S.C.R. which declares that none of the provlSlons of the specified Acts shall be deemed to be void or ever to have become void on the ground of the alleged violation of the rights
indicated and "notwithstanding any judg- ment, decree or order of any court or tribunal." That intention is also . emphasised by the positive declaration that "each of the said Acts or
Regulations shall, subject to the power of any competent Legislature to repeal or amend it, continue in force." Vve are, therefore, clearly of the opinion that the challenge to the validity of the Bombay Taluqdari
Tenure Abolition Act, 1949 on the ground put forward was not open. The appeals must, therefore, be dismissed with costs. Costs one set. Appeals dismissed. CENTRAL BANK OF INDIA v.
RAM NARAIN. MEHR CHAND MAHAJAN C.J., MuKHERJEA, V1v1AN BosE, JAGANNADHADAS and VENKATARAMA AYYAR JJ.] Offence committed by a person in Pakistan-Migration to India and acquiring domicil
therein-Courts in lndia-/urisdiction- Trial-Indian Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860) s. 4-Criminal Procedure Code (Act V of 1898), s. 188-Whether apply under the circumstances-Domicil, definition of.
A person accused of an offence under the Indian Penal Code and committed in a district which after the partition of India became part of Pakistan cannot be tried for that offence by a
Criminal Court in India after his migration to India and acquiring thereafter the status of a citizen of India. The fact that after the comm1ss10n of an offence a person becomes domiciled in another country, or acquires citizenship of time when that person was neither the national of that country retrospectively for trying offences committed and completed at a time when that person was neither the national of that country nor was he domiciled there.
According to section 4 of the Indian Penal Code and section J 88 of the Code of Criminal Procedure if at the time of the commis- sion of the offence the person committing it is a citizen of India then even if the offence is committed outside India he is subject to. Dhirubha
Devsingh Gohil' v. The State of Bomb/!Y. Jagannadhodasj.. October 12' Central Bank of India Ltd. v. Ram Narain. [1955] the jurisdiction of the Courts in India, as qua citizens the jurisdic· tion of Courts is not lost by reason of the venue of an offence. · If, however, at the time of the commission of the offence the accused person is not a citizen of India these . sections have no applicati~n at all.
The term "domicil" does not admit of an absolute definition. The simplest definition of don1icif is : That place is properly the domicil of a person in \vhich his habitation is fixed \Vithout any present intention of removing therefron1.
The fact is that the tenn domicil can be illustrated but cannot be defined. Craignish v. Craignish (11892] 3 Ch. 180, 192) referred to. CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 90 of 1952.
Appeal under article 134(1) (c) of the Constitution of India from the Judgment and Order, dated 28th November, 1954, of the Punjab High Court in Criminal Revision No. 865 of 1951, arising out of the Judgment,
dated 2nd August, 1951, of the Court of Additional Sessions Judge, Rohtak, Gurgaon, in Criminal Revision No. 4 of 1951. M. C. Seta!vad, Attorney-General Chand and Rajinder Narain,
with appellant. for India him) for (Tek the Copa! Singh and K. L. Mehta for the respondent. S. M. Sikri, Advocate'General for the State of Punjab (Jinder Lal and P. G. Gokhale, with him) for
the Intervener (The State of Punjab). 1954. October 12. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by MEHR CHAND MAHAJAN C. J.-This appeal, by leave of the High Court of Judicature at Simla, raises a novel
and interesting question of law, viz., whether a person accused of an offence under the Indian Penal . Code and committed' in a district which after the part1t10n of India became Pakistan,
could be tried for that offence by a Criminal Court in India after his migration to that country, and thereafter acquiring the status of a citizen. The material facts relevant to this enquiry are these :
The respondent, Ram Narain, acting on behalf of his firm, Ram Narain Joginder Nath, carrying on business at Mailsi in Multan District, was allowed a cash credit limit of rupees three lakhs by the Mailsi branch of the
Central Bank of India Ltd. (the appellant) on the 23rd S.C.R. December, 1946, shortly before the partition of British India. The account was secured against stocks which were to remain
in possession of the borrowers as trustees on behalf of the bank. On 15th August, 1947, when British India was split into two Dominions, the amount due to the bank from Ram Narain
was over Rs. 1,40,000, exclusive of interest, while the value of the goods pledged under the cash credit agreement was approximately in the sum of Rs. 1,90,000. On account of the disturbances that followed in the
wake of the partition of the country, the bank's godown-keeper at Mailsi left Mailsi some time in September, 1947, and the cashier, who was left in charge, also was forced to leave that place in October, 1947, and thus no one was
in Mailsi to safeguard the bank's godowns after that date. It is alleged that in January, 1948, when, Mr. D. P. Patel, Agent of the Multan branch of the appellant bank, visited Mailsi, he discovered that stocks
pledged by Messrs. Ram Narain Joginder Nath, against the cash credit agreement had disappeared. On inquiry he found that 801 cotton bales pledged with the bank had been stolen, and
booked by, Ram Narain to Karachi on the 9th November, 1947, and that he had recovered a sum of Rs. 1,98,702-12-9 as price of these bales from one Durga<las D. Punjabi. The bank claimed
this amount from Ram Narain but with no result. It then applied under section 188, Criminal Procedure Code, to the East Punjab Government for sanction for the prosecution of Ram Narain for the
offences committed in Pakistan in November, 1947, when he was there, in respect of these bales. The East Punjab Government, by its order dated 23rd February, 1950, accorded sanction for the
prosecution of Ram Narain, under sections 380 and 454, Indian Penal Code . Ram Narain, at this time, was residing in Hodel, District Gurgaon, and was carrying on business under the name and style of Ram Narain Bhola Nath, Hodel..
In pursuance of this sanction, on 18th April, 1950, the bank filed a complaint against Ram Narain under sections 380 and 454, Indian Penal Code, and also. under section of the Code before the District
Magistrate of Gurgaon. Central Bank of India Ltd. v. Ram Narain. Mahqjan C. J- 'Central Bank of India Ltd. v. Ram Narain Mahajan C. J. f1955] Ram Narain, when he appeared in Court, raised a
preliminary objection that at the time of the alleged occurrence he was a national of Pakistan and therefore the East Punjab Government was not competent to grant sanction for his
prosecution under section 188, Criminal Procedure Code, read with section 4, Indian Penal Code. This objection was not decided at that moment, but after evidence m the case had been
taken at the request of both sides the Court heard arguments on the p,rliminary point and overruled it on the finding that Ram Narain could not be said to have acquired Pakistan nationality
by merely staying on there from 15th August, till 10th November, 1947, and that all this time he had the desire and intention to revert to Indian nationality because he sent his family out to India in October,
1947, wound up his business there and after his migra- tion to India in November, 1947, he did not return to Pakistan. It was also said that in those days Hindus and Sikhs were not safe m Pakistan and they were
bound to come to India under the inveitable pressure of circumstances over which they had no control. Ram Narain applied to the Sessions Judge, Gurgaon, under sections 435 and 439, Criminal Procedure Code, for
setting aside this order and for quashing the charges framed against him. The Additional Sessions Judge dismissed this petition and affirmed the decision of the trial magistrate. Ram
Narain then preferred an application in revision to the High Court, Punjab, at Simla, and with. success. The High Court allowed the revision and quashed the charges and held that the
triai of respondent, Ram Narain, by a magistrate m India was without jurisdiction. It was held that until Ram Narain actually left Pakistan and came to India he could not possibly be said to have
become a citizen of India, though undoubtedly he never intended to remam m Pakistan for any length of time and wound up his business as quickly as he could and came ta India in November, 1947, and settled in Hodel. It was
further held that the Punjab Government had no power m February, 1950, to sanction his prosecution under section 188, Criminal Procedure Code, for acts … – S.C.R. committed in Pakistan in November, 1947. The High
Court also repelled the further contention of the appel- lant bank that in any case Ram Narain could be tried at Gurgaon for the possession or retention by him at Hodel of the sale proceeds of the stolen cotton which
themselves constitute stolen property. Leave to appeal to this Court was granted under article 134(1) (c) of the Constitution. The sole question for determination in the appeal is
whether on a true construction of section 188, Criminal Procedure Code, and section 4 of the Indian Penal Code, the East Punjab Government had power to grant sanction for the prosecution of
Ram Narain for offences committed in Pakistan before his migration to India. The relevant portion of section 4, Indian Penal Code, before its amendment read thus : "The provisions of this Code apply also to any
offence committed by- (1) any Native Indian subject of Her Majesty in any place without and beyond British India ; …. " Since 1950, the wording is : "Any citizen of India in any place without :md
beyond India …. " Section 188, Criminal Procedure Code, formerly read thus : "When a Native Indian subject of Her Majesty commits an offence at any place without and beyond the limits of British India …. he may be dealt
with in respect of such offence as if it had been committed at any place within British India at which he may be found." These wordings were subsequently adapted after the formation of two Dominions and read as follows :-
"When a British subject domiciled in India com- mits an offence at any place without and beyond all the limits of the provinces …. he may bee dealth with in respect of such offence as if it had been
committed at any place within the Provinces at which he may be . found." After 1950, the adapted section reads as follows : "When an offence is committed by- Central Bank of India Ltd.
v. Ram Narain. Mahajan C. J. Central, Bank of India Ltd. v. Ram Narain !Jahajan C. J. [19551 (a) any citizen of India in any place without and beyond India …. he may be dealt with m
respect of such offence as if it had been committed at any place within_ India at which he may be found." The learned Attorney-General contended that Ram Narain was, at the time when sanction for his prosecu-
tion was given by the East Punjab Government, a citizen of India residing in Hodel and that being so, he could be tried in India being a citizen of_ India, at that moment, and having committed offences outside India,
and that the provisions of section 4, Indian Penal Code, and section 188, Criminal Procedure Code, were fully attracted to the case. In our opinion, this contention is not well founded. The
language of the sections plainly means that if at the time of the commission of the offence, the person committing it is a citizen of India, then even if the offence is committed outside
India he is subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts in India. The rule enunciated in ihe sectio1l is based on the principle that qua citizens the jurisdiction of Courts is not lost by reason of the venue of the offence. If,
however, at the time of the commission of the offence the accused person is not a citizen of India, then the provisions of these sections have no application whatsoever. A foreigner was not liable to be dealt with
in British India for an offence committed and completed outside British India under the provisions of the sections as they stood before the adaptations made in them after the partition of India. Illustration (a) to
section 4, Indian Penal Code, delimits the scope of the section. It indicates the extent and the ambit of this section. It runs as follows :- "(a) A, a coolie, who is a Native Indian subject
commits a murder in Uganda. He can be tried and convicted of murder in any place in British India in which he may be found." In the illustration, if (A) was not a. Native Indian subject at the time of the commission of the murder,
the provisions of section 4, Indian Penal Code, could not apply to his case. The circumstance that after the commission of the offence a person becomes domiciled in another country, or acquires citizenship of that
S.C.R, State, cannot confer jurisdiction on the Courts of that territory retrospectively for trying offences committed and completed at a time when that person was neither the · national
of that country nor was he domiciled there. The question of nationality of Ram Narain really does not anse m the case. The real question to be determined here is, whether Ram Narain had Indian
domicile at the time of the commission of the offence. Persons domiciled in India at the time of commg into force of our Constitution were given the status of citizens and they thus acquired Indian nationality. If
Ram Narain had Indian domicile at the time of the conumss1on of the offence, he would certainly come within the ambit of section 4, Indian Penal Code, and section 188, Criminal Procedure Code. If, on the other
hand, he was not domiciled in India at the relevant moment, those sect\ons would have no application to his case. Writers on Private International Law are agreed that it is impossible to lay down an absolute
definition of 'domicil.' The simplest definition of this expression has been given by Chitty J. in Craignish v. Craignish(1), wherein the learned Judge said : "That place is properly the domicil of a person in
which his habitation is fixed without any present intention of removing therefrom." But even this definition is not an absolute one. The truth is ·that the term 'domicil' lends itself to illustra- tions but not to definition. Be that as it may, two
constituent elements that are necessary by English Law for the existence of domicil are: (1) a residence of a particular kind, and (:) an intention of a particular kind. There must be 1 '1e factum and there must be the
<i.mmus. The residence need not be continuous but it must be indefinite, not purely fleeting. The intention must be a present intention to reside for ever in the country where the residence has been taken up. It is
also a well established proposition that a person may have no home but he cannot be without a domicil and the law may attribute to him a domicil m a country where in reality he has not. A person may be a vagrant
(1) (1892] 3 Ch. 180, 192. 7-88 S. C. India/59. 195.j, Central Bank of India Ltd. -'I;. Ram Narain. Mahajan C. J, 1– CentTal Bank ef India Ltd. 'fl Ram Narain. Maha;anC.J. [1955]
as when he lives in a yacht or wanderer from one European hotel to another, but nevertheless the law will arbitrarily ascribe to him a domicil in one parti- cular territory. In order to make the rule that nobody
can be without a domicil effective, the law assigns what is called a domicil of origin to every person at his birth. This prevails until a new domicil has been acquired, so that if a person leaves the country of his
origin with an undoubted intention of never returning to it again, nevertheless his domicil of origin adheres to him until he actually settles with the requisite inten- tion in some other country.
It has been held by the High Court that Ram Narain remained in Multan District of the West Punjab, where he and his ancestors had lived till his migration to India. The contention that as no Hindu
or Sikh could possibly remain in Pakistan and therefore every such person must have been bound upon making his way to India as quickly as possible and that merely by forming an intention to come to India he became
an Indian subject and was never even for a moment a subject of Pakistan, was negatived, and it was said that "though there is no doubt that so far as Punjab is concerned the vast majority
of Hindus and Sikhs came to India but even in the Punjab the exodus has not been complete and in East Bengal there are a considerable number of non-Muslims who no doubt by now have become full citizens of Pakistan." In view
of these findings it was concluded that the only possible way by which a resident of the territories which became Pakistan could become an Indian subject was by actually coming to India
and unless and until any such person did come to India he retained Pakistan <lomicil, and was not covered by the words "Native Indian subject of Her Majesty" in the mean- ing which they automatically acquired as from the 15th
August; 1947, and he certainly could not be described as a citizen of India in November, 1947, The learned Attorney-General combated this view of the learned Judge and laid considerahle emphasis on his following
observations : S.C.R. "There does not seem to be any doubt m the evidence produced that Ram Narain never intended to remain in Pakistan for any length of time. In fact, he wound up his business
a~ quickly as he could and {:ame to India later in November 1947 and settled in Hodel" and he further emphasized the circumstance relied upon by the trial magistrate and Sessions Juqge that
Ram Narain had sent his family to India in October, !947. In our opinion, none of these circumstances conclu- sively indicate an intention in Ram Narain of perma- nently removing himself
from Pakistan and taking up residence 111 India. It has to be remembered that 111 October or November, 1947, men's minds were in a state of flux. The partition of India and the events
that followed in its wake in both Pakistan and India were unprecedented and it 1s difficult to cite any historical precedent for the situation that arose. Minds uf people affected by this partition and who were living
m those parts were completely unhinged and unbalanced and there was hardly any occasion to form intentions requisite for acquiring domicil in one place or another. People vacillated and altered their
pro- grammes from day to day as events happened. They went backward and forward ; families were sent from one place to another for the sake of safety. Most of those displaced from West Pakistan had no permanent
homes in India where they could go and take up abode. They overnight became refugees, living camps m Pakistan or in India. No o_ne, as a matter of fact, at the moment thought that
when he was leaving Pakistan for India e>r vice versa that he was doing so for ever or that he was for ever abandoning the place -0f his ancest0rs. Later policies of the Pakistan Govern-
ment that prevented people from going back to their homes cann(l)t be taken into consideration in determin- ing the intention of the people who migrated at the relevant moment. Ram Narain may well have sent
his family to India for safety. As pointed out by the learned Judge below, he and his ancestors lived in the Multan District. He had c0nsiderable business there. Central Bank of India Ltd.
v. Ram Narain. Mahajan C.J. 1.954 Central Bank Bf India Ltd. v. Ram Narain. Mahajan C. J. [19551 The bank had given him a cash credit of rupees three lakhs on the security of goods. He had no doubt some
business in Hodel also but that was comparatively small. There is no evidence that he had any home in India and there. is no reason to go behind the finding of the learned Judge below that he and his ancestors
had been living in Mailsi. In these circumstances, if one may use the expression, Ram Narain's domicil of origin was in the district of Multan and when the district of Multan fell by the partition of India in
Pakistan, Ram Narain had to be assigned Pakistan domicil till the time he expressed his unequivocal intention of giving up that domicil and acquiring Indian domicil and also took up his residence in India.
His domicil cannot be determined by his family com- ing to India and without any finding that he had established a home for himself. Even if the animus can be ascribed to him the factum
of residence is wanting in his case ; and in the absence of that fact, an Indian domicil cannot be ascribed to Ram Narain. The subsequent acquisition by Ram Narain of Indian domicil cannot affect the question of jurisdiction of
Courts for trying him for crimes committed by him while he did not possess an Indian domicil. The ques- tion in this case can be posed thus : Can it be said that Ram Narain at the time of the commission of the
offence was domiciled in India ? That question can only be answered in one way, viz., that he was not domiciled in India. Admittedly, then he was not a citizen of India because that status was given by
the Constitution that came into force in January, 1950. He had no residence or home in the Dominion of India. He may have had the animus to come to India but that animus was also indefinite, and uncertain.
There is no evidence at all that at the moment he committed the offence he had finally made up his mind to take up his permanent residence in India, and a matter of this kind cannot be decided on conjectural grounds. It is
impossible to read a man's mind but it is even more than impossible to say how the minds of people worked during the great upheaval of 1947. · S.C.R. The learned Attorney-General argued that Ram
Narain was a native Indian subject of Her Majesty before the 15th August, 1947, and that description continued to apply to him after the 15th August, 1947, whether he was in India or in Pakistan, but we think
that the. description 'Native subject of Her Majesty' after the 15th of August, 1947, became applicable m the territory now constituted India only to residents of provinces within the boundaries of India, and in
Pakistan to residents of provinces within the boundaries of Pakistan and till the time that Ram Narain actually landed on the soil of India and took up permanent residence therein he cannot be described to be domiciled
m India or even a Native Indian subject of His Majesty domiciled in India. For the reasons given above we are of the opinion that the decision of the High Court that Ram Narain could not be tried in any Court in India for offences
committed in Mailsi in November, 1947, is right and that the Provincial Government had no power under section 188, Criminal Procedure Code, to accord sanction to his prosecution. The result is that the appeal fails and is dismissed.
Appeal dismissed. SAGHIR AHMAD ti. THE STATE OF U. P. AND OTHERS. (With Connected Appeal) [M1mR CHAND MAHAJAN C.J., MuKHERJEA, S. R. DAs, VIVIAN BosE and GHULAM HASAN JJ.] Constitution of India, Arts. 14, 19(1) (g), 19(6), 31(2), 301- Highway-lts origin and use-Citizen's rights in respect of high- ways-Vis-a-vis the State-State's right to
control highway-Limit of such control-Constitution of India (First Amendment) Act, 1951 -U. P. Road Transport Act, 1951 (U. P. Act II of 1951)-Whether ultra vires the Constit,~tion-Subsequent amendment of Constitution if can validate a prior unconstitutional Act.
Central Bank of India Ltd. v. Ram Narain. Mahajan C. ], October I3f