"""· 29 COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX BOMBAY v. CHUGANDAS AND CO., BOMBAY (K. SUBBA RAo, J.C. SHAH ANDS. M. SIKRI, JJ.) Indian Income·tax Act (XI of 1922), 1. 25(3)-Ex•mption applicable to wllot incom1.
The respondent was a firm dealing in oecuritiea and was charaed to lncome·tax under the Income-tax Act (VII of 1918). It rea:ived certain IUDla of money as interest on securitiea in the accounting years 19-46 and 1947 (assessment years 1947-48 and 1948-49) respectively It cl;..
continued its business on 30th June 1947, and, for the assessment )'l&r 1948-49. claimed exemption from taxation under s. 25(3) of the Inoome- tax Act (XI of 1922). The income-tax officer and the Appel:ate
Assistant Commissioner, held that, the income fell under the hel4 .. interest on securities'' under s. 8 and not under the bead "profits and 1ains of business, profession or vocation'' under s. 10 and that therefore, !be respondent was not entitled to the exemption. The Appellate Tn1>Unal reversed that order and the High Court (by a majority) coofirme4 the order of the Tnl>unal. The Commissioner of Income-tu appealed to the Supreme Court.
Hild: The appeal should be dismissed. When s. 25(3) of the Indian Income·tax Act (XI of 1922) enacll that "'where any business, profession or vocation on which tax was at any time charged", it is intended that the tax was at any time charged on the owner of the business. If that condition be fulfilled in respect of the income of the bu(tnoa,, under the Indian Income-tax Act (VII of 1918), the owner will be entitled to get the benefit of the exemption under the section if the business is discontinued.
The section in tenm men to tax charged on any business, that is, tax charged on any person hi respect of all income earned by carrying on the business. There k ao reason to restrict the condition of th1> applicability of the exemption only to income on which tax was payable under s. I 0 of the Act under the bead "profita and gains of business, profession or vocotion". The United Commercial Bank Ltd., Calcutta Y. Th• Comml1,1on11 of Income-tax, Weit Bengal, [1958] S.C.R. 19 and Th• Commi1sioner of lncome-tax, Madra1 v. The Expre" New1paper1 Limited, MadrOI, [1964] 8 S.C.R. 189, reierred to.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeals Nos. 685 & 686 of 1963. 8 S.C.R .. ' 1964 – C.LT. Appeal from the judgment and order dated December 17, 18, 1958, of the Bombay High Court·· in Income-tax
Reference No. 27/X of 1954. Chugandai KJ N. Raiagopala Sastri and R. N. Sachthey, for tho !!:::.. appellant. N. A. Palkhivala, J. B. Dadachanil, 0. C. Mathur and Ravinder Narain, for the respondent.
July 29, 1964. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by: SHAH, J.-M/s. Chugandas and Co.-a firm dealing in securities-received in the year 1946 Rs. 4,13,992/- as interest on securities held by it. In 1947 it received
Rs. 1.01,229/~ as interest from the same source. On June 30, 194 7 the firm discontinued its business. In proceedings for assessment for 1947-48 and 1948-49 the firm, relying upon s. 25(3) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, claimed
exemption from payment of tax on income earned in tho relevant previous year, on the plea that the firm was carry- ing on business before the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, was enacted, and on that business, tax had been charged
under the provisions of the Indian Income-tax Act 7 of 191& in respect of the business done immediately before that Act was repealed. The firm also applied to substitute· the income earned in the year 194 7 for the income of tho
previous year. The Income-tax Officer held that the inter- . est earned by the firm on securities being "liable to be assessed to tax" under s. 8 and ' not under s. 10 of the Income-tax Act, the firm was not entitled to the benefit of the exemption claimed. The order of the lncome-ta:r
Officer was confirmed in appeal by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner. The Income-tax Appellate Tribunal; how- ever, reversed the order and held that the firm was entitled" to the benefit
of the exemption in respect of the cntitc income of the business including income from securities in the year in which the business was discontinued. At the· instance of the Commissioner, tho Tribunal
referred under s. 66( 1) ·of the Act a question, whiclr S/UJIJ 1· 1964 – CJ.T. v. :hugmultU and Co. – Shah· 1. [rg64] when reframed by the High Court of Bombay read as follows:~ "Whether the assessee is entitled to the benefit of
s. 25 (3) in respect of the interest on securities?" It is common ground that the principal business of the assessee was as a dealer in securities. Securities held by the assessee were its stock-in-trade and interest on
those securities was received from time to time, and this interest had for computing the taxable income to be taken into account under s. 8 of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922. Section 25 ( 3), on the true interpretation of which the
respective contentions of the assessee and the Commis- sioner have to be adjudged, is in the following terms: "Where any business, profession or vocation on which tax was at any time charged under the
provisions of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1918 (VII of 1918), is discontinued, then, unless there has been a succession by virtue of which the provisions of sub-section ( 4) have been
rendered applicable, no tax shall be payable in respect of the income, profits and gains of the period between the end of the previous year and the date of such di<continuance, and the
assessee may further claim that the income, profits and gains of the previous year shall be deemed to have been the income, profits and gains of the said period. Where any such claim is made, an assessment shall be made on
the ·basis of the income, profits and gains of the said period, and if an amount of tax has already been paid in respect of the income, profits and gains of the previous year exceed-
ing the amount payable on the basis of such assessment, a refund shall be given of the difference." Exemption from liability to pay tax in respect of the income, profits and gains under s. 25 ( 3) may be claimed by an
g S.C.R. assessee if the business is one in respect of which tax was charged at any time under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1918 CJi. and the business is discontinued-there being no succession •· .
by virtue of which the provisions of sub-s. ( 4) of s. 25 Chugan~a;_ have been rendered applicable. Section 25 (3) however applies even if the person assessed under the Income-tax
Act, 1918, was different from the person who claims relief under that section provided the former was the predecessor- in-interest of such person qua the business. The reason for enacting s. 25 (3) was that under the Indian Income-tax
Act 7 of 1918, income-tax was levied by virtue of s. 14(2) of Act 7 of 1918 on the income of the year of assessment. Tax was therefore levied in the financial year 1921-22 on the income of that year. By the Indian Income-tax Act 11
of 1922 the basis of taxation was altered and by s. 3 of that Act, charge for tax was imposed upon the income of the previous year. When Act 11 of 1922 was brought into force on April 1, 1922, two assessments in respect of the
same income for the year 1921-22 had to be made. The income for 1921-22 was accordingly charged to tax twice: it was charged under Act 7 of 1918 and it was also charge/ to tax under s. 3 of Act 11 of 1922 read with ·the appro-
prfate Finance Act, resulting in double taxation in respect of the income for that year. But with a view to make the number of assessments equal to the number of years during which the business was carried on the Legislature enacted the exemption prescrib- ed by s. 25 (3). This benefit was however restricted only
to the income, profits and gains of business, profession or vocation on which tax had been charged under the provi- sions of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1918. By enacting s. 25 ( 3) the Legislature intended to exempt the income,
profits and gains resulting from the activity styled business, profession or vocation from tax when the business, profes- sion or vocation is discontinued if tax was charged in respect thereof under the Act of 1918. That much is clear. But
that is not the whole problem. What is to be regarded as income,. profits and gains of business, profession or vocation within the meaning of s. 25 ( 3) for which exemption may be obtained on discontinuance raises a problem on which
Shah/. _C.l.T. ChugandtU Co. Shah /. · there was a difference of opinion in the High Court. In the judgment under appeal, Tendolkar, J., was of the viev· nd that by this expression only income, profits and gains of business chargeable to tax under the head "profits and gains of business, profession or vocation" under s. 10 read wit~ s. 6(iv) stood exempt from liability under s. 25l3),_S. T. Desai, J., held that s. 25 (3) exempted from liability to tax all income, profits and gains earned by conducting a busi- ness, profession or vocation irrespective of whether they
were chargeable to tax under the head "profits and gains of business, profession. or vocation", and with this view K. T. Desai, J.; to whom the case was referred for opinion, agreed.
To appreciate the point in dispute, it is necessary. to bear in mind the scheme of the Act for computing the taxable income. – Under the Act, income-tax is a single tax on the aggregate of income received from diverse
heads mentioned in s. 6: s. 6 is not a charging section, and income computed under each distinct head is not separately charge- able to tax. But income which is chargeable under a
specific head, cannot be brought to tax under another head either in lieu of or in addition to that head. As observed by this Court in The United Commercial Bank Ltd .• Calcutta v.
The Commissioner of Income-tax, West ·Bengal(') "the scheme of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, is that the various heads of income, profits and gains enwji.erated in s. 6 are mutually exclusive, each head being specific to cover the item arising from a particubr source and, consequently, "interest on securities" which is speci- fically made chargeable to tax under s. 8 as a distinct head, falls under that section and cannot be brought under s. 10, whether the securities are held as trading assets or capital asset." In The United Commercial Bank's case(')
th~ Income Tax Officer split up the income of a Banking Com- pany was in the course of assessment, into two heads– "interest on securities" and "business income", and set off the business loss against the income from securities in the year of assessment, but did not allow th(: business loss of a previous year to be set off under s. 24(2) against that
(I) [1958] S.C.R. 19· incom~. This view was approved by the High Court of 1964. Calcutta. Th_e High Court held that the. several heads c.1.r. under s. 6 of the Income-tax Act are mutually exclusive,
v. d "all· · d I · · Chugandfl3 an an lt~m 1 mz un er an exc us1ve head cannot be co. · charged u•:.J;• ic<Jther head. This view was· affirmed by this Court, and it was held that "interest on securities"
being specifically charged . under s. 8, which is a distinct head, it coulu not be brought under s. 10, whether the securities were trading assets or. capital assets. · It must therefore be held that even if an item of income
is earned in the course of carrying on a business, it will not necessarily faJJ within the head "profits and gains of busi· ness" within the meaning of s. 10 read with s. 6(iv). If
securities constitute stock-in-trade of the business of an 11Ssessee, interest received from those securities will· for the purpose of determining the taxable income be shown under
the head "interest on securities" under s. 8 read with · s. 6(ii) of the Act. Similarly dividends from shares will be shown under s. 12( IA) and not under s. 10. If an 11Ssessee carries on business of purchasing and selling build- ings, the profits and gains earned· by transactions in build- ings will be shown under s .. 10, but income received from the ·buildings so. long as they are owned by the assessee will be shown under s. 9 read with s. 6 (iii). Income earned
by an assessee carrying on business will in each case be broken up, and taxable incoine under the head profits and gains of business will be that amount alone which is earned in the business, and does not aJJ under any other specific head.·
Tendo!kar J., in the judgment under appeal was of the · opinion that income of the business to be computed under '· 10 alone could be admitted to the exemption: the majority of the Court held that all income earned by carr)r- . ing on business qualified for the exemption. · Now cl. ( 3) of s. 25 expressly provides that income of a business, pro- fession or vocation which was charged at any time under
Act 7 ·of 1918 to tax is, on discontinuance of that business, · profession or vocation, exempt from liability· to tax under Act 11 of 1922 for the period between the end of the previous year and the c!ate of such discontinuance. Tax is charged und~r the Income-tax Acts on specific units, such
>l S.C.-22 1964 – CJ.T. ~Ill Co. …. ,. [rg64J as, individuals, Hindu Undivided Families, Companie! Local Authorities, Firms and Associations of persons or partners of firms and members of associations individually, and and business, profession or vocation is not a unit of assess- ment.
When, therefore, s. 25 ( 3) enacts that tax was charged at any time on any business, it is intended that the tax was at any time charged on the owner of any business. If that condition be fulfilled in respect of the income of th11 business under the Act of 1918, the owner or his successor- in-interest qua the business, will be entitled to get the bene- fit of the exemption under it if the business, is discontinued. The section in terms refers to tax charged on any bminess, i.e., tax charged on any person· in respect of income earned by carrying on the business. Undoubtedly it is not all
income earned by a person who conducted any business, which is exempt under sub-s. (3) of s. 25: non-business income will certainly not qualify for the privilege. But there is no reason to restrict the condition of the appli- cability of the exemption only to income on which the tali was payable under the head "profits and gains of business, profession or vocation".
The Legislature has made no such express reservation, and there is no warrant for reading into sub-s. (3) such a restricted meaning. Sub- section (3) it may be nQticed does not refer to chargeability of income to tax under a particular head as a condition of obtaining the benefit c• the exemption.
Diverse other provisions of the Act lend strong support to that view. Where the Legislature intended to refer to a specific head of taxation under s. 6 of the Act as a condi- tion for imposing an obligation or claiming a right, the
Legislature has in terms referred to such a head. For instance, by s. 18 (2) liability is imposed upon any person responsible for paying any income chargeable under the head "salaries" to deduct income-tax and super-tax on the
amount payable. Similarly under s. 18 ( 3) · persolll responsible for paying income-tax under the head "interest on securities" are liable to deduct income-tax and supel'- tax at the prescribed rates on the amount of interest payable. Section 24 enables set-off in respect of loss sustained under any of the heads mentioned in s. 6 against income, profiill "'->-
': – 8 S.CR. · and gains from any other head in that – year. These are DU – some of the p:ovi<:ions in which reference is made to specific ci:r. heads cf ta,•,alion. But the exemption under s. 25 (3)
is Ch • ,.1, gener~!: 'ti~ ;:o~ ~~stricted to income chargeable under s. 10 u.• ea. of the Act. Some indication is also furnished by the scheme of sub-ss. (1) and (2) of s. 25. Under sub-s. (1) the
Income-tax -Officer is given power to make what is called an "accelerated assessment" when a business, profession or l'Ocation is discontinued in any year. The reason of the rule contained in s. 25 (1) is to prevent loss of revenue by the assessee discontinuing the business, profession or voca- tion and frittering away or secreting the assets and income or disappearing from the scene of his activity. But such an asses-sment would in the normal course have to be in respect of the entire income of that business, profession or 0vocation. If the contention – of the Department that income of th•
business, profession or vocation for the purpose ·of an accelerated assessment is to be limited only to income on which ta~ is payable under s. 10 be correct, the assessment under s. 25 ( 1) would serve little useful purpose, because income received from securities, from dividends, – from
house-property etc. would remain still to be determined and brought to tax after the end of the year and in the relevant year_ of a~sessment. Again an assessee discontinuing his business, profession or vocation is entitled by s. 24 to set off losses in one business against profits in another, and this right may tum out to be illusory if in the assessment of the income of a bnsiness which is discontinued, profit and – gains which fall within s. 10 only are taken into account.' – The Revenue authorities, it is true, may get · a complete
picture of the liability of the assessee to taxation only on tlnal assessment. This is not to say that a mere possibility of two assessments is decisive of the intention of the Legi!- lature, for if that be the test, every person who has income received from business, profession or vocation and income
_from other source would still have to be subject, after an accelerated assessment under s. 25 (1), to a final asses:;- ment in respect of the non-business income to determine his overall liability.
But the possibility of two assessments in respect of _the same bqsiness for the same year, one of · which acrvcs no useful purpose, must be taken into account S"'1h J. 1161 – c.1:r.
ChutndtM Co. – Arlt J. [rg64j in ascertaining the meaning to be attributed to the expr!li· sion "income, profits and gains of business, profession or •nd vocation" which is discontinued. The phraseology of
s. 25 (2) also supports the view that the income, profits and gains of business are not restricted to profits and gains charge- able under s. 10. For failure to give notice of discontinu· ance of business, penalty for an amount not exceeding the
tax assessed in respect of any income, profits or gain~ of the business may be imposed. There is no logical reason for restricting the penalty to the amount of tax asses~d on profits and gains determined for the purpose of s. 10.
It has also to be noticed that prior to the insertion of sub-s. (IA) of s. 12 bys. 9 of the Finance Act, 1955, with effect from April 1, 1955, income from dividends was chargeable not under s. 12 but under s. 10, if the shares
from which such income was received were the stock-in· trade of the assessee. The result of the insertion of '· 12(1A) is that in respect of a business in shares dividends .CCeived from the shares were till March 31, 1955, regarded as profits and gains of business assessable to tax under s. 10. After the enactment of the Finance Act of 1955, dividends
became chargeable under s. 12(1A) under the head "income derived from other sources". Could it have been the intention of the Legislature that dividend income of a business in respect of which tax was charged under the head "Income from shares" under Act 7 of 1918 would not,
after March 31, 1955, be entitled to the benefit of the exemption under s. 25 ( 3) merely because the head under which it was charged prior to the Finance Act of 1955 ii now the head "other sources" ?
Section 2(4) of the Indian Income-tax Act, defines "business" as including any trade, commerce, oc manufacture or any adventure or concern in the nature of trade, commerce or manufacture. Business is therefore an
activity of a commercial nature. By s. 25 (3) indisput· ably exemption from payment of tax was intended to be given where there had been in respect of the same activity double taxation when Act 11 of 1922 was enacted. If the
right arises on discontinuance of the activity styled businelli, · 8 S.C.R. SUPRE.ME COURT REPORTS _34L · as S.' 25 (3) exprrssly provides, tax in connection. with that acti~ity ·11ff·l •J in·ir za facie be tax payable on the income>, CJ.T.
profit> an·~ rein> ,\erived from that business adivity; The heads described in s. 6 and further elaborated for the pur- Chug""::":. pose of computation of income in ss. 7 to 10, and 12, 12A
12AA and 12B are intended merely to indicate the classes of income: · the heads do not exhaustively delimit sources from which income arises. ':rhis is made clear in the judg- 111ent of this Court in the United Commercial Bank Ltd.'s
case(') that business income is broken up under different . heads only for the purpose of computation of the total income: by that break-up the income does not cease to be the income of the business, the different heads of income
being only the classification prescribed by the Indian Income-tax Act for computation of income. It· c'annot be gainsaid that there was on the part of the Legislature a desire by enacting s. 25 (3) to give relief to two classes of · income subjected to double taxation for the income. of the year 1921-22. That this benefit was restricted to income
paid by assessees who paid tax. on income derived from business and professional earnings under the earlier Act and Nas not 'available in respect of other income, will not, in our judgment, be a ground for giving a restricted meaning
to the expression "income, profits and gains of business, profession or vocation" occurring in sub-s. (3) of s. 25. An intention to grant a partial exemption to income, profits and gains of a business, profession or vocation may not be lightly attributed to the Legislature.
There is no force in the contention raised by counsel for the Commissioner that for the year 1921-22 interest on 'ecurities could not be charged to tax twice. over. Under the Income-tax Act, 7 of 1918, bys. 14(2) tax was levied
in respect of the year beginning from April 1, 1918 in respect of each subsequent year, . upon every assessee · on ·his taxable income in that year at the rate specified in Sch. I. Section 5 of that Act classified the income chargeable to income-tax, and "Interest on securities" was charged under s. 7 read with s. S(ii). In respect of interest on securities by s. 14(1) the aggregate amount of the assessee's income
chargeable under each lif the heads mentioned in ss. 6 to 11 (r) [1958]S.C.R. 79 Shah J. [1g64] became taxable in the year in which it was received. Act 7 of c.J.T. · · 1918 undoubtedly made a provision ins. 19 for adjustment of Chugurl;;
•nd liability to tax when the actual income was ascertained. Co. Our attention has not been invited to any provision in the Shch /. . . ,/ Income-tax Act 7 of 1918 which excluded from liability t(} tax, interest on securities 1or the year in which that income had accrued. By s. 3 of Act 11
of 1922 interest on securities earned in the year 1921-22 became chargeable and under s. 68 of that Act which was a provision transitory ··as well as repealing, machinery provided by the Inomc-tax Act of 1918 was expressly kept alive for the purpose of
assessment and making adjustments under s. 19 of the . Income-tax Act, 1918. Interest on securities earned in 1921-22 was therefore chargeable to tax under Act T of 1918, and it was also chargeable to tax under Act 11 of
1922. We are therefore unable to agree with· counsel· for the Commissioner that interest on securities not being ex- posed to double taxation for the year 1921-22, benefit of s. 25 (3) was not admissible to that class of income.
Counsel also contended, relying upon the judgment of this Court in Commissioner of Income-tax, Bihar and Orissa · T. Ramakrishna Deo( 1) that it is for the respondent to prove that the income sought to be taxed is exempt from taxation, and unless he discharges that burden, the claim · of the
respondent must fail. Undoubtedly where a doubt arises on the facts placed before the taxing authority, whether the tax-payer is entitled to exemption from taxation under a certain statutory provision, tho burden lies upon him to
establish that exemption. But, here we are concerned not with any question of burden of proof, but with a question of interpretation whether the exemption which is admittedly ttven by s. 25 (3) operates in respect of the entirety of the business income for the year in question in the course of
which th~ business is discontinued or whether it applies only to tnat class of iricome which is taxable under tho head "profits and gains of business" carried on by the asses~ee in that year.
Section 26 on which reliance was placed by counsel foe the Commissioner also may be noticed in this connection. (I) (1959] Sapp. I s.C.R. 176 8 S.Clt SUPREME CQURT REPORTS That. section provides for a scheme of assessment when
there· is change in the constitution of a firm or succession to a business. The section applies not to discontinuance of business, but to changes _in the constitution of the assessee firm and to swces"ion- to business. Under sub-s. (1) if at the time cf mr. ""fog l1ll assessment it be -found by the
Income-tu Officer that a change has o_ccurred in the constitution of a firm or that a firm has been newly consti- tuted, the firm as constituted at the time of -inaking the · 1t>sessment has to be assessed. But the income, profits and . gains for the previous year for the ptirpose of inclusion in the total income of the partners must be apportioned
between the partners who in such previous year were entitled to receive the same. If the ta-.; assessed upon a partner cannot be recovered from him it may be recovere'I from the firm as constituted at the time of making the
l!SSessment. This provision deals with the machinery of · assessment and not with computation of income, nor with . exemption from liability to tax. Sub-section (2) of s. 26 deals with cases of succession to any person carrying on any business, profession or vocation by another person carrying on business, profession or vocation in such capacity, and
provides that the person succeeding is, subject to the provi- 'ions of sub-s. ( 4) of s. 25, liable to be assessed in respect of his actual share of the income, profits and gains of the previous year.
But the proviso enacts that if the person 'ucceeded in the business, profession or vocation cannot be found, the assessment of the profits of the year in which 'uccession took place upto the date of succession, and for·. the previous year, shall be made on the person succeeding
in like nianner and in the same amount as it would have been made on the person succeeded or when the tax in respect of the assessment made for either of such years assessed on the person succeeded cannot be recovered from
him, it shall be payable by and recoverable from the person rucceeding. This clause also deals with liability to assess- ment and payment of tax and not with the computation of income and whatever interpretation may be. placed on s. 26 It> to the extent of liability incurred by a successor to a business, profession or ".OCation, it ·is not indicative of the ment or of the field of the right to claini exemption under 19M
C.I.T. : "'· Chuganda.r Co. · Shah/. s. 25(3): Section 26 provides for apporticmment of liability Cii. '' to tax in case of change in the constitution of firms and "· .. succession to persons carrying on business: it directs appor- Clw,ga'1;a;_ : .. and tionment of tax liability in respect of the actual share of Shah J,
the Sl!Ccessor and the person · succeeded. The fact that under sub-s. (2) of s. 26 liability is imposed upon the successor to pay tax on behalf of his predecessor or to be assessed in respect of the income of the person succeeded
for the previous year, will not, in our judgment, be suffi- cient to hold that the exemption which has been granted in consequence of. double taxation under the Acts of 1918 and 1922 also must be restricted to income which is taxable
under s. 10. We may briefly refer to the decision of this Coun in The Commissioner' of Income-tax,· Madras v • . The Express Newspapers Limited, Madras('). In that case Free Press
Limited-a Private Company-transferred its . business on August 31, 1946 to the asscssee the Express Newspapers Ltd. and thereafter resolved to wind up its business volun- tarily. An amount of Rs. 2,14,000/- was assessed in the
relevant year of assessment as business profit of the trans- feror company taxable under s. 10(2) (vii) and Rs. 3,94,576/- taxable as capital gains. The business profit was held to be not taxable because it accrued in a
winding up sale and not in a trading venture. Liability of the second amount to tax as capital gains was not canvassed, but it was contended by the Express Newspapers Ltd. that as successor to the Free Press Ltd., it was not liable to be assessed under s: 26(2). In examining the scheme of
s. 128 it was observed:- "Under that section the tax shall be payable by the assessee under the head capital gains in respect of any profits or gains arising from the sale of a capital asset effected during the prescribed
period. It says further that such profits or gains shall be deemed to be income of the previous year in which the sale etc. took place. This deeming clause does not lift the capital .
gains from the (\th head in s. 6 and place it (1) [1964] 8 S.C.R. 189 8 S.C.R under the 4th head. It only introduces a limited fiction, namely, that· capital gains CJ.T. ac::rued wm ·be deemed to be income of the Ch-
ndv. h" h th ff d uga as – and, pr~'<v'1S )t:ar m w IC e sa e was a ecte . co. – The ii:';QP does not make thein·the' profit or gains of the business. It is well settled that a legal fiction is limited to the purpose for which
– it is created and should not be extended beyond its legitimate field. Sub-section (2A) and (2B) of s. 24 provide for the setting off of the loss falling under the head "capital gains" against
any capital gains falling under the same head. Such loss cannot be set off against an income falling under any different -head. These three sections ·indicate beyond any doubt_ that the
capital gains are separately computed — in accordance with the said provisions and they are not treated as the profits from the business. The profits and gains of business and capital
gains are two distinct concepts in the Income- tax Act: the former arises ·from the -activity which is called business and the latter accrues because capital assets are disposed of at a
value higher than what they cost to the assessee. They are placed under "different· heads; they are derived from different sources; and the income is computed under different methods. The fact that the capital gains are
connected with the capital assets of the busi- ness cannot make them the profit of the busi- ness. They are only deemed to be income or· the previous year and not the profit or gains
arising from the business during that year." Dealing with s. 26(2) it was observed:- " The expression "profits" in the proviso makes it· clear that the income, profits and gains in·
sub-s. -(2) of s. 26 only refer to the profits under the 4th head in – s. 6. On th'e other- – hand, if the. interpretation sought to be put upon the expression "income" in sub-s. (2) of'
Shah /. HU CJ.T. ..Chugandtis _ anti Co. Shah J. — SUPREME COURT- REPORTS –l1g64! s. 26 by tho Revenue is accepted, then the -absence of that word in the proviso destroys _the argument. But the more reasonable view
is that both the sub-section and the proviso deal only with the profits under the 4th head mentioned in s. 6 and, so construed, it excludes capital gains. The argument that sub-s. (2)
of s. 26 read with the proviso thereto indicates that the total income of the person succeeded – is the criterion for separate assessment under sub-s. (2) and for assessment and realisation
under the proviso is on the assumption that sub-s. (2) and the proviso deal with all the heads mentioned in s. 6 of the Act. But if, iu we have held, the scope of sub-s. (2) of s. 26
is only limited to the iricome from the busi- – ness, the share under sub-s. (2) and the assessment and realisation under the proviso can only relate to the income from the busi- ness.
The argument is really begging the question itself." It is obvious that the Court in that case held having regard to the special nature of "capital gains" which are not in truth income, but are deemed income for the purpose of
taxation and .. the phraseology used, that the liability of the successor under the proviso to s. 26(2) is only in respect of tax on income, profit$ and gains of the business strictly so-called, to be computed under s. 10 read with s. – 6(iv)
and not in respect of all receipts which may be regarded as income of the business. The schemes of s. 25(3) and s. 26(2) proviso are different. The first grants an exemption because there has been a
double ·levy of' tax, and an intention to exempt all income, profits and gains of business from taxation may be attributed to the Legislature. Section 26(2) fastens liability of the predecessor, if he cannot be found, upon the successor and must be strictly construed.
The Legislature has im- posed bys. 26(2) liability upon the successor to be asses- sed for profits earned in a business carried on by hi> _predecessor, and· unless there is a _ c1ear intention expressed 8 S.C.R.
in the ·statute to include in that expression what in reality 1964. is not 'income, but is deemed income, the liability to CJ.'l. assessment would justifiably be limited to· profits of. tlie Chu:•,J;,,
a1Ul business which is computable under s. 10. Co. The appeals therefore fail and are dismissed with costs. One hearing fee. Appeals di.rmissd. C. PERIASWAMI GOUNDAN AND ORS. . –v.
SUNDARESA IYER AND ORS. (K. SUBBA RAO AND S. M. Sllll, JJ.) /Mm rrant–Suit for_ ejectment-Defendant raised plea of LoJt Grant- When presumption of Lo1t Grant arise.1-Whether trant i.r melvaram. or both ,,_ .. urm.J–Right of Archaka.t-Whether ArchaktJ.f can cl&im remuneration. in a 1uit for ejectment.
The :appellants filed suits for the recovery of certain properties from tl!.e pos!e!sion of the respondents. The plaintiffs were the trwtees of the temples and the defendants were the archak!s and the alienees of tho suit properties. The!e suits were based on title and the relief a,,ked fee was the eviction of the arcbakas from the suit property z.s they. · · accordi.n: to the plaintiff:!!, (appellants) bad no title to rerriain in pcssession. Tho plaintiffs claimed that the suit properties ·were the iJLOperties of the deity !.nd that the defendants bad no, right therein. The archal!.S raised the plea that the title of the deity was confined enly to rr.elvaram in the plaint-!chedule landa and that they had title to the Kudivaram. Both the Trial Court and the High Court confirmed the title of the deity to both the intere!ts (VaramJ) and negatived the title of the defendant-Archakas.
The High Court also held. that the art:h.akas were entitled to have a portion of the said properties allotted to lliem toward.J their remuneration for the services to the temples and. &a.Te a decree directing the division of the said properties into two halYes and puttin.; the archakas in possession of one half. Against this decree of the High Court both the arch al: as and the trustees (appellants) preferred cross appeals to this Court.
Sluzh /. July, :n .