April 17. (1953] COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, WEST BENGAL v. H. HIRJEE. [PATAN.JALI SASTRI C.J., MUKHEHJEA, s. R. DAS and GHULAM HASAN JJ.] Indian Income-tax Act (XI of 1922), s. 10 (2) (xv)-Business expenditure-Expenses incurred IYy businessman in defending against criminal prosectltion for offence under Hoarding and Pro- fiteering Act-Finding of fact-When final.
The respondent who c""ried on business was prosecuted under s. 13 of the Hoarding and Profiteering Ordinance of 1943 on a charge of selling goods at an unreasonable price. He was finally
acquitted and claimed in his assessment for a subsequent year that the suni of Rs. 10,895 which he had spent in defending him- self against the charge should be deducted from his income under s. 10(2)(xv) of the Income-tax Act as "expenditure laid out or ex- pended wholly and exclusively for purposes of the business". The Appellate •rribunal held that in the absence of any evidence that personal liberty was likely to be jeopardised there was only a chance of his being fined, that the object of saving himself from fine was so inext~icably mixed with the main purpose of the defence which was solely for the purpose of maintaining the res- pondent's name as a good bu3inessman a.nd also to save his stock from being undersold, that it could be ignored, and that, there- fore, the claim was allowabb under s. 10(2)(xv).
On a reference the High Court held that tl:te finding of the Tribunal was one of fact and was binding on it. On further appe0,l: Held (i) that the finding of the Tribunal was not one of fact and was not decisive of the reference; (ii) the finding of the Tribunal was vitiated by its refusal to consider the possibility of the prosecution ending in a sentence of imprisonment ancl throwing on the Income-tax autho- rities the burden to prove that the prosecution might result in his imprisonment ; and the finding was not therefore binding on the Court; (iii) in any event, the expenses could not be said to be "expenditure laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the purposes of the business" withins. 10(2)(xv) of the Act.
Legal expenses incurred in civil litigation arising out of matters incidental to the carrying on of a business stand an a different :footing as in such a case no question could arise as to the primar.y or secondary purpose for which the expenses could be said to have been incurred.
The deductibility of such expenses under s. 10 (2) (xv) must depend on the nature and purpose of the legal proceeding and not S.C.R. on the final outcome of it and a distinction cannot therefore be drawn between expenses of a successful and unsuccessful defence for purposes of s. 10 (2) (xv).
Commissioner of J.B. Advani v. Commissioner of Income-tax ([1950] 18 I.T.R· 557) referred to. Commissioner of Income-tax v. Maharajadhirnj of Darbhanga ([1942] L. R. 69 I.A. 15) distinguished.
CIVIL APPELLH'E JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 75 of 1952. Appeal from the Judgment ·aud Order dated the 16th January, 1951, of the High Court of Judicature at Calcutta (Harries C.J. and Banerjee J.) in Income-
tax Reference No. 46 of 1950. C. K. Daphtary, Solicitor-General for India (G. N. Joshi, with him) for the appellant. N. C. Chatterjee (P. K. Sen Gupta, with him) for the respondent.
1953. April 17. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by PATANJALI SAsTRI C.J.-This is an appeal from a judgment of the High Court of Judicature at Cal- cutta answering a reference under section 66-A of the
Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 (hereinafter referred to as the Act) in favour of the respondent herein. The respondent carries on business as selling agents of the Bengal Potteries Ltd., and he was prosecuted
under section 13 of the Hoarding and Profiteering Ordinance, 1943, (Ordinance No. XXXV of 1943) on a charge of selling goods at prices higher than were reasonable in contravention of the provisions of sec-
tion 6 thereof .. It appears that before the prosecution was launched in August, 1944, respondent's business premises were searched and a part of his stock was seized and taken away. The respondent defended the
case, spending a sum of Rs. 10,895, and the prosecu- tion ended in an acquittal on February 16, 1945. In bis assessment to income-tax for the year 1945-46, the respondent claimed the deduction of the said sum
of Rs. 10,895 from the profits of his business under section 10(2) (xv) of the Act. The Income-tax Officer I1ico11ie-tax, Weat Bengal v. H. Hirjee. 8UPREME COUR'l' REPORTS (1953] w;s
disallowed the claim but the Appellate Assistant Com- e 1missioner allowed it, and his decision was confirmed · ommimonor o h II 'T 'b j C J Iicom..tax by t e ncome-tax ppe ate n una,
a cutta U:est Beng~l Bench. Thereupon, the Commissioner of Iucome-tax, v. West Bengal, applied to the Tribunal to state a case H. Hirjeo. for decision by the High Court under section 66-A of
the Act, and the Tribunal accordingly referred the Patanjali h f · d · · Bastri c. J. followmg question to~ at ourt or its ec1s10n :- Whether in the circumstances of this case the
Tribunal was rig ht in holding that the sum of Rs.10,895 spent in defending the criminal proceeding was an expenditure laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the purpose of business as contem-
plated by section 10(2) (xv) of the Indian Iucome-tax Act? In dismissing the appeal preferred by the Income- tax Officer, the Tribunal observed: "It may be stated straight off that it has not been
established by any material that the conviction in caseo like this may end in imprisonment. 'The ques- tion that personal liberty was likely to be jeopardised therefore will not be considered by us ……………… In any case, in the absence of any material in this parti-
cular ca~e that personal liberty was likely to be jeopardised, all that we can say is that there was a chance of conviction in which the respondent might have been fined. No doubt, the element of saving
himself from the fine, if any, might be there, but it is so inextricably mixed up with the main purpose for the defence that we are prepared to ignore that little element. In our opinion, the defence was solely for
the purpose of maintaining his name as a good busi- nessman and also to save his stock from being uuder- so ld if the Court held that the prices charged by the respondent were uureasoua b le."
In the order made on the reference Harries C. J. (with whom Banerjee J. concurred) remarked: "In every criminal prosecution where the matter is defended to protect the good name of a business or
a professional man, the fear of possible fine or 8.0.R. SUPREME COUR'l' REPORTS imprisonment must always be there. But the Tribunal I958 have pointed out that this was so inextricably mixed 0
. h th f h d f h b . 11'"' up wit e protection o t e goo· name o t e us1- Incom•-t•• ness that it can well be found that the money spent w.,t Beng~l in defence in the criminal prosecution was spent
v. solely and exclusively for the purpose of the business. H. HirJee. The finding is a finding of fact and is binding upon Patanjali us." 8 a.stri a. J. The learned Judges proceeded to refer to a ruling
of the Bombay High Court-J. B. Advani v. Commis- sioner of Income-tax(')-and held that the respondent satisfied both the tests laid down tqere as applicable in such cases: He was charged with regard to a trans-
action which took place in the ordinary course of business and he was charged in his capacity as a trader. "If these two tests were satisfied and the Court came to the conclusion that the primary object of in-
curring the expenditure was to protect the good name of business, then it could be said that the expenditure was wholly and exclusively for the purposes of the business". The learned Judges accordingly answered
the question referred to them in the affirmatiye. ·They, however, granted a certifica.te under sec- tion 66-A (2) of the Act that the· case is a fit one for appeal to this Court. We are unable to' agree that the finding of the
Tribunal, to which reference has been made, is bind- ing on the Court as a finding of fact and is decisive of the reference. The finding of the Tribunal is vitiated by its refusal to consider the possibility of the criminal proceeding terminating in the conviction and
imprisonment of the respondent. ·As has been stated, the respondent was prosecuted under section 13 which provides : '' Whoever contravenes the provisions of this Ordinance shall be punishable with imprison-
me.nt for a term which may extend to five years or with fine or with both." The respondent was charged with contravention of section 6, which by sub-sec-. tion (1) prohibits the sale by a dealer or producer of
a.n article for a consideration which is unreasonable (1)[1950) 18 I.T.R. 557. [1953j · and sub-section (2) defines "unreasonable considera- tion". The fram@rs of the Ordinance thus appear to
ao~m"'• 0;" •!have regarded the offence as one calling for a deter- ;.:~m;~n~:i rent punishment in view of its anti-social character, v. and it is idle to suggest that it is for the Income-tax
H. Hirjee. authorities to prove in such cases that the conviction might result in a sentence of imprisonment and that, :.::;tb~ ~. in the absence of such proof, there was, at the most,
only a chance of conviction and fine. We cannot appreciate the remark that "even this chance of con- viction and fine was so inextricably mixed up with the main purpose of the defence that it could be
ignored." A finding arrived at on this line of reason- ing is obviously vitiated by a serious misapprehen- sion regarding the risk involved in a prosecution under the Ordinance and it cannot be regarded as
binding on the Court in dealing with the reference. If, as the High Court realised, in every criminal pro- secution where the matter is defended to protect the good name of a business or a professional man, the
fear of possible fine or imprisonment must always be there, it must ordinarily be difficult for any Court to say, that the expenses incurred for the defence, even if they are not to be regarded as the "personal ex-
penses" of the person a.ccused, constituted "expend- iture laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the purposes of the business". Learned counsel for the respondent frankly admitted that he was not
able to find a single case in the books where the ex- penses incurred by a person exercising a trade or profession in def ending a, criminal prosecution, which arises out of his business or professional activities,
were allowed to be deducted in the assessment of his profits or gains for income-tax purposes. Reference was made in the course of argument to numerous cases where legal expenses incurred in civil
litigation, arising out of matters incidental to the carrying on of a business, were allowed as a deduction in the computation of its profits, e.g., Commissioner of Income-tax v. Maharajadhiraj of Darbhanga('), where
(1) (1942) L.R. 69 l.i\.. 15. l S.C.R. the Privy Council held that law charges incurred in defending an action brought against a money-lender -'– for damages for conspiracy, misrepresentation and Gommi,.ion.r 01 b
h f d ffi . f d focon••·taoo reac o con tract to a vance su c1ent un s to we.t B• '1 finance a company were allowable as business expend- v. nga iture. In that class of case, ·no question could arise
H. ffirj••· as to the primary or secondary purpose for which the legal expenses could be said to have been incurred as Pata,.jali h f SBstri a. J. m t e case o a cnmmal prosecution where the
defence cannot easily be dissociated from the purpose of saving the accused person from a possible con vic- tion and imposition of the prescribed penalty. Nor are we satisfied, as at present advised, that a distinc-
tion drawn in the Bombay case(') between the legal expenses of a successful and unsuccessful defence is sound. The deductibility of such expenses under section 10(2)(xv) must depend on the nature and pur-
pose of the legal proceeding in relation to the busi- ness whose profits are under computation, and cannot be affected by the final outcome of that proceeding. Income-tax assessments have to be made for every
year and cannot be held up until the final result of a legal proceeding, which may pass through several courts, is announced. For the reasons indicated we allow the appeal and answer the question referred in the negative.
The appellant will be entitled to his costs both here and in the Court below. Appeal allowed. Agent for the appellant: G. R. Rajadhyaksha. Agent for the respondent: S. C. Banerjee.
(I) (1950] •8 l.!.R. 5S7·