Der.. 8. [1954] CHILUKURI YENKATESWARLU v. CHILUKURI VENKATANARAYANA. [BI.TAN KUM.AR MuKHER.TEA, N. H. BHAGWATI and B. J'AGAN_NADHADAS JJ.] Indian Evidence Act (I of 1872), s. ll2-Pr1m1mption of
law-Conclusive proof of leaitimacy-Birth rfarina lawful wedlock. The presumption under section 112 of the Indian E vidence Act is a. conclusive presumption of law which ca.n be displaced only by non-access between the p:i.rties to the marriage a.t a time when according to the ordinary course of nature the husband could have been the father of the child.
Access and non·a.ccess connote existence and non-existence of opportunities for marital intercourse. Karapaya v. Ma11and11 (1), referred to. Non-access can be proved by evidence direct or circumstantial though the proof of non-access must be clear and sa.tisfa.ctory a.s the presumption of legitimacy is highly favoured by. law.
The principle of English common law according t o which neither a. husband nor a wife in permitted to give evidence of non. access a.fter marriage to bastardize a child born in la.wful wed- lock, does not apply to legitimacy proceedings in India. as no such rule is to be found a.nyw here in the Indian E vidence Act a.nd the old common law doctrine itself has been ~brogated in E ngland by the provisions of section 7 oi the Matrimonial Cause Act, 1950. Tba.t by the evidence on the record the defendant No. 1
(husband) did not succeed in proving that there was no oppodunity for intercomse between him and defendant No. 2 (his wife) at the 'f time when the infant plaintiff was conceived and the High Court erred in holding tha.t there was no opportunity for access between the parties at t~e material period.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appe!l-l No. 73 of 1953. Appeal by special leave against the Judgment and Decree dated the 31st January, 1950, of the High Court of Judicature at Madras (Rao and Nayudu JJ.) in
Appeal No. 409 of 1946 arisiµg out of the Judgment and Decree dated the 31st January, 1946, of the Court of the Subordinate .Judge of Bapatla in Original Suit No. 96 of 1944. (1) 12 Rang. 2 43 (P.C.)
S.C.R. SUPREME COUR1, REPORTS B. Somayya, Senior Advocate (M. Krishna Rao, with I953. him) for the appellant. Ohilukuri D. Munikaniah, Senior Advoca,te (K. R. ChoudliitJry, Venkateswarlu
with him) for the respondent. v. 1953. December 8. The Judgment of the Court was v kohtilukuri d I. d b en a anarayana e ivere y MUKHERJEA J.-This appeal is directed against a Miikherjca J .
judgment and decree of a Division Bench of the Madras High Court dated the 31st January, 1950, re- versing, on appeal, those of the Surbordinate Judge, Bapatla, passed in Original Suit No. 96 of 1944.
The suit, out of which the appeal arises, was com- menced by the infant plaintiff, now appellant before us, represented by his maternal uncle as next friend, for recovery of possession, on partition, of a half share
in the properties described in the schedule to the plaint on the allegation that they were the joint family properties of himself and his father, the defendant No. 1, in which he had an equal share with the latter.
The plaintiff is admittedly the son of defendant No. 2, who is one of the legally married wives of defendant No. 1, but the latter denied that he was the father of the plaintiff and charged the plaintiff's mother with
misconduct. The defendant No. 3 in the suit, who is the other living wife of defendant No. 1 and has.no issue of her own, is a1leged to have developed ill-feeling and jealousy towards the· plaintiff and his mother and
poisoned her husband's mind against them, so much so, that the defendant No. 1 had actually instituted a suit in the Court of the District Munsif at Ongole ques- tioning the legitimacy of the plaintiff. It was because
of such conduct on the part of defendant No. 1 that the present suit had to be instituted. The defence put forward by defendant No. 1 ·to the claim of the plaintiff was a denial of his paternity, and
the whole controversy in the suit centered round the. point as to whether the plaintiff was the legitimate son of defendant No. 1 by defendant No. 2, his second wife. On the admitted facts of the case, there could
be no question that the operation of section 112o(the Indian Evidence Act would be ·attracted and the 426· SUPREME COURT REPOR'l1S [1954] 1953· . plaintiff being born during the continuance of a lawful
Oliilukuri wedlock between his mother and his alleged father, a venkatuwa.rlu conclusive presumption of legitimacy would arise, v. unless it was proved that the parties to the marriage
Ohiltikuri had no access to each other at any time when he could Venkatanarayana have been begotten. The point for determina.tion, Mukherjea J. therefore, was, whether on the evidence adduced in the case the defendant No. 1, upon whom the burden of
proving non-access admittedly lay, had succeeded in discharging that burden. The trial court decided this point in favour of the plaintiff and against defendant No. 1 · and in that view substantiaJiy allowed the
plaintiff's claim. On an appeal being taken against this decision by defendant No. I to the Madras High Com;t, the learned Judges, who heard the appeal, came to the opposite conclusion and held that from the facts ·
and circumstances of the case an inference of non- access between the husband and the wife could reason- ably be drawn. The result was that the decision of the trial court was reversed and the plaintiff's suit
dismissed. It' is the propriety of this decision of the Madras High Court that is challenged before us on behalf of the plaintiff, to whom special leave to file the appeal in forrna pauperis was granted by this
court. It may be stated at the outset that the presumption which section 112 of the Indian Evidence Act con- templates is a conclusi.ve presumption of law which can be displaced only by proof of the particular fact
mentioned in the section, namely, non-access between the parties to the marriage at a time when according to the ordinary course of nature the husband could have been the father of the child. Access and non-
access again col)note, as has been hel.d by the Privy Council (1), existence and non-existence of opportuni- ties for marital intercourse. It is conceded by Mr. ·Somayya, who · appeared on behalf of the plaintiff
appellant, that .non-access could be established not J?lerely by positive or direct evidence; it can be vroved. undoubtedly l~ke any other physical fact by (1) V.tde Ka.-apaya. v. Mayand~', i2 Raog. 243,
'y s.u.i~. SUPREME UOUR'i' REPOR1'S evidence, either direct or circumstantial, which is relev- ant ta- .the issue under the provisions of the Indian Chilu"kuri Evidence Act, though as the presumption of legitimacy Venkatesivarlu is highly favoured by law it is necessary that proof of
v. non-access must be clear and satisfactory. Mr. Chilukuri Somayya has also not contended seriously before us Venkatanarayana that the principle of English common law ('), accord- M k-;-: J ing to which neither a husband nor a wife is permitted
u wnea · to give evidence of non-access after marriage to bastardise a child born in lawful wedlock, applies to legitimacy proceeding in India. No such rule is to be found anywhere in the Indian Evidence Act and it
may be noted that the old common law doctrine has itself been abrogated in England by the provision of section 7 of the Matrimonial Cause Act, 1950 (2). The position in law being thus made clear, the ques-
tion for our consideration primarily is whether the learned Judges of the High Court came to a c01:rect decision on the facts of the case. For this purpose, it is necessary to have a clear picture of all the material
events as they transpired in evidence, and we will begin with a narrative of the earlier facts about which there is little or no controversy. Defendant No. 1 admittedly married three wives.
The first wife died leaving a son aged 2 or 3 years at the time of her death. The defendant No. 1 then married the mother of the plaintiff and that was in or about the year 1930. From the time of this marriage
down to about 1940 the couple seemed to have lived quite happily, except that there was no issue of the marriage. Sometime before June, 1940, the plaintiff's mother fell ill and was sent to the Government hospital
at Guntur for treatment. Her step-son, that is to say, the son of defendant No. 1, by his predeceased wife, who was also suffering from certain ailments at that time, accompanied her to the hospital.
After .about a month both of them returned and as defendant No. 2 was medically advised to live separately from her husband for some time she went .to her father's place, If) Vide Russel v. Russ•!. [1924] A. c. 687.
\2) Vide Re Jrniot, [1-95~j 1 All E .. R. 1228. [1954] The son of defendant No. 1 came ·back to the house of his father but his illness grew worse and in June, 1940, .v,~Z~i';;::lu he died. In August, 1940, defendant No. 1 married v.
his .third wife who is defendant No. 3 in the suit. The Ohilukuri case of defendant No. 2 is that her husband treated Vmkatanarayana her well for about a year after he married the third defendant but later on grew cold and indifferent and
Mukherjea J. began to neglect her. She made a grievance of this to her husband, but the latter told her that.she might go away. Thereupon the defendant No. 2 did go to her father's place and on 19th March, 1942, she filed 8<n
application in the Court of the District. Munsif at Ongole praying for leave to sue her husband in Jonna pauperis for separate maintenance. There were allega- tions in the plaint of abandonment and neglect by the
husband. The defendant No. 1 in his answer to this application, which was filed on 7th September, 1942, denied that he neglected his 'wife, or was in any manner indifferent to her health and comforts. It was
averred that as the petitioner did not bear him any child and the son by his first wife. unfortunately died, he had no other alternative but to marry a .third wife foi: the sake of progeny. It was expressly stated in the
counter-affidavit that the second wife was living all along in what was described as the mud-terraqed house and was getting her supply of .food and other necessary articles from her husband; as a matter of
fact, after consuming all that she required for herself she was sending ~he surplus, th1tt remained, to her pareJlts. It appears that, before this application for leave to sne as a pauper was heard by the court, there was an
amicable settlement· arrived at between the parties through the mediation of cer.tain well-wishers and two documents, namely Exs. P.-5 and P-6, were executed by and between the.parties both on the.28th·Septem-
ber, 1942. Exhibit P-5 purports to be a deed of main- tenance and. under it the husband agreed to pay a sum of Rs. 100 per annum fot food and raiment to his second wife during the period of her natural life, the
payment to be made by the 3Gth of Ma~ha Babula y -4 j _.Y S.C.R. every year. Certain properties specified in the schedule to this document were kept as security for due pay- Ohilukuri
ment of these amounts. The only recitals in this docu- Venkateswarlu ment were that the executant married a third wife as v. no son was born to him by the second wife, that there-
Ohilukuri upon the second wife instituted a suit for maintenance Venkatanarayana against him~ and that under the advice of respect.able Mukherjea J. friends the document was executed with the provisions
contained. therein. By Ex. P-6, the other document, a residential house, known as the mud-terraced house, was given to defendant No. 2 for the purpose of her· residence during her lifetime. The material portion of
the document stands as follows : "You are my wife. Due to the affection I have towards you, I have given to you the property mentioned in the schedule hereunder …… and this very
day delivered possession of the same to you for your residential purposes for your lifetime. Hence from now you shall live in the said house and without powers of gift and sale the schedule property shall, after your
lifetime, pass to me and my heirs." Within a few days after the execution of this docu- ment defendant No. l, on 5th of October, 1942, Pl!>id a sum of Rs. 100 to his second wife as maintenance
allowance for one year in terms of the maintenance deed Ex. P-5, and the defendant No. 2 acknowledged payment of this money by putting her thumb impres- sion on a receipt which has been marked Ex. D-3 in
the suit. It may be mentioned here that the defendant No. 1 had sometime before built another house which is described as "tiled house" or "upstair house" and he probably had the intention of removing to that
house. As a matter of fact, however, he did not re- move thereto, the ostensible reason assigned being that certain religious ceremonies connected with enter- ing into a new house could not be performed. It is the
case of defendant No. 2 that, after these documents were executed and registered at Addanki, she came back to the mud-terraced house and lived there, since then, for several months along with her husband.
During this period she qec~me enceinte t1,nd when th~ [1954] time for confinement came, she was taken to the Ohilukuri Bayer Hospital at Cherala where on the 16th of Venkaieswarlu October, 1943, she gave birth to the plaintiff. After .v.
delivery, she resided with her child at her father's kOh•lukun house and her husband came there at times to visit en ·atanarayana h \"J. h . f h __ · · t em. 1v icn t e m ant was 7 mont s old, she took
.Mukhnjea J. him to her husband's place but her husband asked her to remain for some time more with her·father. While staying at her father's house, she received .summons · of a suit instituted by her husband (being Suit No. 326
·of 1944) in the Court of the District Munsif at Ongole against her praying for cancellation of the mainten- ance deed and the deed of settlement mentioned above on the ground that she was unchaste and had
become pregnant by "immoral ways" and that the son born of her was not ·his son. It was after this notice that the present suit was instituted. As the plaintiff was admittedly born on the 16th of
October, Hl43, he must have been conceived sometime towards the latter part ofDecember, 1942, or the begin- ning of January, 1943. The material point for consider- ation, therefore, is whether the defendant No. 1 has
succeeded 'in showing that there was no opportunity of access between him and defendant No. 2 during this period? The defendant No. l expressly stated in his deposition that his second wife was a perfectly chaste
woman up to the time when the documents Exs. P-5 and P-6 were executed, and even when she received the maintenance allowance of Rs. 100 from him in October, 1942. His specific case is that defendant No. 2
did never come to reside with him in the mud-terraced house after the compromise was arrived at in the maintenance case. Where she stayed was unknown to him and he had heard that she went to Eddanapudi
where she was living an immoral life with her para- mour, one Cherakuri Venkanna. This part .of the story ofdefenqant No. 1 has not beeh believed by either of the courts below and may be rejected as altogether
untrustworthy. The learned Judges of the High Court, although they disbelieved the specific allegation of un- 0hastity maje against defendant No. 2 by her husbanq j S.C.R. and did not find that she was at Eddanapudi at the
materia.l period, yet relied on two sets of facts to be Chilukuri noticed presently, as establishing conclusively that Venkateswa,,zu defendant No. 2 did not live at the mud-terraced
v. house at any time after October, 1942, when she Chilukuri received the sum of Rs. 100 as maintenance allowance Venkatanarayana for one whole year from her husband. The learned Mukherjea J. Judges found,, therefore, that there was no opportu-
nity for inter'course between defendant No. 2 and her husband at the period when the boy must have been conceived. Tn the first place, the High Court takes the documents Exs. P-5 and P-6 as amounting to a sort of
separation arrangement under which the parties agreed -to live separately from each other and this, according to the learned Judges, fully bears out the story of the husband that defendant No. 2 never came to reside in
the mud-terraced house. The receipt of a sum of Rs. 100 by defendant No. 2 as advance payment of maintenance allowance for one year on 5th of October, 1942, indicates, according to the learned~ udges, a final
confirmation of the separation arrangement and from this time onwards there was a definite cessation of marital relations between the parties. The second set of circumstances relied upon by the High Court are
the events which happened subsequent to 5th of October, 1940, and which fortify the theory of a sepa- ration between the husband and the wife. It is said that the story of defendant No. 2 that her husband
accompanied her to the Bayer Hospital at Chirala when she went there for her confinement is incredible. It is equally incredible that defendant No. 2 did remain in her father's house for so long a period after
delivery with the consent of her husband. It would be an extremely unnatural conduct on the part of the husband, according to the High Court, if, as the evid- ence shows, he refused to recognise his own son when
he was taken to him seven months after his birth and there is no explanation as to why be would file a suit for cancellation of the maintenance deed and the deed of settlement, by imputing unchastity to his wife and
bastardy to his own son if the story of defendant (1954] Ohilukut'i No. 2 about her previous relations with her husband was true. Venkateawarlu In our opinion, the learned Judges of the High
v. Court approached the facts of the case from a wrong Ohilukuri t d . t It th d th . b d 1, k 't s an pom a oge er an e1r cone us10ns are ase en a anarayana for the most part upon surmises and speculations and
Mukherfea J. not what was actually proved by the evidence. There is no warrant, we think, for holding· that the docu- ments Exs. P-5 and P-6 were in the nature of a sepa- ration agreement. Such an inference not only goes
against the tenor or the express terms of the docu- ments but is not borne out even by the evidence of the mediators through whose mediation the documents were brougnt into being or of the persons who were
admittedly present at the time when the documents w;ere executed and signed the same as attesting wit- nesses. Exhibit p'.5, as stated already, simply mentions the fact of the third marriage of defendant No. 1 and
the institution of a suit for maintenance by his s11cona wife. There "is nothing in this document which even impliedly suggests that in consideration of receiving an allowance of Rs. 100 a year, the wife agreed to reside
separately from her husband. So far as Ex. P-6 is concerned, the gift is expressly stated to be an affec- tionate gift by t,he husband to the wife and it clearly indicates that it was the intention of the parties that
the wife should reside there, and delivery of possession of the house was given to the wife on the very samQ day that the document was executed. We do not think that there is any justification for holding that
these recitals were false and were not intended to be operative. D.W. 8, who is one of the attesting wit- nesses to the documents and was examined on behalf of defendant No. 1, says in his deposition that the
documents were read over to the executant and he ·executed them after consenting to the recitals. P.W. 5, who 'Yas one of the mediators, says that defendant No. 2 used to live in the mud-terraced
house after compromise. Unless there is cog\)nt evidence to the contrary-and apparently there is no such evidence in the present case-we shoukl certainly T _.., y – s.o.R. presume that the document Ex. P-6 was acted upon
and that the possession of the mud-terraced house · · ·· · d c d 2 · d Ohjluknri was actua y given to eien ant o. m accor ance T'enkateswarlu with its terms. The High Court, in its judgment,
v. records a rather curious finding on this point. "It may Ohilttkuri be," thus the judgment runs, "that even down to Ex. T'enkatanarayana D-3 one may presume that in the very house allotted
M k—-: to her by Ex. P-6 she lived, so that up to the date of- u lurJea J. Ex. D-3 it may be that there is no impossibility of co-' habitation between the parties. The real trouble arises
with reference to the state of affairs after Ex. D-3. We find in Ex. D-11 which is the plaint in O.S. No. 326 of 1944 filed by the present first defendant against the present second defendant for a cancellation of Exs.
P-5 and P-6 that he makes a definite allegation there- in that from the time that the plaintiff married his third wife there has not been any bodily connection between him and the defendant." The learned Judges,
in our opinion, misdirected themselves in allowing these statements made by the husband himself in the suit instituted by him nearly two years after the material period, to influence their decision in regard to
th!" effect of Ex. P-6. Defendant No. 1 definitely admits that his second wife was perfectly chaste at the time when the sum of Rs. 100 was given to her on 5th of October, 1942, and the receipt Ex. D-3 was taken.
There is not a scrap of evidence to show that there was any bitterness of feelings between the parties at that time. There could be no doubt that the feelings of the husband were changed and had become extremely
bitter towards the plaintiff's mother before he filed the suit for cancellation of the deeds in July, 1944; but the statements made by the husband in the.,plaint in that suit wer.e made long after the dispute arose bet-
ween the parties, no matter whatever the reason might be which gave rise to the dispute. In our opinion, the subsequent conduct of defendant No. 1 or the statements made by him in the suit of 1944 could
not be regarded as part of the res gestae and were not admissible as evidence against the plaintiff. The defendant No. I could not certainly constitute him- self an agent of the plaintiff for the purpose of making
StJPREME COURT REPOR'l'S [1954] admissions against the interest of the latter. If the story of defendant No. 1 that the wife went to Eddana- Ve~;~;;:;;;1,. pudi and lived there an immoral life is disbelieved, as v.
it has been disbelieved by the High Court, the con- Ohilukuri clusion becomes irresistible that she did reside at the Venkaianarayana mud-terraced house as alleged by her and this is fully borne out by the terms of the- document Ex. P-6.
Mitkher;ea J. '1'h "d f d h · ,_ ere is no ev1 ence o any unnatura con uct on t e ·part of defendant No. 1 towards the plaintiff's mother at about the time when the plaintiff was conceived.
We do not consider it unreasonable, much less un- natural, if the father of defendant No. 2 alone took her to the hospital at Chirala at the time of her delivery and himself bore a.JI the hospital expenses ; nor is it a
matter to be surprised at if defendant No. 2 after deli- very stayed for several months with her infant child in her father's house. Apparently for some reason or other, the husband took up an un~atural attitude, but
this was a subsequent event and whether he had really any grievance against his wife, or his un- natural behaviour was due to the instigation of his third wife, 'it is not necessary for us to investi-
gate. On the evidence, as it stands, we are clearly of opinion that the defendant No. 1 did not suc- ceed in proving that there was no opportunity for intercourse between him and defendant No. 2 at
the time when the plaintiff was conceived. He rested his whole case upon the aJlegation of unchastity of the plaintiff's mother and of the plaintiff being born as the result of fornication.
While rejecting that story, the High Court, in our opinion, erred in holding that there was no opportunity for access between the parties at the material period, relying mainly upon what the
husband himself said and did much after the estrange· ment of feelings took place between the parties, no matter whatever that was clue to. In our opinion, on the evidence in the record the findings of the High
Court cannot possibly stand. The result is that the appeal is allowed, the judgment and decree of the High Court are set aside and those of the trial judge restored. The plaintiff will have his costs of all the
courts. S.C.lt. The court-fees ·payable to tile Government will come out of defendant No. 1 in this case. We certify for two counsel and an agent in this appeal. Appeal allowecl. Agent for the appellant:
J.11.S.K. Sastri. Agent for the respondent : Nau nit Lal. AKHLAKALl HAYATALLI v. THE STATE O:F BOMBAY. [B. K. MuKHERJEA arid N. H. BHAGWA'rI JJ.] Criminal Proced·urc Code (V of 1898 as amended), -ll. 807-Re- ference to High Oo1irt-Propcr approach-J,ury-Sole Judges of facts-Provided verdict co1dd be arrived cit by reasonable body of men.
The proper method of approach in the matters of references under s. 307 of the Criminal Procedure Code as finally settled is that the High Court will only interfere with the verdict of the jury if it finds the verdict perverse in the sense of being unreason- able, manifestly wrong or against the weight of evidence.
If the facts and circumstances of the case are such that a reasonable body of men could arrive at one conclusion or the other, it is not competent to the Sessions Judge or the High Court to substitute their verdict in place of the verdict which has been given by the jury. The jury are the sole judges of the facts and it is the right of the accused to have the benefit of the verdict of the jury. Even if the Sessions Judge or the High Court would, if left to themselves, have anived at a different verdict, it is not com- petent to the Sessions Judge to make a reference nor ta the F,[igh Comt to accept the same and substitute their own verdict for the verdict of the jury provided the verdict was such as could be arriv- ed at by a reasonable body of men on the facts and circumstances of the case.
Ramamtgrah Singh v. Emperor (A. I. R. 1946 P. C.- 151) referred to. CRIMINAL APPELLA'l'E JURISDICTION. Criminal Appeal No. 76 of 1953. …, Appear by special leave against the Judgment and
Order dated the 16th June, 1952, of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay in Criminal Jury Reference No. 58 of 1952. 19/ii! Ohilukuri V enkateswarl u v. Ohilukuri Venkatanarayana
191i3 Dec. 9.