1 S.C.R. C…OMMISSIONER- OF INCOME.TAX,~· MADRAS JANABHA. l\1UHAMMAD HUSSAIN NACHIAR Al\1MAL (S; K: DAS,J. L. KAPUR, A. K. SARKAR, M. IfIDAYATULLAH and RAGIIUBAR DAYAL, JJ.) Income-tax-Escaped income-Failure to submit retunl.-
– Kotice to reasaess-Validity-Retro.,pective operation-Indian Income-tax and Business Profits Taz (Amendment) Act, 1948 (48 of 1948), s. 8-Indian Income-tax (Amendment) Act, 1953 (25of1953), s. 31-Indian Income-tax Act, 1~22 (11,,o/1922), •· 34, as amended.·
– .. – In th~ year of acrouut relevant to the aSl!essment year 1942- 43, the assessee received Rs. 9,180{-, but submitted no return -of her income. On July 25, 1949, the Income-tax Ofhcer, on
receipt of definite information that such income had escaped assessment, issued a notice -to her under s. 34 of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, as amended by the Indian Income-tax
and Business Profits Tax (Amendment) Act, 1948. Thereafter, she was assessed on the aforesaid income on October 24, 1949. She challenged the validity of the proceedings under s, 34 initia- ted on July 25, 1949, on the grounds, that the right to revive the assessment was governed by the provisions of s. 34, before it was amended in 1948, under which the period of limitation – prescribed was four years in the case of a failure to file a return and that this period having expired on March 31, 1947, and the Amending Act of 1948 having come into – force only
March 30, 1948, the eight years' period provided therein could not be invoked .. For the Income-tax Authorities, the validity of the notice was sought to be sustained by the additional ground that; in any case, s.' 31 of the Indian Income-tax
(Amendment) Act, 1953, validated the notice. ·' – Held (per 'Sarkar,. Hidayatullah and Reghubar Dayal,.U., Das and Kapur,.U., dissenting), thats. 34 of the Indian Incomc- tax and Business Profits Tax (Amendment) Act, 1948, was appli- cable to the proceedings in the present case and that the notice dated July 25, 1949, was valid.
. D1cnn1'tr, 12 • ~ofbt __ ,Mffllnl y, JtllldM MrJ..M H"'uia Hotitll .cm-I Per Das and Kapur, lJ.-The limitation of eight years prescribed by s. 34 as amended by the Amending Act of J 948 did not apply to the present assesscc which was a ~
of failure to submit the return, when the period of four ycan had expired bcfo1e March 30, 1948, when the amendment Ins. 34 was made by the Amending Act of 1948. Section 31 of the Amending
Act of 1953 did not enlarge the acopc of the amcnmd s. 34, and did not valldate the notice dated July 25, 1949. Per Sarkar, J.-By virtue of s. 31 of the Amending Act of 1953, a notice isrued and an order of assessment made in respect of a year ended before April I, 1948, where the procee- dings were conuncnccd after September 8, 1948, were to be held valid if the notice was issued in accordance with sub-a. (I) of a. 34 as it stood after 1948 amendment and the assessment was completed in pursuance of •uch notice within the time spcci6cd in rub-s. (3). The notice and aascssment in the present caac satisfied all th= conditions and, therefore, s. 34 as amended in 1948 was applicable. Such a noiice and an assc'9mcnt order valid under s. 34 as amended In 1948 would be valid even If the time prescribed in respect of them by a. 34 as it 1tood bcf.>re' the 1948 amendment had expired.
Per Hidayatullah and Raghubar Dayal, .U .-The action was taken after 1948 amendment by which income, profits and gains which had escaped assessment by reason of the omi· ssion or failure of the as9CSSCC to make a return of the income could be brought to tax after serving a notice within eight yean from the end of the relevant year. Hence the notice In 1949 was within eight years from 1942-43 and was validly isrucd. S. C. Pr(j/jhar, Income-tax Officer v. V"""ntaen D1DtJrlcadaa, (1964] Vol. I S.C.R. 29., relied on.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 509 of 1958. Appeal from the judgment and order dated February 22, 1956, of the Madras High Court in Case referred No. 66/52. K. N. Rajagopal Sastri and P. D. Menon, for
appellant. T. S. Venkataraman and M. K. Ramamurthi, for respondents. 1 S.C.R. 1962. December 12.-The following judgments were delivered. S. K. Das J., J. L. Kapur J., and A. K. Sarkar, J., delivered separate judgments. The
judgment of M. Hidayatullah aud Raghubar Dayal, JJ., was delivered by Hidayatullah, J. Cornm-issi"1rer of lnu17U-tat) Madras Janahha Muhammad Hussain Nachiar Ammal S. K. DAs, J.-The facts of this appeal have
Das, 1. been stated by my learned brother Kapur, J., and as I am in agreement with him, I need not re-state the facts. The relevant assessment year was 1942-194:l. The proceedings under s. 34 of the Indian Income-tax
Act, 1922, were initiated with the issue of a notice on July 25, 1949. Th,e assessee's contention was that the initiation of proceedings on July 25, 1949, was invalid as the department's
right to revive the assessment was governed by old s. 34 wh'ere the period of limitation prescribed was only four years in the case of a failure to file a return and this period having expired on March 31,1947, and
the Amending Act of 1948 (XLVIII of 1948) having come into force on March 30, 194S, the eight years' provided period therein could not be invoked. The High Court upheld this contention and said :
"In our opinion, the contention of the learned counsel for the assessee is well founded, that the new rule of limitation of eight years prescribed by the amended section 34 would not apply to the case of the assessee before us,
whose was an instance of a failure to submit a return, when the period of four years had ran out long before 30th March 1948 when the amended section 34 came into force as part of
the Income-tax Act with effect from that date, 30th March 1948. The learned counsel for the Department next referred to section 31 of Act XXV of 1953 C.-iui- qf 1–1o,Modru J..ulu.MrJo.,.,..d
llwm. Nacl#.1< A…i Da, J. in support of his contention, that )he notice issued on 25th July 1949 was valid. The learned counsel himself had to realise that section 31 of Act XXV of 1953 did not enlarge
the scope of the amended section 34; nor did it purport to amend it. The validity of the notice, dated 25th July 1949 will still have to be decided with reference to the provisions of
the amended section 34. Section 31 of Act XXV of I 953 docs not therefore affect the question at issue, whether the extended period of limitation of eight years would apply to the assessee
when the period· of limitation applicable to the assessee had expired before the amended section 34 came into force on 30th March 1948." For the reasons given by me in S. C. Prashar,
bwome.tax Officer v. Vasantsen Dwarkadas (1) (C. A. 705/1957) in which Judgment has been delivered to· day, I think that the High Court correctly answered the question referred to it.
I would therefore dismiss the appeal with costs. KAPUR, J. -This is an appeal against the judgment and order of the High Court of Madras. The appellant is the Commissioner of Income·tax and
the respondent is the asse3See and the year of assess. ment is 1942.43. The respondent is the wife of one Sheikh Abdul Khadar who was residing abroad in Bangkok from September 1940 to July 1947. During that period he
remitted moneys in the name of his agent for payment to the respondent. In the account year the aggre· gate amount so remitted was Rs. 9,180/·. The respondent submitted no return of her income as she
was bound to do and the amount became taxable (I) [1964) Vul.18,C.R. 29. 1 S.C.R. under s. 4 (2) of the Income-tax Act, hereinafter referred to as the "Act''. In 1949 the Income-tax
Officer on receipt of definite information that such income had escaped asse55ment issued a notice under s. 34 of the Act as amended by the Amending Act of 1948 and an appeal was taken to the Appellate
Assistant Commissioner but the assessment was con- firmed. A further appeal to the Income-tax Appel· late Tribunal Madras, was also unsuccessful. The reference was thereupon made to the High Court
and one of the questions referred was :- "Whether the proceedings under section 34 of the Indian Income-tax Act initiated on 25th July, 1949 to assess the amount of Rs. 9,180/- which escaped assessment during the year
1942-43 by failure to submit a voluntary return are valid in law"? It was held that the limitation of eight years prescribed bys. 34 as amended by the Amending Act of 1948 did not apply
to the case of the assessee which was a case of failure to submit the return and the period of four years' had expired before March 30, 1948, when the amendment in s. 34 was made by
Amending Act of 1948. It was also held that s. 31 of the Amending Act of 1953 was not applicable and the question was therefore answered in the negative. Against that judgment and order the Commissioner
of Income-tax has come in appeal to this Court. This case is governed by the decision in C. A. No. 7 J5/57 (S. 0. Prashar, Income-tax Officer v. Vasantsen Dwa.rkadas) (1) the judgment in which has
been delivered today. The appeal is therefore dis- missed with costs. The appellant was granted the certificate by the High Court expressly on the condi- tion that he would pay the costs of this appeal in any
event to which he had agreed. (I) (1964] Vol, I ~.C.R. 29. Commissiontr of Income-tax, Madras v. J an<blui Muluimmdd Hussain N acJiiar Ammal Kapur, J. .. -.–?-; ·,..—.-. -~ ' . ,….
, . ..!!!!__ SARKAR, J.-The respondent jn this appeal is – Commis,;,.,,. ef -the assessee. She is the wife _of ,one Sheikh Abdul Incom.-iax, Mulras _ Khader who lived in Siam. _ In the year 19!1-42, J cnalha M•hammad she received from her husband from Siam a sum of Hus•;t;:.,:;chiar : Rs. 9,180/-• .. It is not disputed that this amount – constituted,"income" in her hands withins. 4 (2) of
Sarkar, 1._ the Income-tax Act; 1922. , She. did not however submit any return in respect of it. On July 25, 19-19, – a notice· under s. 34 of the Act was issued to her asking .her .. to file
a -return. Thereafter she . was assessed on the aforesaid- income on -.October 24, 1949. She appealed from that order but was unsuccessful in having the assessment set aside. At her request, the 'Appellate Tribunal submitted the
·following question'to .the . High Court at 11adras for its decision : – : · · · · _ – – · · · ' '•.-Whether 'the procee~i~gs under section 34 o – the Indian lnc<inie-taX: Act· initiated on 25th
July 1949 ._to .assess the amount of Rs. 9,180/- J.·,<': __ -which escaped assessment during the year 1942- . 43 by failure to submit· a voluntary return are valid in law ?'" · jj-
··.i ''–' The Hlgh : Court answered the question in the negative; . · The revenue. authorities have, therefore, : come up, in appeal. . · SectiOn 3-1 contains· provisions _for_ assessment
. and re-assessment· in cases where income for. any year· has not in the relevant assessment year been fully assessed for the reasons mentioned in it. With . , these reasons. it is· not' necessary to trouble ourselves in this appeal. Sub:section (1) of s. 34 deals with
the period of time_ within which a notice calling for a return of the .escaped income may be served and _ sub-s. (3) deals with time within -which the assess- ' ment can be made. This section was amended by
the Income-tax and Business Profits Tax (Amend- ment) Act, 19-18. ' This Act was . passed on. 1 S.C.R. September 8, 1948 but the section which amended s. 34, of the Incqme-tax Act was brought into force
retrospectively from March 30, 1948. It is not in dispute that under s. 34, as it stood before the amendment, the time to issue the notice calling for a return and to make the assessment in this case had
expired on March 31, 1947, that is, on the expiry of four years after the year in which the escaped income was first assessable, namely, 1942-43. It is not in dispute either that under s. 34, as it stood after the
amendment in 1948, the notice could be served and an assessment made within eight years from the end of that year, that is, in this case, within March 31, 1951. The notice and the assessment order impugned
in this case have, therefore, to be held to be valid if s. 3 ! after its amendment in 1946 was applicable. It is the contention of the appellant that it was so applicable. The High Court held that the time
having already expired under the existing law, the amended section 34 could not be given retrospective operation to validate the notice and the order of assessment. Now, on May 24,
1953, was passed the Income-tax (Amendment) Act, 1953, (XXV of 1953) which was brought into force retrospectively from April l, 1952. This Act contained a section, namely, s. 31, which to my mind makes s. 34 as amended by
the 1948 amending Act, applicable to the proceedings in this case. I am unable to accept the High Court's view to the contrary and regret my inability to comprehend the reasons on which that view is based.
That section also amended sub-s. (3) of s. 34 so as to include in it provisions regarding the time of the issue of the notice but we will not be concerned with this amendment in this appeal. Now, s. 31 is in these
terms : Section 31. "For the removal of doubts it is hereby declared that the provisions of Com11.irsionn of Income-lax, Matlra1 v. J.,..bha Muhammad HwsaiG N ach~ .4.mmal Sarw, J.
CommissiOfltr of l"omt·tax1 Mtzihas JtJltdha Aluhamrnad HUJSJJiJJ }{achi# A mm al sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) of section 34 of the principal Act shall apply and shall be deemed always to have applied to any assess-
ment or re-assessment for any year ending before the 1st day of April, I !l48, in any case where proceedings in respect of such assessment or re.assessment were commenced under the
said sub-sections after the 8th day of September, 1948, and any notice issued in accordance with sub-section (I) or any assessment completed in pursuance of such notice within the time specified in sub-section(3),
whether before or after the commencement of the Indian Income-tax (Amendment) Act, 1953, shall, notwithstanding any judgment or order of any Court, Appellate Tribunal or Income- tax authority to the contrary, be deemed to
have been validly issued or completed, as the case may be, and no such notice, assessment or re-assessment shall be called in question on the ground merely that the provisions of section 34
did not apply or purport to apply in respect of an assessment or re-assessment for any year prior to the 1st day of April 1948." No question as to sub-s. (2) of s. 34 mentioned in
this seclion arises in this appeal and that sub-section may be left out of consideration. It seems to me quite plain that s. 31 of the 1953 Act applies sub-ss. (I) and (3) of s. 34 of the
Income-tax Act, l!J22 (hereafter called the principal Act), as it stood after the 194H amendment, to assess- ment proceedings in respect of years ending before April l, I 948 where the proceedings commenced
after September 8, 19+8 and makes the validity of the proceedings depend on that section as so amen- ded. Indeed, the contrary has not been contended at the bar. It has to be remembered that the amen-
ding Act of 1948 was passed on September 8, 1948 1 S.C.R. but it was given retrospective effect from March 30, I 948. It may be stated that the amending Act repealed the existing s. 34 of the principal Act and substituted
for it a new section. I think it is quite clear that the pre-existing s. 34 which was repealed by theJ948 amendment could not have applied to proceedings commenced after repeal. There was no question of
applying the pre-existing law to such proceedings. But where the proceedings related to a period when the per-existing law was in force, there might be some doubt as to which law was to apply.
Section 31 was enacted to remove that doubt and to make s. 34 of the principal Act as it stood after the l 948 amendment applica':>le to these proceedings. That is why the words "shall always be deemed to
have applied" are used; they emphasise that the amen· ded section is deemed always to have applied to proceeding• even in respect of a period when the amendment had not been made. The latter part of
s. 31 also makes this view equally clear. It says that no notice or order of assessment shall be called in question on the ground that s. 34 did not apply in respect of assessment for a
year prior to April 1, 1948. Section 34 here contemplated must be the section as amended in 1948, for if it was not so, then it would be the pre-existing section which of course would have applied, if not repealed, to an
assessment for a year ending prior to April l, 1948 and no question of its not so applying would have arisen. I thus arrive at the conclusion that under s. 31 of the 1953 Act, the provisions of sulrss. (1)
and (3)-I leave sub-s. (2) out a5 irrelevant-of s. 34 of the principal Act as amended in 1948 are to be applied and deemed always to have applied to assess- ment proceedings in respect of a year ended before
April l, 1948 where the proceedings were commenced after September 8, 1948, A notice issued and an order of assessment made in such proceedings are to IJ61 CommisJW.,, of ln&am1-ta, MWM
1.,.,,i,1ia M.Mmm.J Hus1ain N•dail bullllJ Sar"'6, J. CommissiOfttr of lf&COmt·tax, Madras v. J1·n~h"4 Mu!ramm,,d Hussafri Nathiar Arnmal S<tlcn, J. be held valid if the notice is issued "in accord~nce
with sub-section (l)" of s. 34 as it stood after the 1948 amendment and the assessment is "completed in pursuance of such notice within the tim(' specified in sub-section (3)" of the sames. 34. Now the notice
and assessment in the present case satisfy all these conditions. To them, therefore, s. 34 as amended in 1948 applies. Judged by that section, admittedly the notice and assessment order are unexceptionable.
1 t is true that in the present case when the notice was issued and the assessment made, the time to do either under the law as it stood before the 1948 amendment had expired. It may be that that law
would have applied to it if the 1953 Act had not been passed. It may also be, as was said in the Calcutta Discount Co. (') case, that by itself, the 1948 amendment of s. 34 would not have permitted
assessment proceedings in respect of 1942-43 to be commenced in 1949 when under the previous law the time to issue a notice and to make an assessment for that year had expired before the 1948 amendment
had come into force. All this however is to no pur· pose. No such question arises here. The legislature had undoubtedly the power to makes. 34 as amended in 1948 apply to an assessment for 1942-43 by giving
it a retrospective operation inspite of the time to issue a notice and to make an assessment fixed by the pre· existing law having expired before the amendment came into effect. The question really is one of inter-
pretation, namely, whether the legislature had given such retrospective operation. Now it seems to me that s. 31 of the 1953 Act clearly gives s. 34 of the principal Act as amended in
1948 such retrospective operation. It plainly makes s. 34 as so amended applica hie to assessment~ for years ended before the amendment came into force. It does not 'say thats. 34 as amended is to apply
:; to assessments for these years only when the time to (I) l.A.R. (1953) Col. ;2i. I S.C.R. issue the notice or make the assessment in respect of these years under the pre-existing law had not
expired. It applies the amended s. 34 "to any assess· ment ………………… for any year ending before the lst day of April, 1948 in an case where proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . were commenced ………………… after the 8th day of September 1948". Likewise
any notice and any assessment in respect of any year end- ing before April 1, 1948 is to be held valid, if valid under s. 34 as amended in 1948. I find no justifi- cation in view of the language used to interpret s. 31
as applying s. 34 as amended in 1948 only to cases where the time to issue the notice and make the assess- ment had not expired while the pre-existing law waa in force. The latter part of s. 31 seems to lead
independently to the same conclusion. It makes "any notice issued in accordance with sub-section (1) or any ~sessment completed in pursuance of such notice within the time specified in sub-section (3)"
valid. All that is ·necessary is that all notices and assessment orders in · respect of years ending before April 1, 1948 in proceedings commenced after April 8, 1948 shall comply with the provisions of
s. 34 as amended in 1948. So a notice and an assess- ment order valid under s. 34 as amended in 1948 would be valid even if the time prescribed in respect of them by s. 34 as it stood before the 1948 amend-
ment, had expired. In my view, for these reasons, s. 34 of the principal Act as amended in 1948 applies to the notice issued and the assessment order made in this case. Both of them are valid under s. 34 as so
amended. The High Court should have answered the question framed in the affirmative. In the result, I would allow the appeal and set aside the order of the High Court. The appellant
will however pay the respondent's costs of this appeal as it had agreed to do so as appears from the certi- ficate on which this appeal has been admitted. C.mmissioner of /tuomt–lffx, Maira.J
v. Janabha Muhammali Hussain Nachiar Ammal Sarkar, J. CommiuiONr of lneom1-1ax, Modrtir J..,nbh2 Muliammad H11sr .;., .,Varhiar .1Jtm111l Sa1kar, /, Dr(tmber, 12, [For the Judgment
of Hidayatullah and Raghubar Dayal, JJ., see S. 0. Prashar, Jnwme.tax Officer v. Vasantsen Dv.:arkadas, ante p. 29.] BY CouRT : In accordance with the opinion of the Omajority, the appeal is allowed. The appellant
will pay the costs of the respondent as was agreed to by the parties. ..4. ppeal allowed. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX SARDAR LAKHMIR SINGH (S. K. DAS, J. L. KAPUR, A. K. SARKAR, M. HIDAYATULLAJI an:! RAGHUBAR DAYAL, JJ.)
lncom<!·lax-Limitntion-A•aeumenl made after /OW' year.•-IJ barred-Provi.1ion aat-ing assessment in rup<<ll of aome persons-If di..criminatory-lndian lncom<!0 ta:r A<ll, 1922 (11 of 1922), 1. 31, 34(3)-lndi.an lncome-ta:r (A>nendment) Act, 1953 (25 of 1953), ••· 18, 31-Conatitution of India,
Art. 14. The asscssee and hi• father filed separate returns for the year 1946.47 and the father al'° filed a return as Karta of the Hindu undivided family in which the income was declared as nil on the ground that the Hindu undivided family had ceased 1,
to exist. On March 15, 19jl, the Income-tax Officer amal- gamated the incomes of the assessee and his father and assessed them on the total income as the income of a Hindu undivided family but he did not make any asscs1ment of the assessee as an
individual. On appeal by the father the Appel- late Assistant Commissioner, on March 20, l9j3, held that there v.'a'J no Hindu undivided family, set aside that assessment and directed a
rea~sessrnent of the assessee and his father as individuals. Thcreuoon the Income-tax Officer, by order dJted ~ >vember 27, 1953, assessed the assessee as an individual.