c COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, ASSAM ETC. v. THE PANBARI TEA CO. LTD. April 19, 1965 [K. SUBBA RAO, J. C. SHAH AND S. M. SIKRI, JJ.J Indian Income-tax Act (11 of 1922)-"Premium" and "rent"-
Distinction-Premium paid in instalments-Whether caPitai gains or revenue receipts. The assessee leased out its tea estates for a period of ten years in consideration of a sum as and by way of premium and an annual rent to be paid by the lessor to the assessee. As premium a part of the sum was paid at the time of the execution of the lease and the balance was spread over in ten annual instalments; and the annual rent was payable in monthly instalments. The annual instalment paid as premium was taxed by the Income Tax authorities as re- venue receipt of the assessee. On reference, the High Court held it to be capital gains. In appeal by certificate.
HELD: The annual instalmeni paid as premium was capital gains. When the interest of the lessor is parted for a price the price paid is premium or salami. But the periodical payments made for the con- tinuous enjoyment of the benefits under the lease are in the nature (,f rent. The former is a capital income and the latter a revenue receipt. There may be circumstances where the parties may camouflage the real nature of the transaction by using clever phraseology. In some cases, the sci-called premium is in fact advance rent and in others rent is a deferred price. It is not the form but the substance of the transaction that matters. The nomenclature used may not be deci- sive or conclusive but it helps the court, having regard to the other circumstances, to ascertain· the intention of the parties. Premium
can be paid in a single payment or by instalments. The real test is whether the said amount paid in a lump sum or in instalments is the consideration paid by the tenant for being let into possessi001. [813 H; 814 E-G]
Raja Bahadur Kamakshya Narain Singh of Ramgarh v. Com- missioner of Income-tax, Bihar and Orissa, (1943) 11 I.T.R. 513 Mem- ber for the Board of Agriculture Income-tax Assam v. Sindhurani Chaudhurani, (1957) 32 I.T.R. 169, and Chintamani Saran Nath Sah Dea v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Bihar and Orissa, (1961)41 I.T.R. 506, applied.
The parties, who were businessmen well-versed in their trade must be assumed to have known the differen~e between the two ex~ pressions ·'premium" and "rent", and they had designedly used those two expressions to connote two different payments. The annual rent fixed was a considerable sum of Rs. 54,500/- and the premium, when spread over 10 years would work out to Rs. 22,500 /- a year. There was no reason. therefore, to assume that the parties camouflaged their real intention and fixed a part of the rent in the ~hape of premium. The J,/P(D)5SC f–13
Rlil>UEME l.'OUR'l' Rli!POR'l'.~ mere fact that the premium was made payable in instalments could .l not obviously be decisive of the question, for that might have been to accommodate the lessee. [815 B, C]
The construction based on the clause in the lease deed that on the d~fault in the payments of the instalments of the premium or rent, the lessor shall be entitled to recover the balance of the unpaid premium and not the entire balance of the premium, really ignores the main terms of the lease. In the context of the other clauses, this cl.ause could not be so construed as to override or come into conflict with the main terms of the lease deed. [815 H, 816 BJ .
C1v1L APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 150 of 1964. Appeal frbm the judgment and order dated March 22, .1960, of the Assam High Court in Income-tax Reference No. 7 of 1959. N. D. Karkhanis and R. N. Sachthey, for the appellant. Sam- pat Ayyangar and J. P. Goyal, for the respondent.
The Judgment of the Cou.rt was delivered by Sobba Rao, J. By a registered lease deed dated March 31, 1950, the assessee-company, respondent herein, leased out two tea D estates named "Panbari Tea Estate'' and "Barchola Tea Estate", aloug with machinery and buildings owned and held by it, in Dar- rang, in the State of Assam, to a firm named Messrs. Hiralal Ram- das· for a period of ten years commencing from January l, 1950. The lease was executed in consideration of a sum of Rs. 2,25,000 /- as and by way of premium and an annual rent of Rs. 54,000 /- to E be paid by the lessee to the lessor. The premium was made payable as follows: Rs. 45,000/- to be paid in one lump sum at the time of the execution of the lease deed and the balance of Rs. 1,80,000/- in 16 half yearly instalments of Rs. 11,250/- Im or before January 31 and July 31 of each year. The annual rent of Rs. 54,000 /- was payable as follows: Rs. 1,000/- per month to be paid on or before F the last day of each month, making in all Rs. 12,000/- per year, and the balance of Rs. 42,000/- on or before December 31 of each year. On February 25, 1957, for the assessment year 1952-53, the Income-tax Officer made the assessment treating the instalment of Rs. 11,250 /- paid towards the premium in the relevant account- ing year as a revenue receipt of the assessee. On appeal, the Appel- late Assistant Commissioner confirmed the order of the Income- tax Officer. On further appeal, the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal also held that the premium was really the rerit payable under the lease deed and, therefore, it was chargeable to income-tax. At the instance of the assessee, the Tribunal referred the following ques- tion to the High Court under s. 66(1) of the Income-tax Act, .1922, herein after called the Act:
"Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case · and upon the construction of the terms of the lease, dated 31st March 1950, the sum of Rs. 11,250/- receiv- ed by the assessee during the year of account is re:
venue or capital receip_t". C.I.T. v. PANBARI TEA co. (Subba Rao, J.) The High Court held that the said sum of Rs. l l,25_D/- rece~v- ed by the assessee during the year of account was a capital receipt and answered the question accordingly. On a certificate iss~ed ~y the High Court, this appeal has been filed by the Revenue ID this Court.
The short question that arises in this appeal is whether the amount described as premium in the lease deed is really rent and, therefore, a revenue receipt. Before we look at the lease deed it will be convenient to notice briefly the law pertaining to the con- cept of premium, which is also described as salami.
The distinction between premium and rent was brought out by the Judicial Committee in Raja Bahadur Kamakshya Narain Singh of Ramgarh v. ,Commissioner of Income-tax, Bihar & Orissa (') thus:
"It (salami) is a single payment made for the acquisition of the right of the lessee to enjoy the benefits granted to them by the lease. That general right may properly be regarded as a capital asset, and the money paid to pur-
chase it may properly be held to be a payment on capi- tal account. But the royalties are on a different foot- ing". It is true that in that case the leases were granted for 999 years; but, thbugh it was one of the circumstances, it was not a ·decisive factor in the Judicial Committee coming tG the conclusion
that the salami paid under the leases was a capital asset. This Court in Member for the Board of Agriculture Income-tax. Assam v. Sind- hurani Chaudhurani (') defined "salami" as follows:
"The indicia of salami are (I) its single non-recurring character and (2) payment prior to the creation of the tenancy. It is the consideration paid by the tenant for being let into possession and can be neither rent nor
revenue but is a capital receipt in the hands of the landlord." It is true that in that case the payment was paid in a single lump s~m, but that was not a. conclusive test, for salami can be paid in a smgle payment or by mstalments.
The real test is whether the said amount paid in a lump sum or in instalments is the considera- tion paid by the tenant for being let into possessibn. This Court again in Chintamani Saran Nath Sah Deo v. Commissioner of
Income-tax, Bihar & Orissa(') considered all the relevant decisions on the subject in the context of licences granted to the assessee to (') [1943] 11 I.T !<. 513, 519. (') [1957] 32 I.T.R 169.
IUPJl.J:llE COUB.'l' RBPOltTS [1965] :1 s.c.a. · prospect for bauxite in some cases for 6 months and in others for a year or two and observed: "The ·definition of salami was a general one, in that it was a consideration paid by a tenant for being let into
possession for the purpose of creating a new tenancy." Applying that test tlilis Court held in that case that under the said licences there was a grant of a right to a portion of the capital of the licensor in the shape of a general right to the capital asset. In view of these three decisions it is aot necessary to multiply citations.
c Under s. 105 of the Transfer of Property Act, a lease of im- movable property is a transfer of a right to enjoy the property made for a certain time, express or implied or in perpetuity, in con- sideration of a price paid or promised, or of money, a share of crops, service or any other thing of value, to be rendered periodi- cally or on specified occasions to the transferor by the transferee, who accepts the transfer on such terms.
The transferor is called the lessor, the transferee is called the lessee, the price is called the premium, and the money, share service or other thing to be so rendered is called the rent.
The section, therefore, brings out the distinction between a price paid for a transfer of a right to enjoy the property and the rent to be paid periodically to the lessor. When the interest of the lessor is parted with for a price, the price µaid is premium or salami.
But the periodical payments made for the continuous enjoyment of the benefits under the lease are in the nature of rent. The fom1er is a capital income and the latter a ·revenue receipt. There may be circumstances where the parties may ~amouflage the real nature of transaction by using clever phraseology.
In some cases, the so-called premium is in fact advance rent ·and in oth.ers rent is deferred price. It is not the form but the substance of the transaction that matters. The· nomenclature used may not be decisive or conclusive but it helps the Court, having regard to the other circumstances, to ascertain the intention of the parties.
Bearing the said principles in mind let us scrutinize the lease deed dated March 31, 1950. Under that document interest· in two large. tea estates comprising 320 acres and 305 acres respectively under tea, along with the bungalows, factory buildings, houses. godowns. cooly lines and other erections and structures, was parted by the lessor to the lessee for a period of 10 years; and during that period the lessee could enjoy the said tea estates in the manner prescribed in the document.
Under the document, therefore, there was a transfer of substantive interest of the lessor in the estates to the lessee and ·a conferment of a right on the lessee to use the said estates by exploiting .the same. Under cl. 4 of the lease deed for the transfer of the right a premium of Rs. 2.25.000/- bad to be C.I.T. !'. PA:<HAH! TEA co. (Subba Rao, J.)
paid to the lessor and for using the estates the lessee had to pay, an annual rent of Rs. 54,000/-. Both the premium and the rent were payable in instalments in the manner provided in the docu- ment.
The parties were businessmen presumably well-versed in the working of tea estates. They must be assumed to have known the difference between the two expressions "premium" and "rent"; and they had designedly used those· two expressions to connote two different payments. The annual rent fixed was a considerable sum of Rs. 54,000/- and the premium, when spread.' over 10 years, would work out to Rs. 22,500/- a year. There is no reason, there- fore, to assume that the parties camouflaged their real intention and fixed a part of the rent in the shape of I1_femium .. The mere fact that the premium was made payable i11 "instalments cannot obviously be decisive of the question, for that inight have been to accommodate the lessee. Nor is cl. 8 of the lease deed, on which· strong reliance is placed by the learned counsel for the Revenue, a pointer to the contrary. It reads:
"(I) If any of the aforesaid instalments towards the premium or annual rent shall remain unpaid for two months after becoming payable (whether formally demanded or not) or if the lessee shall make default in payment to
the Lessor any other sum or any part thereof in due dates or in observing or performing any of the coven- ants, conditions or stipulations hereinbefore contained and on the part of the Lessee to be paid, observed and
performed or if the Lessee's firm is dissolved except for reconstruction or if any of the partners of the Lessee is adjudicated insolvent then and in any such cases it shall be lawful for the Lessor immediately or at any
time or times thereafter upon the demised Tea Estates and premises or any part thereof in the name of the whole to re-enter and thereupon this demise shall absolutely determine but without prejudice to the rights
of the Lessor to damages or compensation in" respect of any breach of Lessee covenants herein contained and all other rights and remedies including the right to recover the balance of the instalment unpaid premium
or.rent payable in that particular year." The argument is that in the case of default contemplated in this clause it shall be lawful for the lessor to re-enter and in that event H in terms of cl. 8 he will be entitled only to recover the balance of the instalment of unpaid premium and not the entire balance of the premium. This construction, though it appears to be plausible at first sight,. really ignores the main terms of the lease. The de- fault clause is pressed into service to destroy the main term of the lease. Under cl. I of the lease deed the sum of Rs. 2,25,000/- ill the consideration by way of premium to be paid by the lessee to the lessor. Under cl. 4 thereof the said entire premium has to be SUPREME
COURT REPORTS (1965) 3 8.C.R. paid in instalments; under cl. 8 the lessor has the option to termi- nate the lease and re-enter the premises in the circumstances men- tioned therein without prejudice to all his rights under the docu- ment. One of his rights is to recover the premium in instalments. The fact that one of the rights saved is his right ·to recover the balance of the instalment of unpaid premium cannot possibly deprive him of all his .other rights which are also expressly saved thereunder. The drafting of the clause is not artistic and is rather confused; but in the context of the other clauses it cannot be so construed as to override, or come into conflict with, the main terms of the lease deed.
Thirdly, it was contended that the income the lessor was getting under the lease after 1950, i.e., after the execution of the · lease deed; viz., the total of the instalments of premium and rent, was not higher than the profits he was getting before the lease and that was an indication that what was rent really was split up into premium and rent for ulterior purposes. This argument is based upon the following data collected from the published accounts of the assessec-company:
-·—— Year ended Profit Depreci&· Net Divided ti on Profit (tax free) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) –·–~–~— – ——··— —-·——- – Re. Re. Rs. 3111 M•rch 194 7 60,186 8,665 51,521
1111 M&roh 1948 33,118 7,872 ~3,246 lb\ 11.rch 1949 31,581 7,475 24,106 llat r ·arch 1950 41,734 17,868 29,866 1!11 March 1951 71,888 17,726 54,162 1111 March 1952 33,213 15,527 17,686
Ila\ 11.rch 1953 69,550 15,410 54,14Q In the accounts of the year to 31st March 1952 there are the 0 tallowing three items of expenditure: – Transit charges Legal Expenses Gratuity to Managing Director …
Rs. 10,605 7,518 10,000 28,123 Before comparing the figures given for the two periods, i.e., the period before M(lrch 1950 and the periou thereafter. it is necessary to add back the said three items of expenditure totalling
c.r.T. ~. PANBARI TEA co. (Subba Roo, J.) A Rs. 28,123/- to the net profit of the year ended with 31st March, 1952; if they were added, instead of Rs. 17,686 /-, the profit would be Rs. 45,809 /-. A comparative study of the said figures discloses a higher return in the second period than during the earlier period. But an attempt is made to show that the figures of the later period include other items and if they are deducted the net profit would be B comparable with that in the earlier period, but there is no agreed data for this attempt and it is not possible on the material placed before us tc scrutinize the figures. In the absence of the relevant material it is not possible to accept the argument built upon the said figures.
El The result is that there is no material placed before us, either direct or circumstantial, to displace the description given in the lease deed to the said amounts as premium and to hold that they are not in fact premium but only rent. Indeed, the circumstances mentioned supra confirm the said description.
In the result we hold that the High Court has given a correct answer to the question submitted to it by the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal. The appeal is dismissed with costs. Appeal dismissed.