagcc. 'l'he question or prejudice' i5 purely one of fact and is intimately connected with the value of the property ag.dnst which the rnortgagcc is directed to proceed in the first i11stcutLC.
·rhe appellant was not r.ntitlcd to the benefit of the last portion of s. 5G as h_e had not rai.ed any plea as to the value of the property •howing that manhalling would prejudice him.
Crvn, APPELLATE .Juinsmcnox : Civil Appeals Nos. i6 and ii of 1961. Appeals from the judgment and decree dated May 19, HJ55, of the Punjab High Court in Regular 2 S.C.R. First Appeals Nos. 28, 12 and 13 of 1948 res-
pectively. Gopal Sinyh for R. S. Namlu, for the appellant (in C. A. No. 76 of 1961). Aohhru Ra1n and Nuunit Lal, for appellant No. 1 (in C. A. Nos. 77 and 78 of 1961). for Bishan Narain and B. P. Maheshwari,
respondents Nos. 9 and 18 to 20 (in C. A. No• 77 of 1961). . •. ,.~ I 1963. March 14. The .Judgment of the Court was delivered by AYYA.NGA.H .].-These three appeals, whioh are before us on certificates of fitness granted by the
High Court of Punjab, arise out of two suits for the recovery of amounts due on mortgages executed by one Mohinder Singh who was a contractor in Delhi. Mohinder Singh is now deceased and is now represen·
ted in these proceedings by his widow and son. Mohinder Singh owned as many as eight properties in Delhi and over one or other of these he created successively 24 mortgages between September 1943
and July Hl44 and also executed a sale in respect of one item of these properties. The contentions urged in these appeals arise out of conflicts between the rights of some of these mortgagees inter se,
between some of them and the purchaser of one of the properties. It is however unnecessary for the purpose of deciding these points to set out the details of every one of these several mortgages or their
history. Appeals 77 and 78 may first be considered. The facts necessary to appreciate the sole point raised by .Mr. Achhru Ram, learned Counsel for the appell- ant-Jagdish Chand are these ; The property con-
Bra!t111 Plf.rh1sh Vf Mcnbir Si111h Brahm Parkas~ ,\laiir Sintli Ayya111ar J. cerned in the two appeals is plot No. 1, l'usa Road in Block 34 with a bungalow thereon. A mortgage for Rs. 10,000.i- was created over this and certain
other propertie~ (we are, however not concerned with these other properties) in favour of one Lajwanti by Mohinder Singh by a deed dated October 19, l!l43. A few davs later-on November 7, 1943-another
mortgage was executed in her favour for Rs, 16,000/- under which the property No. I, Pusa Road was given as security. Passing over certain intermediate transactions not material for the purposes of the
present appeals, a mortgage was created in favour of one Daulatram Narula inter alia on this property on January 21, 19•14 to secure a sum of Rs. 60,000/-. Two days later – on .January 23, 1944-the appellant,
Jagdish Chand, lent a sum of Rs. 10,000/- to Mohinder Singh and had a mortgage executed on No. I, Pusa Road Daultram Narula, the mortgagee under the deed dated January 21, J 944 obtained two
further mortgages over the same property and others on February 25, l!H4 and March 14, 1944, the first for Rs. 9,500/- and the second for Rs. 10,000/-. It ought to be mentioned that the con~ideration for
several of the mortgages referred to earlier was in part a payment in cash to the mortgagor and in part repayment in part satisfaction of previous mortgages, but this circumstance not being of any relevance we
are not setting out the details of the consideration for the several mortgages. Lastly, and this is the mort- gage which is of importance for the point raised in this appeal, on July 13, 1944, Mohinder Singh
created in favour of Pandit Sham Sunder an usufruc· tuary mortgage for Rs. 1,25,000/- out of which Rs. 84,0UO/-was reserved with the mortgagee for payment to Daulatram Narula the sum representing
the principal and interest due on his three mortgages. It is common ground that on the date when the mortgage was registered Sham Sunder carried out his obligation and discharged the mortgages of
Daulatram by paying him Rs. 84,000/-. 2 S.C.R. The amount due to Lajwanti was not paid and she accordingly brought a suit on June l 4, 1945, in the Court of the Senior-SubJudge, Delhi for the
recovery of her mortgage money which, after giving credit for the sums paid to her already by several subsequent mortgagees, came to Rs. 11,657/li/4. She impie-aded as party defendants to the suit the several
subsequent mortgagees including the appellant — J agdish Chand as well as Daulatram and Sham Sunder's legal representatives as he himself was dead by that date. Just like Lajwanti another mortgagee-
one Mukhamal–in whose favour two mortgages, one dated February 1, 1944 and another dated May 12, 1944 for Rs. 10,000/-and Rs. 9,000/- res- pectively, also filed a suit for the recovery of
R~. 15,302/- and odd. As in Lajwanti's suit, the several subsequent mortgagees including J agdish Chand, Daulatram and the legal representatives of Pt. Sham Sunder were also impleaded as defendants
in this suit also. In these two suits the genuineness of the several mortgages was not seriouly disputed and the only point on which contest was centred was as regards the respective rights of the several mortgagees inter
se. We are concerned in these two appeals with the claim· made by the legal representatives of Sham Sunder that they were entitled by reason of their discharging the mortgage-debt of Daultram to whom
they had paid Rs. 84,000/- out of the mortgage amount of Rs. 1,25,000/-to be subrogated to the rights and priorities of Daulatram under the mort- gage dated January 21, 1944 for Rs. 60,000/- as
against the later mortgage of January 23, of Jagdish Chand even though there was no agreement in writing under which he stipulated for such a right. This contention was raised both in the suit by
Lajwanti as well as in Mukhamal 's suit. It was contended on their behalf that though the Transfer of Property Act did not in terms apply, yet the equitable principle underlying its s. 92 viz., the right
Jj63 Brahm Pmkas~ v. Ma1.hir Singh AJ.'.}'«ngar J. brohm Porkruh v • . \lanhfr Singh SUPREME COURt REi>ORTS[l964]VOt. of a secured creditor who had discharged a prior encumbrancer to be subrogated to the rights and
priorities of the mortgagee who he had redeemd, could nevertheless be invoked under s. 6 of the. Punjab Laws Act. The learned trial Judge, however, while acceding to this in principle, held on the basis of
certain authorities to which he referred that in the absence of a specific agreement stipulating for subro- gation the subsequent mortgagee was not entitled to such an equity. On this ground the right of the
subrogation claimed by the legal representatives of Sham Sunder was rejected. From the rejection of this claim in the two suits Sham Sunder's represen- tatives preferred two appeals to the High Court and
the learned Judges allowed the appeal holding that it was not an essential condition for claiming the right of subrogation that the creditor redeeming the mortgage should have entered into an express agree·
ment to that effect. It is from this decision of the High Court that these two appeals have been preferred. Mr. Achhru Ram, learned Counsel for the appellant did not dispute before us the correctness of
the view expressed by the learned judges of the High Court that in order to entitle a creditor to claim a right of subrogation it was not necessary that he should have entered into a written agreement stipu·
lating for such a right His submission, however, was on the following lines : Accepting the Law, as expounded by Sir Richard Couch in Gokuldass Gopaldass v. Ram Bux Seochand ('), in the following
terms : "In India the art of conveyancing has been and is of a very simple character. Their Lord- ships cannot find that a formal transfer of a mortgage is ever made, or an intention to keep
it alive ever formally expressed ………… The obvious question to ask in the interests of (1) t188'1) L. R. 111. A. 126, 153-134. 2 s.C.R.. justice, equity, and good conscience, is, what
was the intention of the party paying off the charge? He had a right to extinguish it and a right to keep it alive. What was his intention? If there is no express evidence of it, what
intention should be ascribed to him? The ordinary rule is that a man having a right to act in either of two ways; shall be assumed to have acted according to his interest. In the familiar instance of a tenant for life paying off
a charge upon the inheritance, he is assumed, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, to have intended to keep the charge alive. It can- not signify whether the division of interests in
the property is by way of life estate and remainder, or by way of successive charges. In each case it may be for the advantage of the owner of a partial interest to keep on foot a
charge upon the corpus which he has paid." as laying down the correct test for determining whether the right of subrogation could be claimed or not, Mr. Achhru Ram submitted that the law was
that even where there was no express agreement stipulating for subrogation, the law would presume such a right on the ground that the payer intended to act in a manner most advantageous to him, but
that this was only a rebuttable presumption which would be negatived on positive proof from the con- duct or statements of such a. creditor pointing to a contrary intention. In other words, that there was
nothing to prevent its being shown that the creditor paying off the charge did not intend to preserve the mortgage which he discharged so as to obtain the priority which the discharged encumbrance enjoyed.
He urged that in the present case, on the terms of the documents to which Sham Sunder was a party, such an intention not to keep alive the discharg- ed encumbrance of Daulatram was clearly made
out. In this connection he drew to our attention Brahm Parka$h v. Manbir Singh Ayya:ngar J. 1:iahm Pc1J. J'h , \.{ onbir Singh Ayyan;ar J, SUPREME cotJRt REPOR.ts [1964]VOL first the terms of
the mortgage executed in favour of Sham Sunder on July 13, 1944, in which this Rs. 84,000j· left with the mortgagee is referred to as being held by the latter in trust for the payment
of the previous en· cumbrancer-Daulatram. Next, he referred us to the endorsements of discharge on the mortgages of Daultram which read as if the amount due had been paid by Sham Sunder on behalf of the mortga·
gor-Mohinder. On this basis the contention was urged that any intention to obtain the benefit of suborgation was clearly negatived. We <lo not propose to discuss the merits of this
contention, an<l it is not as if it is not capable of cogent refutation, because we are satisfied that the appellant should not be permitted to raise such an argument at this stage.
In both the suits the legal representatives of Sham Sunder filed written state· men ts in which they specifically stated that the dis- charge of the encumbrances of Daulatram was under
circumstances in which they were entitled to claim the relief of subrogation. The question regarding the intention with which a prior encumbrance is discharged, whether it is with a view to obtain the
priority of the mortgage paid off or not, in circum· stances like the present would be a question of fact and would have to be answered on a conspectus of the entire circumstances of the case. If the appc·
llant was disputing the plea of Sham Sauder's re· presentatives that the intention· of Sham Sunder in discharging Daulatram 's mortgages was to retain the benefit of suborgation, it was for him to have
raised it by proper pleading when an issue would have been struck and evidence led for an<l against such a contention. At the stage of the trial the only objection raised to the claim for subrogation was
based on the absence of a written agreement which the appellant contended was a requirement of the law which had not been complied with. In one 2 S.G.R. sense such plea would appear to assume that the in-
tention of the party paying off the mortgage was to obtain the benefit o! subrogation but th:.il he ha<l failed to comply with a requirement of the law in having that intention embodied in a document. This
plea was accepted by the learned trial Judge and the claim for subrogation was disallowed but Sham Sunder's representath·es filed an appeal to the High Court. Again, at the stage of the appeal the only con-
tention urged before the learned Judge was as regards this supposed requirement of the law that there should be a written agreement. When this plea was rejected it is obvious that on the pleadings the
right to subrogation should be held to be established. The matter, however, does not stop here, because even at the stage of appeal to this Court no point was made that in the instant case the presumption in
favour of a person having acted to his interest and so entitled to claim subrogation was displaced by clear evidence of the party's statements or conduct. Nor can even a trace of such plea be found in the
statement of case filed in these appeals. We do not therefore consider it proper to permit learned Counsel to urge any such ground before us. This was the only point urged in these appeals
which fail and are dismissed with costs–one set pay- able to the executors of the will of Pt. Sham Sunder. Civil Appca.l 76 of l!:Jol. This appeal arises out of the suit by Lajwanti
already referred to. The appellant is one Brahm Parkash in whose favour Mohinder Singh executed a mortgage for Rs. 15,000/ · on May 2, 1944. The property mortgaged was plot No. 44 in Block 17 A
with the superstructure on it and plot No. 19 in Block No. £). Brahm Parkash was the twentieth de- fendant in Lajwanti's suit. Plot No. 14 of Block No. 13 was sold by Mohinder to one Mukhamal
Gokul Chand by deed dated April 28, 1944. It is Brahm Parka~fl v. Manbir Singh A.yyanga I96S Tlr,,l:m Pa11'.·rz.,!i v • . \fanl i• Sin;h 332 SUPREME COURT RF.PORTS [i9G4.j \rot. the claim of this Mukhamal to marshalling that is
the main subject of controversy in this appeal. we have stated earlier, Lajwanti's mortgage dated October 19, 1943, for Rs. 10,000/- comprised of several properties including plot No. 14 which on
April 28, l!J-14, had been sold to Mukhamal. Now Mukhamal who had been impleaded as a subsequent transferee in Lajwanti's suit claimed that he was entitled to marshalling on the principle to be found
in s. 56 of the Transfer of Property Act which runs as follows: "56. If the owner of two or more properties mortgages them to one person and then sells one or more of the properties to another person,
the buyer is, in the absence of a contract to the contrary, entitled to have the mortgage-debt satisfied out of the property or properties not sold to him, so far as the same will extend,
but not so as to prejudice the rights of the mortgagee or persons claiming under him or of any other person who has for consideration acquired an interest in any of the properties."
This claim was however disallowed by the trial Judge for reasons to which it is not necessary to advert. l\fokhamal Gokul Chand filed an appeal to the High Court in which he made the same -prayer,
The learned .Judges of the High Court upheld Mukhamal's contention that he was entitled to marshalling and directed that Lajwanti should proceed first against plot 44 and only for the defi-
ciency, if any against plot 14 which Mukhamal had purchased. It is the correctness of this decision that is challenged by Brahm Parkash in this appeal. Mukhamal Gokul Chand has not entered appearance
and the appeal has been heard ex paru. Before dealing with the correctness of this direction as regards marshalling it is necessary to mentioa one further fact. Mukhamal's appeal to the
! l'l.C.R. SUPRBMB COURT REPORTS High Court-Appeal "2S of 1948 was filed out of time with a petition for condonation of delay under s. 5 of the Indian Limitation Act and the learned Judges
condoned the delay and entertained the appeal. The legality and propriety of this order condoning the dday is canvassed before us by learned Counsel for the appellant. The facts relevant for the considera-
tion of this point are briefly as follows : The prelliminary d!'cree of the trial Judge from which the appeal No. 28 of 1948 was filed was dated April 28, 194 7. An application for the grant of certified
cqpies was made on October 16, 1947 and the copies were ready for delivery on October 28, 1947. The appeal, however, was actually filed only on March, 10, 1948-admittedly after the period of limitation
had expired. The application to the High Court for condoning this delay was supported by an affi- davit by one Amar _Nath. Befor~ setting out the contents of this affidavit it must be mentioned that
the disturbed state of the Punjab at the time of the partition was taken into account by the legislature and by East Punjab Act lG of 1947 the period from September 19, 1947, to November 15, 1947, was
directed to be excluded in computing limitation for any purpose of the Limitation Act including s. 5, In the affidavit in support of the application for the condonation of the delay it was stated that the firm
of Gokul Chand had handed over the papers to their Munim on or about November I, 1947, for filing an appeal but the i\1unim who was a Muslim went away to Pakistan without handing over the certified
copies of the judgment to the parties and that the copies were received from Pakistan on March 4, 1948, -a few days before the affidavit was sworn and that immediately after the receipt of the papers the appeal
was filed at Simla on March 10, 1948. The learned Judges in dealing with this application observed : "In 194 7-48 unprecedented events occurred in Pelhi with the result th<1t in some c<1ses the
Brahm P1rkash v. M1nbir Singh Ayyangar J. Brahm Parkarh v. /lfdrthfr Singh whereabouts of close relations were not known for months. In the present case not a syllable is to be found on the record to show that the
affidavit of Amar Nath was untrue in any particular. That being so, I have no doubt that there was sufficient cause for not filing the appeal in time. In these circum- stances I condone the delay in filing
the appeal-Regular 1st Appeal No. 28 of !!HS." Learned Counsel for the appellant submitted that the learned .J udgcs had not required the petitioner for eondonation to explain each day's delay, thus
departing from the accepted tests for condona · tion under s. 5 of the Limitation Act. We are not, however, persuaded that the learned Judges were either unmindful of the principles on which drlay
should be excused or went wrong in the exercise of the discretion which they undoubtedly possessed and that, in any event, we do not consider that this is a fit case in which we shou Id interfere in appeal.
Coming now to the merits of the appeal, learn- ed Counsel strenuously urged that the learned Judges of the High Court had misapplied the principles underlying s. 56 of theTransfcr of
Property Act in directing Lajwanti to proceed first against the property not sold to Gokul Chand. In this connection learned Counsel urged two points : (l) that on a proper construction of s. 56 and the
principle under lying it the benefit of marshalling could not be claimed by a purchaser who happened to be a mortgagee in respect of any property belong· ing to the mortgagor. Learned Counsel pointed out
that Mukha mal Gokul Chand had a mortgage under a deed dated February fl, 1!144, over certain pro- perties w_ith which the appellant is not concerned. We cons Ider this submission wholly without sub-
stance. When s. 56 refers to a subsequent purchaser it does not obviously exclude a purchaser who has 2 S.C.R. some mortgage over property with which these pro- ceedings are not concerned.
His mortgage rights over some other property of the mortgagor is wholly irrelevant for considering his rights gua purchaser of one of the properties to which opening words of s. 56
apply. The construction contended for, in our opinion, has only to be stated to be rejected. (2) The other submission of learned Counsel was that the learned Judges failed to give effect to the last
portion of s. 56 under which marshalling is not to be permitted so as to prejudice the rights inter alia of the mortgagees or other persons claiming under him, i.e., under the original mortgagor.
Learned Counsel pointed out that the appellant· having proved his mortgage and the fact that it was subsisting, the learned Judges of the High Court ought to have held that any direction as to marshalling must necessarily
prejudice him. We are unable to agree that this follows as any matter of law. The question of pre- judice is purely one of facts which has to be plead- ed a:nd the necessary facts and circumstances
established. It is obvious that the question of pre- judice would be intimately connected with the value oC the property against which the mortgagee is directed to proceed in the first instance. If even
after paying off such a mortgage there is enough left for payment over to the subsequent encumbrancer referred to in the last portion of s. 56 it would be manifest that there would be no question of prejudice.
If therefore the appellant desired to invoke the bene- fit of the last portion of s. 56 he should have made some plea as to the value of the property and shown how it would prejudice his rights as a subsequent
encumbrancer. He however made no such plea and no evidence was led as to the value of the pro- perty. Even at the· stage of the appeal in the High Court the contention that to allow marshalling in
favour of the subsequent purchaser-Mukhamal- would result in prejudice to him was admittedly Brahm Parkash v. Manbfr Singli Ayyanzar /. Brahm PerJuah v . ~foobir Sin.t:h Ayyan.~ar J.
A1arrh 14 never put forward before the learned Judges. As the point is one not of pure law but springs from the factual inadequacy of the property mortgaged to him to discharge his debt it is too late for the appellant
to raise such a plea in this Court. The appeal fails and is dismissed. A ppe"/s dismi8sed, DR. RAGHUBIR SHARAN t•. THE STATE OF BIHAR (K. SrrnnA RAO, RAOHUBAR DAYAL and .J. R. M l'.Dl!OLKAR .J.J.)
Criminol Trial·-Rtvision application to Hiyh Court for P.:tpunyiny renirzri.·-'j froni jud!1ment of Lou.Jtr Court-J::r.Jent of ' i1Uu·.rc11l }Jo!1,•1:r of !ligh (}ourt-./urisrliciion token to he exerci•ed- Co1fo of Criminal l'rocedure (Act 1· of l89S), .<. jl;JA.
In a criminal case pending in the court of a Munsif '.\lagistratc, two accused persom moved a bail application on the ground of serious illness in jail. The Magistrate called upon the appellant, ,vho \\'as at that tin1e a Civil Assistant Surgeon and al~o Superintendent of the Sub-Jail, to submit a 1ncdical repvrl. On the report, the .\fagistrate released the accused persons on bail but made certain observations against the appellant as a doctor, which are sought to be expunged. Against the said order, the medical officer filed a revision petition in the 1 ligh Court \Vhich \Vas dismis,ed. On appeal by special !cave: the appellant's main contention \Vas that the High O>urt should have expunged the remarks which would affect
the appellant's future official career. The question for decision in this coar1 \Vas whether in a case \vhere the judgment has become final, that is to say, when no appeal has been preferred against the judgment by an aggrieved party, the High Court can expunge any remarks found therein at the instance of a third party.
Jlei<I, (per Mudholkar and Dayal J.J.), that every High Court as the I Jighest Court c~ercising criminal jurisdiction in a