S.C.R. CHI NT AMAN RAO v. THE STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH RAM KRISHNA v. THE STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH [SHRI HARILAL KANIA, C.J., MEHR CHAND MAHAJAN, MUKHERJEA, DAS and CHANDRASEKHARA AIYAR JJ.J
Central Provinces and Berar Regulation of Manufacture of Bidis (Agricultural Purposes) Act (LXIV of 1948), ss. 8, 4-Law prohibiting bidi manufacture during agriwltural season-Validity -Restriction of fundamental right to carry on trade or business- Reasonableness of restrictions-Test of reasonableness-Jurisdiction of court to consider whether restrictions are reasonable-Constitution of India, 1950, Art. 19(1)(g), 19(6).
The Central ProvinceB and Berar Regulation of Manufacture of BidiB (Agricultural Purposes) Act, LXIV of 1948, a law which was in force at the commencement of the Constitution of India, provided that
11 the Deputy Commissioner may by notifica.tiou fix a. period to be an agricultural season v.rith respect to such villages as may be specified therein" and lhat "the Deputy CommiB-
sioner may by general order which Bhall extend to such villageB as he may specify, prohibit the manufacture of bidiB during the agricultural season.'' The Act provided further that
11 no person reBiding in a village Bpecified in Buch order Bhall during the agri- cultural season engage himself in the manufacture of bidis, and no manufacturer shall during the said season employ any perBon for the manufacture of bidis."
An order waB issued by the Deputy CommiBBioner under the proviBions of the Act forbidding all persons residing in certain villages from engaging in the manufacture of bidis during a particular season. A manufacturer of bidiB and an employee in a bidi factory residing in one of the Baid villageB applied under Art. 32 of the Constitution for a writ of mandamus alleging that since the Act prohibited the petitionerB from exercising their fundamental right to carry on their trade or businesB which was guaranteed to them by cl. (1) (g) of Art. 19 of the ConBtitution, the Act waa void :
Held, (i) that the object of the Btatute, namely, to provide meaBures for the Bupply of adequate labour for agricultural pur- poBeB in bidi manufacturing areaB of the Province could well have been achieved by legislation reBtraining the employment of agricultural labour in the manufacture of bidiB dnring the agricul· tural seaBon without prohibiting altogether the manufacture of bidis.
As the provisions of the Act had no reaBonable relation Nov.S. [1950} 1!1:50 to the object in view, the Act was not a law imposing "reasonable restrictions" within the meaning of cl. (6) of Art. 19 and was Ohintamat1. Rao therefore void.
(ii) The law even to the extent that it could be said t~ The State of authorize the imposition of restrictions in regard to agricultural Madhya labour cannot be held to be valid because the language employed Pradesh.
was wide enough to cover restrictions both within and without the limits of constitutionally permissible legislative action affect· ing the right, and so long as the possibility of its being applied for purposes not sanctioned by the Constitution cannot be ruled out, it must be held to be wholly void.
The phrase "reasonable restriction" connotes that the limi- tation imposed on a person in enjoyment of the right should not be arbitrary or of an excessive nature, beyond what is required in the interests of the public.
The word "reasonable" implies in- telligent care and deliberation, that is, the choice of a course which reason dictates. Legislntion which arbitrarily or exces- sively invades the right cannot be said to contain the quality of reasonableness and unless it strikes a. proper balance between the freedom guaranteed in Art. 19 (!) (g.! and the social control permitted by cl. (6) of Art. 19, it must be held to be wanting in that quality.
Held also, that the determination by the Legislature of what constitutes a. reasonable restriction is not final and conclusive. The Supreme Court has power to consider v.i'bether the restric- tions imposed by the Legislature are reasonable within the meaning of Art. 19, cl. \6) '1nd to declare the law void if in its opinion the restrictions are no·t reasonable.
ORIGINAL JuRISDICTION: Petitions Nos. 78 and 79 of 1950. Application under article 32 of the Constitution of India for a writ of mandamus. G. N. Joshi, for the petitioners. S. M. Sikri, for the respondent.
1950. November 8. The judgment of the Court was delivered by MahajanJ. MAHAJAN ].-These two applications for enforce- ment of the fundamental right guaranteed under article 19 (1) (g) of the Constitution of India have been made
by a proprietor and an employee respectively of a bidi manufacturing concern of District Sagar (State of Madhya Pradesh). It is contended that the law in force in the State authorizing it to prohibit the manu-
facture of bid is in certain villages including the one S.C.R. wherein the applicants reside is inconsistent with the provisions of Part III of the Constitution and is conse- · —
entl o · d Ohintaman Rao qu y V I . v, The Central Provinces and Berar Regulation of Th• St•t• of Manufacture of Bidis (Agricultural Purposes) Act, Madhya LXIV of 1948, was passed on 19th October 1948 and
PradBSh. was the law in force in the State at the commencement Mahaja.n.J. of the Constitution. Sections 3 and 4 of the Act are in these terms:- " 3. The Deputy Commissioner may by notification
fix a period to be an agricultural s~ason with respect to such villages as may be specified therein. 4. (1) The Deputy Commissioner may, by general order which shall extend to such villages as he may
specify, prohibit the manufacture of bidis during the agricultural season. (2) No person residing in a village specified in such order shall during the agricultural season engage himself in the manufacture of bidis, and no manu-
facturer shall during the said season employ any person for the manufacture of bidis." On the 13th June 1950 au order was issued by the Deputy Commissioner of Sagar under the provisions of
the Act for bidding all persons residing in certain vil- lages from engaging in the manufacture of bidis. On· the 19th June 1950 these two petitions were presented to this Court under article 32 of the Constitution
challenging the validity of the order as it prejudicially affected the petitioners' right of freedom of occupation and business. During the pendency of the petitions the season mentioned in the order of the 13th June ran
out. A fresh order for the ensuing agricultural season··· 8th October to 18th November 1950-was issued on 29th September 1950 in the same terms. This order was also challenged in a supplementary
petition. Article 19 (1) (g) runs as follows:- "All citizens shall have the right to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business." [ 1950] The article guarantees freedom of occupation and
business. The freedom guaranteed herein is, however, Ohintaman Rao subject to the limitations imposed by clause (6) of Th• ;·;.1, of article 19. That clause is in these terms:- Madhya
" Nothing in sub-clause (g) of the said clause shall Pradesh. affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law .1:lakajan J.
imposing, in the interests of the general public, reason- able restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause, and, in particular, nothing in the said sub-clause shall affect the operation of any
existing law in so far as it prescribes or empowers any authority to prescribe, or prevent the State from making any law prescribing or empowering any authority to prescribe, the professional or technical
qualifications necessary for practising any profession or carrying on any occupation, trade or business." The point for consideration in these applications is whether the Central Provinces and Berar Act LXIV of
1948 comes within the ambit of this saving clause or is in excess of its provisions. The learned counsel for the petitioners contends that the impugned Act does not impose reasonable restrictions on the exercise of
the fundamental right in the interests of the general public but totally negatives it. In order to judge the validity of this contention it is necessary to examine the impugned Act and some of its provisions. In the
preamble to the Act, it is stated that it has been enacted to provide measures for the supply of adequate labour for agricultural purposes in bidi manufacturing areas. Sections 3 and 4 cited above empower the
Deputy Commissioner to prohibit the manufacture of bidis during the agricultural season. The contravention of any of these provisions is made punishable by section 7 of the Act, the penalty being imprisonment
for a term which may extend to six months or with fine or with both. It was enacted to help in the grow more food campaign and for the purpose of bringing under the plough considerable areas of fallow land.
The question for decision is whether the statute under the guise of protecting public interests arbitrarily S.C.R. interferes with private business and imposes unreason- I95o able and unnecessarily restrictive regulations upon 0 . –
f 1 h d h h hintamanRao law u occupation ; m ot er wor s, whet er t e total v. prohibition of carrying on the business of manufacture The Stat• of of bidis within the agricultural season amounts to a
Madhya reasonable restriction on the fundamental rights men- Pradesh. tioned in article 19 (1) lg) of the Constitution. Unless it is shown that there is a reasonable relation of the
Mahajan J. provisions of the Act to the purpose in view, the right of freedom of occupation and business cannot be curtailed by it. The phrase "reasonable restriction " connotes that
the limitation imposed on a person in enjoyment of the right should not be arbitrary or of an excessive nature, beyond what is required in the interests of the public. The word " reasonable" implies intelligent
care and deliberation, that is, the choice of a course which reason dictates. Legislation which arbitrarily or excessively invades the right cannot be said to con- tain the quality of reasonableness and unless it strikes
a proper balance between the freedom guaranteed in article 19 (1) (g) and the social control permitted by clause (6) of article 19, it must be held to be wanting in that quality. Clause (6) in the concluding paragraph particularizes
certain instances of the nature of the restrictions that were in the mind of the constitution-makers and which have the quality of reasonableness. They afford a guide to the interpretation of the clause and illustrate
the extent and nature of the restrictions which according to the statute could be imposed on the freedom guaranteed in clause (g). The statute in sub- stance and effect suspends altogether the right
mentioned in article 19 (I) (g) during the agricultural seasons and such suspension may lead to such dislocation of the industry as to prove its ultimate ruin. The object of the statute is to provide measures for
the supply of adequate labour for agricultural pur. poses in bidi manufacturing areas of the Province and it could well be achieved by legislation restraining the employment of agricultural labour in the manufacture
[1950] of bidis during the agricultural season. Even in point of time a restriction may well have been reasonable if Chintomon Rao · t d 1 · f th h f k · th v. 1t amoun e to a regu at10n o
e ours o wor m e Th• stat• of business. Such legislation though it would limit the Madh11a field for recruiting persons for the manufacture of bidis P•adosh and regulate the hours of the working of the industry,
would not have amounted to a complete stoppage of the Mohainn J. business of manufacture and might well have been within the ambit of clause (6). The effect of the pro- visions of the Act, however, has no reasonable relation
to the object in view but is so drastic in scope that it goes much in excess of that object. Not only are the provisions of the statute in excess of the requirements of the case but the language employed prohibits a
manufacturer of bidis from employing any person in his business, no matter wherever that person may be residing. In other words, a manufacturer of bidis residing in this area cannot import labour from neigh-
bouring places in the d1strict or province or from out- side the province. Such a prohibition on the face of it is of an arbitrary nature inasmuch as it has no relation whatsoever to the object which the legislation seeks to
achieve and as such cannot be said to be a reasonable restriction on the exercise of the right. Further the statute seeks to prohibit all persons residing in the notified villages during the agricultural season from
engaging themselves in the manufacture of bidis. It cannot be denied that there would be a number of infirm and disabled persons, a number of children, old women and petty shop keepers residing in these
villages who are incapable of being used for agricultural labour. All such persons are prohibited by law from engaging themselves in the manufacture of bidis; and are thus being deprived of earning their livelihood.
It is a matter of common knowledge that there are certain classes of persons residing in every village who do not engage in agricultural operations. They and their womenfolk and children in their leisure hours
supplement their income by engaging themselves in bidi business. There seems no reason for prohibiting them from carrying on this occupation. The statute as S.C.R. it stands, not only compels those who can be engaged
in agricultural work from not taking to other avoca- 0 t. b t · 1 h'b't h h hintaman Rao ions, u it a so pro 1 1 s persons w o ave no connec- v. tion or relation to agricultural operations from engaging
The State of in the business of bidi making and thus earning their Madhya livelihood. These provisions of the statute, in our Prad .. h. opinion, cannot be said to amount to reasonable restric-
tions on the right of the applicants and that being so, Mahajan J. the statute is not in conformity with the provisions of Part III of the Constitution. The law even to the extent that it could be said to authorize the imposition
of restrictions in regard to agricultural Jabour cannot be held valid because the language employed is wide enough to cover restrictions both within and without the limits of constitutionally permissible legislative
action affecting the right. So long as the possibility of its being applied for purposes not sanctioned by the Constitution cannot be ruled out, it must be held to be wholly void.
Mr. Sikri for the Government of Madhya Pradesh contends that the legislature of Madhya Pradesh was the proper judge of the reasonableness of the restric- tions imposed by the statute, that that legislature alone
knew the conditions prevailing in the State and it alone could say what kind of legislation could effectively achieve the end in view and would help in the grow more food campaign and would help for bringing in
fallow land under the plough and that this Court sit- ting at this great distance could not judge by its own yardstick of reason whether the restrictions imposed in the circumstances of the case were reasonable or not.
This argument runs counter to the clear provisions of the Constitution. The determination by the legis- lature of what constitutes a reasonable restriction is not final or conclusive ; it is subject to the supervision by this Court.
In the matter of fundamental rights, the Supreme Court watches and guards the rights guaranteed by the Constitution and in exercising its functions it has the power to set aside an Act of the
Legislature if it is in violation of the freedoms guaran. teed by the Constitution, We are therefore of opinion 9ij SUI'REM:E COURT RE.PORTS (1950] that the impugned statute does not stand the test of
reasonableness and is therefore void. Chi.'IJ-tama:n Rao v. The result therefore is that the orders issued by the Tiu State of Depl,lty Commissioner on 13th June 1950 and 26th Mndhya
September 1950 are void, inoperative and ineffective. Prad•.••· We therefore direct the respondents not to enforce the M,ah.ajan J. Nov. li. provisions contained in section 4 of the Act aga~n.st the
petitioners in any manner whatsoever. The pet1ttone>s will have their costs of these proceedings in the two petitions. Agent for the petitioners Rajinder Narain. Petitions allowed.
m Nos. 78 and 79: Agent for the respondent m P.A. lv/~hta. RAM GOPAL II. Nos. 78 and 79: NAND LAL AND OTHERS [SAIYID FAZL Au, MUKHERJEA and CHANDRA- SEKHARA AIYAR JJ.] Hindu Law-Gift to female owner-Construction-Gift for
maintenance-Estate conveyed, whether absolute or limited-Use of the word 'Malik', effect of. In construing a document whether in English or in verna- cular the fundamental rule is to ascertain the intention from the words used; the surrounding circumstances are to be considered but tbat is only for the purpose of finding out the intended meaning of the words which have actually been employed.
To convey an absolute estate to a Hindu female, no express power of a.lienaticn need be given ; it is enough if words of such amplit11de are used as would convey full rights of ownership. The term 'Malik' when used in a will or other document as
descriptive of the position which a. devisee or donee is intended to hold, has been held apt to describe an owner possessed of lull proprietary rights, including a. full right of alienation, unless there is something in the context or in the surrounding circumstances to indicate that such f11ll 11roprietory rights were not intended to be conferred,