<XMP'l'ROU.Ell AND AUDITOR. GENERAL OF INDIA, GIAN PlWCASB, NEW IJELIII & ANR. v. K.S. JAGANRATHAN & ARL APRIL 1 , 1986 [R.S. PATHAK, A.P. SEN AND D.P. MADON, JJ.] …,:. Constitution of India :
Article 226 – Powers of Court – Writ of MandaDUs – Issuance of – To direct Government/public authority to c exercise its discretion in a particular manner. Articles 16( 4), 46 and
335 – Qualifying examinations for promotion – Relaxation of standards in the case of Scheduled Caste/Tribe candidates – Validity/permissibility of ~ Whether to be consistent with efficiency of service.
The Comptroller and Auditor General's Manual of Standing Orders (Adudnistrative), Volume I, Chapter V, paras 195, 197, 198, 199 & 207 – Subordinate Accounts Service Examinations (Ordinary) – Relaxation of standard for Scheduled Caste/Tribe candidates – Whether violates Ministry of Home Affairs Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977 -Relaxation- Determination ·~· of in advance –
Notification before the examination – Necessity of. Statutory interpretation Welfare Legislation Necessity for being construed in the light of constitutional provisions guaranteeing protection.
Practice and Procedure – Passing of orders and giving directions to compel performance in a proper and lawful manner of discretion conferred upon Government/public authority – -4-<' Co~etency of High Court.
Civil Services – Members of Scheduled Castes/Tribes – Relaxation of standards in qualifying examinations for prOtootion – Determination in advance – Notification before examination – Necessity for.
c Office Memorandum No. 36021/10/76-Estt. (SCT) dated· January 21, 1977 issued by the Department of Personnel and • Administrative Reforms to all Ministeries and Departments, required that if a sufficient number of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled
Tribe candidates were not available in the qualifying examinations on the basis of the general standard, to fill all the vacancies reserved for them in the promotional posts suitable relaxation in the qualifying standard be made }. in their case, bearing in mind ( 1) the number of vacancies reserved, (2) the performance of the Scheduled Caste and
Scheduled Tribe candidates as well as the general candidates in that examination, (3) the miniDI.liD standard of fitness for. – appointment to the post, and also (4) the overall strength o[._ the cadre and that of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes in that cadre, the extent of relaxation to be deter- A mined on each occasion having regard to the relevant factors. The respondents, who belong to the Scheduled Castes, were working as Selection Grade Auditors in the Department of Indian Audit and Accounts, appeared for Part II Subordinate Accounts Service (S.A.S.) Examdnation (Ordinary) in December, 1980 for the next promtional post of Section Officer. The
total aggregate of all the papers was 500 marks. Candidates ~ were required to obtain the minimum of 40 per cent .marks in the individual subject and 45 per cent in the aggregate.
The first respondent secured 213 marks (42.6%) and the second 204 marks (40.8%), but failed to reach the aggregate requirement of 225 marks. The Department gave a general relaxation of 5 '"f
grace marks in the aggregate, inclusive of 5 marks in one or mre subjects, to all the candidates. As against that the llf Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe candidates were given 8~ grace marks in the aggregate inclusive of 5 grace marks in onl~ or more subjects, which could be of
no avail to the respondents. The respondents filed a petition under Art. 226 for a direction to the appellants to make suitable relaxation in the qualifying standard of marks for Part II of the S.A. S.
t Examination held in December 1980 in terms of the aforesaid 'r Office Meoorandum and to declare them as having passed the said exam! nat ion. COMPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v. JAGANNATHAN
That writ petition was dismissed but the writ appeal was allowed by a Division Bench holding that the authorities concerned had not applied their mind to the actual state of affairs that existed, in fixing the relaxation which negatived the benefit that lawfully would have gone to the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe candidates, and directed the
appellants to grant suitable relaxation to the respondents as envisaged in the Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977 and to consider whether they had qualified in Part II of the said examination.
In this appeal by special leave it was contended for the appellants that a Division Bench of a High Court could not issue a writ of JMDd.81WJS to direct a public authority to exercise its discretion in a particular manner, that fixing a relaxed or lower standard in advance for a qualifying exami- nation was not permissible in law, that the authorities could not give relaxation to Schedu],.ed Caste and Scheduled Tribe candidates in such manner as to impair the efficiency of the service, and that the relaxation could be made provided the candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were found fit for promotion.
Dismissing the appeal, the Court, HELD : 1. The High Courts exercising jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution have the power to issue a writ of IMDCiaa•s or a writ in the nature of wnd8J118 or to pass orders and give necessary directions where the government or a public authority has failed to exercise or has wrongly
exercised the discretion conferred upon it by a statute or a rule or a policy decision of the government or has exercised such discretion mala fide or on irrelevant considerations or by ignoring the relevant considerations and materials or in such a manner as to frustrate the object of conferring
discretion or the policy for implementing which such discretion has been conferred. In all such cases and any other fit and proper case the High Court can compel the performance in a proper and lawful manner of the discretion so conferred and in a proper case in order to prevent injustice resulting to the concerned parties, the Court may itself pass an order or give directions, which the government or the public
c c : F i · authority should· have passed or given had it properly lawfully exercised its discretion. [39 A-D] In the instant case, what the Division Bench did was to issue directions to appellants in the exercise of . its
jurisdiction under·Art. 226 of the Constitution. [36H; 37A] ·- INarkanatb, Hindu Undivided Family v. Ic.c:ome Tax Officer,- Special Circle, Kanpu.r & !Dr., [1965] 3 s.c.R. 536, 540; BochtiefnGanw>n-v. State of Orissa & Ors., [1976] 1
S.C.R •. 667~ 676; Mayor of Rochester v. Regina, [1858] E.B. &. E. 1024, 1032, 1034; The King v. The Revising Barrister for the Borougb of Hanley, (1912) 3 K.B. 518, 528-9, 531; Padfield and Ors. v. Minister of Agrlmlture, Fisheries and Food & 't Ors., [1968] A.C. 997 and Balsbnry's Law's of England, 4th Edition.(Vol. I, Para·89) referred to.
2. 1By reason of the provisions of Art. 16(4) of the Constitution a treatment· to the members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes . different from that given to others in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State does:not violate the fundamental right to equality of opportunity for all citizens in such matters guaranteed by Art. 16(1). The reservation in favour of back- ward classes of ·citizens, including the members of the
Scheduled' Castes and Scheduled Tribes, as contemplated by Art. 16(4), ·ean be made not merely in respect of initial recruit- ment but- also in respect of posts to which promotions are_ to be made. [40 C-E]
State of Punjab v. Hiralal & Ors., [1971] 3 S.C.R. 267; ., and 'A!thi 1 Eharatiya Soshit Xaramcllari Sangh (Railway) v. Union >( of India & Ors., [1981] 1 s.c.c. 246 referred to.'·
3.1 The Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977 is not intended only for the Department · of the . Comptroller and Audito~neral of India. ·It also applies to all Ministries and Departments. The. discretion conferred by it is to be
exercised in the discharge of constitutional duty imposed by …_Art.· 335 in keeping with the Directive Principles laid down in Art. 1 46, for its object is to provide an adequate opportunity –r-; of/ promtion . to the members of the Scheduled Castes and t:. Scheduled Tribes. [55 D; 39 E; G; 40 B]
State of Kerala & Anr. v. N.K. Thomas & Ors., [1976] 1 – S.C.R. 906 referred to. COMPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v. JAGANNATHAN 3. 2 The Office Memrandum neither provides a general relaxation for all examinations nor is the relaxation to be made under it unguided or not based on any principle. On the contrary, it expressly provides that the extent of relaxation should be decided on each occasion whenever such examination is held by taking into account all relevant fa.ctors, including those spec~fically set out therein. [45 D-E]
t 3.3 It postulates two qualifying standards, one a general qualifying standard for all candidates appearing in· the departmental co.mpetitive examinations for proootion and in departmental confirmation examinations,
and the other a relaxed or lower qualifying standard for the candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled. Tribes in ~respect of each examination, so that if a _sufficient number of candidates belonging to these Castes and Tribes do not
qualify according to· the general standard • they can be considered for promotion in the light of the relaxed or lower qualifying standard' where there are a number of vacancies in the posts falling in the reserved quota and not enough
candidates belonging to these Caates and Tribes to fill such vacanices according to the general qualifying standard. When these two qualifying ~tandards. are fixed 'the dlf.ference
between the general qualifying standard and the relaxed or ~ lower qualifying-standard will form the zone of consideration when the result of each examination is ascertained according to the general qualifying standard. The relaxed or lower
qualifying standard is the minicum upto which the discretion under the said office memorandum could be exercised. The fixation of the relaxed or lower qualifying.standard, however, could not be construed to mean that all those who qualify
~ according to that standard are to l:)e promted. How many are to be promted mst depend upon the number of vacancies which remain unfilled on the basis of the ·general qualifying standard. [41 D-E; 42 B-D; G; ~3 D-El/
4. The candidates who appear for departmental competitive .exam?nations· for promotion and departmental confirmation ev.Jninations know in advance the general qualifying standjrd because such standard is prescribed. It is but in consonance with reason and logic that the relaxed or lower qualifying standard should also be fixed in advance and cade known so that the candidates belonging to the ·Scheduled c
c Chast~-~~ Sichedul~whd Tribes willh k~ before they a?peiar ffor t e ~A4l.il.l.nat on to _ at extent t ey can. expect re axa.t on or themselves on the basis of the. criteria set out in the office oemorandum. [42 H; 43 A, 44 C, ~3 B; 44 C)
5. It is not open to the appellants in the instant case . to assail the eligibility of the respondents for promotion in view . of .. the requisite certificate under para 207 of the Comptroller and· Auditor General's Manual of Standing Orders (Administrative), Volume I, Chapter V, having been given to them by the concerned Accountant General/Head of Office With due responsibility and not as a matter of form, that they were regular in attendance, energetic, of good moral character and business like habits and not likely to be disqualified for appointment to the Subordinate Accounts Service as not
possessing the aptitude for the work of a holder of a post in that service' and that they had a reasonable prospect of passing the examdnation. Unless some event had occurred between the date of the giving of the certificate and final declaration of results, which could disqualify a candidate from discharging the duties of a post in the S.A.S., he is to be considered fit for promotion subject only to the condition that he. passes the examination.· [SSF, 33G-H; 34A, SSB-c] 6.1 Public good and public interest both_ require that
the administration of the Government and the functioning of its Services should be carried out properly arid efficiently. Article 335 of the Constitution, which provides for the claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to be ta~en into consideration in the making of appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State, itself requires that this should be done
consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration. [54 E-F] 6.2 The question- of impairment of efficiency of the Subordinate Accounts Service in the instant case, however, –does not arise~ The respondents were selec-\ted as candidates for the said examination by the Accountant\ General/Head of . . Office under para 199 of the Manual, the ess~ntial condition. of such selection being that the candidates so\selected would, if qualified by examination, be likely to be efficient in all the duties of the S.A.S. It is, therefore, n~t open to the appellants to take a contrary stand. [54 F; SS'A; F-Gl
COMPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v. JAG~~ATHAN 7. The entire procedure followed in the case of S.A.S. Examination ·held in December 1980 by the Department of Comptroller and Auditor-General of India in respect of the Schedu~ed Caste and Scheduled Tribe·candidates was completely contrary to what was required to be done , under the office memrandum dated January 21,
1977. No relaxed or lower standard for the. candidates belonging to these Castes and 'ry/Tribes was fixed in advance of the examination. The relaxation by way of grace marks given after the results were ascertained on the basis of the gene~al qualifying.btandard was without proper application of mind and without taking the relevant factors into consideration. In the proposals submitte_d for moderation of results and award of grace marks no attempt.had been made to focus the attention of the Comptroller and
~Auditor-General on the actual state of affairs that existed, J the total number of vacancies reserved and the overall strength of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in that cadre. It was, therefore, violative of Art. 335 of .the
Constitution and accordingly bad in law. [55 G – 56 B] 8. Where two alternative interpretations of a statute are· possible and the department . prefers one of them, its action cannot be said to be unreasonable •. However, what has happened in the instant case is that while two Departments of c
the Government have taken one view the Department of the ·-,.. Cot1ptroller and Auditor-General has ·taken a contrary view, which is neither warranted nor tenable. The interpretation to be placed upon the said Office Memorandum must be in keeping· with Arts. 16(4), 46 and 335 of the Constitution. [48 C-D] V.V.
Iyer v. ..Jasjlt Singh; ·· .AIR S.C. p ·~distinguished. In order to do complete justice to all concerned, as required by Art. 142 of the Constitution, it was directed that there shall be a relaxation of 25 marks in all for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for Part Ii of the Subordinate Accounts Service Examinations
~(Ordinary) held in December 1980 and subsequent thereto by the · ' Office of Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. The respondents and all other candidates similarly situated, who would pass the said examinations as a result of the aforesaid relaxation, shall be declared to have passed such examinations I I !
and to have been promoted to the Subordinate Accounts Service t- of the said Department in the vacancies reserved for the members of the Scheduled Castes- and Scheduled Tribes with effect from the date when the final declaration of the results of each such examination was made.' They will not, however, rank in seniority above those who have already passed and have been promoted, but will be placed in the seniority list after all those : who have passed in · Part II of the S.A.S. '(· Examinations
(Ordinary) held so · far, ranking inter !!:_ according to the rules relating to oeniority. Relaxed or l~er standard for future examinations·shall be fixed in advance and notified to the candidates. [57 A; C-H; 58 A-B)
c CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2952 of 1984. From the _Judgment and- Order qated 12.1.1984 of the Madras High Court in W.A. No. 409 of 1982. M.S. Gujral, R.N. Poddar,—Dalveer Bhandari and P.P.
Singh for the Appellants. Respondent-in-person, V .A. Bobde. · (Amicus .Curiae) for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by MADON, J. : This Appeal filed by Special Leave granted
by this· Court. under Article 136 of the Constitution is directed against the judgment of a Division Bench of the Madras High Court in Writ Appeal No. 409 of 1982 and raises a que3tion of importance to the members of the Scheduled Castes ~ and the Scheduled Tribes working in the Department of Indian Audit ·and Accounts who seek proi:ootion to the Subordinate Accounts Service.
The Respondents belong to the Scheduled Castes and are . working as Selection Grade Auditors · in the Department of – · ·-Indian Audit and Accounts at Madras. The next promotio~l post ~ . for them is that of Section Officer in the same Department and in order to obtain such promotion. Selection Grade Auditors are required to pass
the Subordinate Accounts Service COMPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v. JAGANNATHAN [MADON, J. ] —.{ Examination (hereinafter referred to as "the SAS Examina- tion"). The SAS Examination consists of two parts, namely, Part I and Pa'rt II. Both the Respondents have passed the Part I Examination held in December 1979. They appeared for the Part II Examination in December 1980. Both of them secured the minimum number of marks in each individual subject which was 40 per cent and in some papers more than the mdnimum number of -:- ·,. ~ marks but failed to secure the aggregate minimum which was 45 ·r
percent. The First Respondent secured 42.4 per cent and the j) Second Respondent 40.8 per cent. The Respondents thereupon filed a peti.tion under Article (_ 226 of the Constitution, being Writ Petition No. 10706 of 1981, in the Madras High Court praying for a writ of mandants } directing the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India and the Accountant General-I, Madras – the Appellants before us – to make in accordance with the instructions contained in the
Office Memorandum No. 36021/10/76-Estt.(SCT) dated January 21, 1977, issued by the Department of Personnel & Administrative Reforms to all Ministries etc. suitable relaxation for the ~ Respondents in the qualifying standard of marks for Part II of the SAS Examination held in December 1980 and to declare them -~ as having passed the said examination. The said writ petition was dismissed with no order as to costs by a learned Single Judge of the High Court. The Respondents thereupon filed the ~ aforesaid Writ Appeal No. 409 of 1982 which was allowed by a Division Bench of the High Court directing the Appellants to ·~ give suitable relaxation to the Respondents within two months · from the date of its judgment and to consider whether the Respondents had qualified themselves in Part II of
th~J SAS ·) Examination held in December 1980 and further. directing the \Appellants, while granting such relaxation, to bear in mind the observations made by it in its judgment as also the
criteria envisaged in the said Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977, The Division Bench made no order with respect to the costs of the Appeal. 4 . The Respondents were represented by advocates at the
\' hearing of ·the writ petition but the~ appeared before the Division Bench in person. They are also not represented at the hearing of this Appeal but with a view to ensut'e that no
injustice may result to the Respondents by reason of their not having legal assistance, we requested Mr. V.A. Bobde, c c [19861 2 s.c.a. Advocate, to appear as amicus curiae, and the Court is greatly-~- beholden to Mr. Bobde for the assistance which he has rendered to the Court and the labour and industry which he has put in order to enable him to do so.
Before examining the judgment under appeal and the correctness of the submissions advanced at the Bar, it is necessary to refer to certain provisions of the Constitution, ? the relevant Office Memoranda and the Standing Orders bearing upon the subject.
The Constitution of India has made certain provisions with a view to undo the wrong and to right the injustice done~, to the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled · Tribes for centuries. Article 335 of the Constitution provides~ that the claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled
Tribes should be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administra- tion, in the making of appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.
Article 46, which occurs in Part IV containing the Directive Principles of State Policy, provides that the State shall promote with special care the educational and economic ~ interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in
particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. Article 16 which embodies the Fundamental Right of all citizens to equality of opportunity in matters relating to employment or appointment to any off ice under · the State, ~ makes an-exception in clause (4). Clause (4) is as follows : "(4) Nothing in this article shall prevent the/~
State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the
services under the State." The said Office Memorandum dated January 21, referred to above, provides as follows : 1977, ·..,- "Subject :- Relaxation of standards in the case of Scheduled Caste/Tribe candidates in qualifying
__ j COMPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v. JAGANNATHAN [MADON, J.] examinations for promotion to the higher grade on the basis of seniority subject to fitness. The undersigned is directed to refer to this Department's
Office Memorandum No. 8/12/69-Estt.(SCT), dated 23rd December, 1970 in which it has been provided that in promotions made through departmental competitive examinations and in -~ departmental confirmation examinations, if sufficient number of
Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe candidates are not available on the basis of the general standard -to fill the …-:. vacancies reserved for them, candidates belonging to these _ ~
coDIIllnities who have not acquired the general qualifying -~standard should also be considered for promotion/confirmation provided they are not found unfit for such ~promotion/confirmation. A question has been raised whether relaxation in qualifying standards should
be granted to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes candidates, on the same basis, in promtions on the basis of seniority subject to fitness, where fitness is decided on the basis of qualifying examination. The matter has been carefully considered and it has now been decided that in proootions made on the basis
of seniority subject to fitness in which there is reservation -~ for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in accordance with this Department's Office Memorandum No. 27/2/71-Estt. (SCT), dated the 27th November, 1972, and where a qualifying examina- tion is held to determine the fitness of candidates for such ~ promotion, suitable relaxation in the qualifying standard in such examinations should be made in the case of Scheduled
{- Caste/Scheduled Tribe candidates. The extent of relaxation ~ should, however, be decided on each occasion whenever such an -.examination is held taking into account all relevant factors .,including (i) the number of vacancies reserved, (ii)
the performance of Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe candidates as well as general candidates in that examination, (iii) the minimum standard of fitness for appointment to the post, and also (iv) the overall strength of the cadre and that of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in that cadre."
The Office Memorandum dated December 23, 1970, referred to in the said Office Memrandum dated January 21, 1977, provides as follows : c c "Subject :- Relaxation of standards in favour o~
Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes candidates in departmental competitive examinations for promotion ~ and in departmental confirmation examinations. Attention of the Ministry of Finance etc. is invited to
Ministry of Home Affairs O.M.No. 1/1/70-Est. (SCT) dated the 25th July, 1970, in which it has been provided that in the>- case of direct recruitment, whether by examdnation or othe~ise, if sufficient number of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes candidates are not available on the basis of the …._ general standard to fill all the vacancies reserved for them, candidates belonging to these communities
may be selected t~ fill up the remaining vacancies reserved for them provided · they are not found unfit for appointment to such post or ….. posts. A question has been raised whether relaxations in the qualifying
standards could be granted to Scheduled Castes!Sched1Jled Tribes candidates on the same basis in promotion made through departmental competitive examinations and in departmental confirmation examinations where such
examinations are prescribed to determine the suitability of • candidates for confirmation. The matter has been carefully considered and it has been decided that in· promotions/~ – confirmations
made through such examinations, Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes candidates who have not acquired the ., general qualifying standard in such examinations could also be considered for promotions/confirmations provided they are not found unfit for such promotions/confirmations. In other words. the qualifying standards in these examinations could be relax-+ ed in favour of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes candidates in keeping with the above criterion."
The Office Memorandum dated November 27. 1972, referred to in the said Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1~77, inter alia provides as follows : "Subject :- Reservations for Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes in posts filled by promotion – Pro100tions on the basis of seniority subject to'; fitness. The undersigned i.e directed to refer to para 2-c of the Ministry of Home Affairs O.M. No. 1/12/67-Ests.(C) dated the C<JtPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v. JAGANNATHAN [MADON, J. J -~ '11th July 1%8 aecording to which there is no reservation for ~ Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in appointments made by promotion on the basis of seniority subject to fitness,
although cases involving supersession of Scheduled Castes and Sch&duled Tribes officers in Class I and Class II appointments are required to be submitted for prior approval to the
Minister or Deputy Minister concerned and cases of superses- Jsion in Class III and Class IV appointments have to be report- ed within a month to the Minister or Deputy Minister concerned for information.
"'"' 2. The policy in regard to reservations for Scheduled 4bastes and Scheduled Tribes officers in posts filled by promotion on the basis of seniority subject to fitness has now ~en revi~ed and it has been decided, in supersession of the orders contained in the aforesaid para 2-c of the O.M. dated lttb July, 1968, that there will be- reservation at 15% ior Seheduled Castes ·and 7-1/2% f-or Scheduled Tribes in promtions .ade on the
~asis of seniority subject to fitness, in appointments to all Class I, Class II, Class III and Class IV • posts in grades or services in which the element of direct recruitment, if any, does not exceed 50 per cent."
In this connection it will 8e useful also to refer to Ministry of Home Affairs Office Mea>randum No.lf../17 /67-Estt. ~ (C) dated Pebruary 8, 1968. The said Office Memorandum deals with reservations for the members of the Scheduled Castes and !he Scheduled Tribes in services and with the minimum
~tandards in exaadnations for recruitment. The relevant para- ~ graph of the said Office Memrandum is as follows : 'l. "4. In the ca8e of direct recruitment through a qualifyi~ examination a
minimum standard is generally fixed and candidates attain!~ that standard ·are placed on the select list for appointment against vacancies occurring from time to time. In such cases, therefore, a lower minimum
qualifying standard should be fixed for candidates ~longi~ to-Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, taking into ac-count the minillllm standard necessary for maintenance of efficiency of administration. If
c c t- the minillllm qualifying standard for general' candidates is reviewed at a later date, the lower minimum qualifying standard applicable to Scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes should be revierwed."
Under Article 148 (S) of the Constitution, subject to the provisions of the Constitution and of any law made by . Parliament, the conditions of service of persons serving in;. the
Indian Audit and Accounts Department and the administrative powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General are to be such as may be prescribed by rules made by the President after consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor- General. The Comptroller and Auditor-General's Manual of,, Standing Orders (Administrative),
Volume I, contains the provisions applying to the organization and control of th~ Indian Audit and Accounts Department, the Indian Audit and Accounts Service, the ~ubordinate Accounts Service, clerical staff of the. Department, Divisional Accountants and other cognate matters. Chapter. VII of the said ·.Manual deals with Divisional Accountants.
Under paragraph 314, Divisional Accountants constitute a separate cadre. Paragraph 318 makes • it a specific condition of the appointment of a Divisional Accountant that he is liable for service anywhere within the ~ jurisdiction of the Accountant General concerned including his own office. Under paragraph 335, the cadre of Divisional
Accountants in each office has a selection grade with effect ~ from January 1, 1961. Divisional Accountants promoted to the selection grade are normally to be entrusted with charges~ which are heavier, more important and responsible than those· entrusted to other Divisional Accountants. The Respondents belong to this grade. Under paragraph 336 members of the Divi~~– sional Accountants' cadre are eligible for promotion to the __ Subordinate Accounts Service (hereinafter referred to as "the SAS.") subject to the conditions governing appointments in that service 'set out in Chapter V of the said Manual and necessary faciiities are to be afforded to them by utilizing the provi- sions of paragraph 318 and posting from time to time a select- ed number of Divisional Accountants to work in the Audit • …,…..
Office. Chapter V of. the said Manual deals with the SAS. Paragraph 176 provides that the SAS is a Central Subordinate Service under the rule-making control of the President acting -~ in consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor-General constituted for the subordinate supervision of the working of the Indian Audit and Accounts Departaent. It is divided into several branches. Under paragraph 178, appointamts to the SAS are to be lllde by the Accountants General, etc., partly by confirmation of eligible apprentices and SAS Accountants on probation but llflinly by promotion of the eligible clerks in ~ the offices and the Divisional Accountants under their control \ subj act always to the condition taat .the elielble ,ersons are aleo qualified in the opinion of the appointing authority by ~ ability, character and experience to discharge adequately and efficiently the duties required of the incumbent of a post in t the SAS. Under paragraph 180, no person who has not passed the departmental examdnation prescribed in Section II of Chapter V )._ is to be eligible for appointment to the SAS. Paragraph 184 , deals with seniority in the SAS cadre. Under it, subject to the conditions prescribed in paragraphs 178 and 180, a clerk or a Divisional Accountant who passes the SAS Examination in an earlier examination will have precedence in appointment to the SAS over a person·who passes in a later examination.
As amongst persons who pass in the same examination, the one senior in the clerical cadre will have a prior claim for such ~t appointment. Further, when the date of completely passing the SAS Examination is the same, the seniority is to be determined according to the year of recruitment. Paragraph 187 provides that appointment to the SAS is departmental promotion for
~ purposes of the orders governing reservation of vacancies in favour of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the l Scheduled Tribes, but in so far as appointment is also made from
eligible SAS Apprentices and SAS Accountants on -L_probation, the appointing authority is to pay due regard to 111 the proper and adequate representation of these communities in the SAS. Under paragraph 210, no candidate is to be allowed to take the SAS Examination of any branch other than that of the branch which is appropriate to the establishment in which he is seNing. The said paragraph further sets out tlte exaaina- tions which are regarded as appropriate to the meabers of the establishment working in different branches. The appropriate ….. ( examination for those working in Civil and Audit Accounts Offices is SAS (Ordinary) Examination.
As the Respondents were working as Auditors in the office of the Accountant-General, Madras, the appropriate examination for them was the SAS Examination (Ordinary). c c [19861 2 s.c.R.
Paragraph 195 provides that the departmental examination ~- qualifying for appointment to the SAS is divided into two parts and an examination in both the parts will be normally held once a year for all Audit and Accounts Offices in all branches on notified dates. The relevant provisions of
paragraphs 197 and 198 are as follows : "197. Subject to the various instructions issued by the Comptroller and Auditor General from time to time, and also subject to his final approval, the
Accountants General/Heads of Offices may permit the candidates in their offices to appear in the appropriate branch of the S.A.S. Examination_,._ provided they are otherwise eligible to take the
Examination. The names and other particulars of ""' the candidates perm.i tted to take the Examination should be sent to the Comptroller and Auditor General by the 15th August each year in Form No.
which should not be larger than double foolscap size. Th.a Accountants General and other Heads of the Offices should see that the particulars noted therein are correct especially in regard to the
number of chances a candidate has already availed ;.. of, the age and the exe~tion marks obtained by the candidates. To ensure correctness , the Heads of Offices should get the particulars in the statement
checked by an Accountant and an Officer other than those who are responsible for its preparation ••••• " + "198. The selection of candidates for the S.A.S. Examination :!.s primarily the responsibility of the '1.– Head of the Off ice who may be aided by an Advisory ,. ,
Commdttee in the discharge of this responsibility. The composition and strength of the Committee will be determined by the Head of the Office and the Co~ttee itself will be an advisory body only, the
final selection resting with the Head of Office himself. The preliminary selection should be made t as early as possible after the results of the last S.A.S. Examination are circulated so that intending
candidates may start their preparation with the practical certainty that they will be permitted to take up the Examination •••• " COMPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v. JAGANNA.THAN [MADON, J. ] -~Paragraph 199 provides as follows:
"199. The essential condition which shall govern the selection by the Accountant General or other Heads of Offices is that the c.andidate selected shall, if qualified by examination, be likely to be
efficient in all the duties of the Subordinate Accounts Service." Paragraph 207 provides as follows: "207. Candidates satisfying the <~ondttions set out in paragraphs 199 to 201 are eligible, but have no
claim to appear for the examination. The Heads of Offices should certify at the foot of the statement required in paragraph 197 with due res}i)onsibility and not as a matter of form, that the candidates
recoDJDended are regular in attendance, energetic, of good moral character and business-like habits, are not likely to be disqualified for appointment to the Subordinate Accounts Service as
not possessing the aptitude for the work of a holder of a post in the Subordinate Accounts Service and that they have a reasonable prospect of passing the examination." Under paragraph 201, a candidate who has not passed Part I of the SAS Examination, is not to be allowed to take Part II of i· the SAS Examination. The Respondents were permitted to appear for Part I of the SAS Examination and had passed in that part • . ,_'-' They were also permitted to appear for Part II of the SAS · ',Examination.
Taking this fact into account in conjunction with the provisions of paragraphs 197,198,199 and 207, it is clear that the Respondents were in the! opinion of the concerned Accountant General or Head of Office qualified by ability, character and experience to discharge adequately and efficiently the duties required of the incumbent of a post in th~ SAS as required by paragraph 178 and that if qualified by ~ examination, they were likely to be efficient in all the duties of the SAS as prescribed by paragraph 199.
Obviously, they _had been given a certificate under paragraph 207, given with due responsibility and not as a matter of form, by the Head of Office certifying that the Respondents were regular in c
c attendance, energetic, of good moral character and ~ — business-like habits and not likely to be disqualified for appointment to the SAS as not possessing the aptitude for the work of a holder of a post in the SAS and had a reasonable prospect of passing the SAS Exaudnation.
Under paragraph 234., the number of marks required to secure a pass in each branch is 40 per cent in each subject and 45 per cent in the aggregate. Sub-paragraphs (a)(i),(ii),(iv) and (vi) of paragraph
provide as follows : "282. (a)(i) There will be reservation at 12-1/2%'-"– and 5% of the vacancies for Scheduled Castes and A Scheduled Tribes respectively in promtions made (i) by selection (ii) on the results of competitive
examination limited to departmental candidates, in or to class III and IV posts, grades or services in which the element of direct recruitment, if any, does not exceed 50%. (ii) Lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes }-
Officers should be drawn up separately to fill the reserved vacancies. Officers belonging to these classes should be adjudged separately and not along with other officers and if they are suitable for
.,_ promotion, they should be included in the list irrespective of their merit as compared to others. ~ Promotions against reserved vacancies shall, however, be subject to the candidates satisfying
_.· the prescribed minimum standards. (iv) If candidates from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes obtain, on the basis of their positions in the aforesaid general select list, less vacancies than are reserved for them, the )-
difference should be made up by such of those selected candidates who are in the separate select lists fo~ Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes respectively. j COMPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v. JAGANNATHAN [MADON, J.]
(vi) If owing to non-availability of suitable candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes, it becomes necessary to dereserve a reserved vacancy, the proposals for de-reservation
should be sent to the Ministry of Home Affairs through the Comptroller & Auditor General, indicating whether claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes candidates eligible for promotion
in reserved vacancies have been considered in the manner prescribed in the preceding sub-paragraphs. When de-reservations are agreed to by the Ministry the reserved vacancies can be filed by other
candidates subject to the reservation being carried forward to two subsequent years." The reservation of 12-1/2 per cent and 5 per cent mentioned in paragraph 282(a)(i) has been subsequently increased to 15 per cent and 7-1/2 per cent.
The learned Single Judge held that the Respondents had not challenged the validity of the instructions contained in the said Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977, and, therefore, the only question which fell for consideration was i- whether those instructions had been carried out. He held that the extent of relaxation in the case of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes candidates would have to be decided every time an examination was held.
He referred to an un- reported decision of the Orissa High Court in Subodh Chandra .. —. Das and another v. Collptroller and Auditor. General of lDdf.a and others, O.J.C. 73S·of 1970 decided by R.N. Misra and K.B. ·Panda, JJ., on September 12, 1973 in which a general relaxa- tion to the extent of three per cent in the aggregate and two per cent in two papers given to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes candidates with effect from the examination held in November 1961 was struck down and to the fact that the Petition for Special Leave to Appeal against the said
judgment was dismissed by this Court. The learned Single Judge accepted the statement made in the counter affidavit filed on behalf of the Appellants that necessary and suitable c
c i [19861 2 s.c.R. ' relaxation had ~een made ··in favour of the Respondents after ~ taking into account the various factors contained in the said Office Memrandum dated January 21, 1977.
He accordingly dismissed.the writ petition filed by the Respondents. At the hearing of the writ appeal before the Division . Bench the Appellants before us produced the file co~taining )–· .. '" · · , the proposals for moderation of results and award of grace ·marks for the SAS Examination and Revenue Audit Examination for Section Officers held in December 1980, made by the Joint Director
(Exam.), Office of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, the notings made thereon by other concerned authorities and the final order passed thereon by the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, the First
Appellant before u8 •. After looking into the said file and. Y analysing the figures to be found therein, the Division Bench came to the conclusion that the authorities concerned had not applied .their mind. to the actual state of affairs which
existed and that this had resulted in an arbitrary fixing of the relaxation which negatived thebenefit that lawfully would have come to. the . Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
candidates and that, therefore, the fixing of the relaxation was arbitrary and made in a perverse fashion. The Division Bench further held that it could not straightaway delcare the Respondents ·as having passed Part II of the SAS Examination -1:'?
·held in December 1980 as it was for the concerned authorities to apply their mind, bearing in mind the criteria which the Division Bench had mentioned, and to consider the case of the -.. -,
Respondents . by granting relaxation. The Division Bench "—-accordingly allowed the appeal and passed the order under ahppea 1i b e£ ore us. hit.hais aghainsAt. th is judgmhaent
~nd ohredder hiof 'f. t e v s on Bene t t .t e ppe ants ve approac t s Court in appeal. . The first contention urged by learned Counsel for the Appellants was that the Division Bench of the High Court could not issue a writ ·of aandants
to direct. a public authority to' . _ exercise its discretion in a particular manner. There is a l··. basic fallacy underlying this submission both with respect to ……. · the order _of. the Division Bench and the purpose and ·scope of·· the writ of aandaots. The High Court had not issued a writ of mandauts. A writ of mandau11s was the relief prayed for by the Respondents in their writ petition.
What the Division Bench COMPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v. JAGANNATHAN [MADON, J.] did was to issue directions to the Appellants in the exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 226 of • the Constitution. Under Article 226 of the Constitution, every High Court has the power to issue to any person or authority, including in appropriate cases, any Government, throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction, directions, orders, or writs including ·writs in the. nature of habeas corpus, CjlOO~lS, quo warranto and certiorari, or any of them, for the enforcement of- the FundaiOOntal Rights conferred by Part III of the ·constitution or for any other purpose.
In Diiarkanath, Hindu. Undivided Family v. Income-Tax Officer, .Special Circle, Kanpur, and another, [1965] 3 S.C.R. 536, 540 this Court pointed·out that Article 226 is designedly couched in a wide language in order not to confine the power conferred by it only to the-power to issue prerogative writs as under- stood in England, such wide language being used to enable the High Courts !'to reach injustice wherever it is found" and "to mul.d the reliefs .. to meet the peculiar and coqJlicated re- quirements of this oountry." In Bochtief Gammon v. State of Orissa & Ors., [1976] 1 S.C.R. 667, 676 this Court held that the powers of the cou.rts in England as regards the control which the Jlldiciary has over , the Executive indicate the winism licdt to which the courts in this country would be
prepared to go in considering the validity of orders passed by the Government ·or its officers. Even had the Division Bench issued a writ of mandanns . giving the directions which it did, if circumstances of the case justified such directions, theHigh Court would have been entitled in law to do so for·even the courts in England could have issued a writ of m~ndanss giving such directions. Almost a hundred and thirty years ago. Martin, B., in Mayor of
Rochester v. Regina, [1858] E.B. & E. 1024,1032,1034 said : "But, were there·no authority upon the subject, we should be prepared upon principle to affirm the judgment of the Court of Queen's
Bench. That Court has power, ·.by the prerogative _!7rit of mandarus, to amend all errors which tend to the oppression of the subject or other misgovernment, and ought to be used when the law has provided no
specific remedy, and justice and good government require that there ought to be one for the c c execution of the coDDDOn law or the provisions of a l– statute : Comyn' s Digest, MandaDI.ls (A) • • • •
Instead of being astute to discover reasons for not applying this great constitutional remedy for error and misgovernment, we think it our duty to be vigilant to apply it in every case to which, by
any reasonable construction, it can be made applicable." 1. The principle enunciated in the above case was approved and followed in l'be ling v. 1be Revising Barrister for the Bor<JIIIh of Banley1 [1912] 3 K.B. 518, 528-9, 531. In Hochtief Gammon's Case this Court pointed out (at page 675) that the powers of ; the Courts in relation to the orders of the Government or an officer of the Government who has been conferred any power "' under any statute, which apparently confer on them absolute discretionary powers, are not confined to cases where such power is exercised or refused to be exercised on irrelevant considerations or on erroneous ground or mala fide, and in such a case a party would be entitled to move-the High Court for a writ of mandaDIS. In Padfield and Others v. Minister of Agrieulture, Fisheries and Food 8Dd Otbers 1
[ 1968] A. C. 997 the House of Lords held that where Parliament had conferred a discretion on the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, to appoint a committee of investigation so that it could be used to pro100te the policy and objects of the Agricultural Marketing
Act, 1958, which were to be determined by the construction of the Act which was a matter of law for the court and though there might be reasons which would justify –r– the Minister in refusing to refer a complaint to a committee • of investigation, the Minister's discretion was not unlimited and if it appeared that the effect of his refusal to appoint __.;.,/ a colllllittee of investigation was to frustrate the policy of the Act, the court was entitled to interfere by an order of •nd,..Js.
In Halsbury's Laws of England, Fourth Edition, Volume I, Paragraph 89, it is stated that the purpose of an order of 118ndanw "is to remedy defects of justice; and accordingly it will issue, to the end that justice may be
done, in all cases where there is a specific legal right and no specific legal remedy for enforcing that right; and it may issue in cases where, although there is an alternative legal remedy,
yet that mode of redress is less convenient, beneficial and effectual." CO~·!PTROLLER & AUDITOR · GENERAL v. JAGANNATIIAN [MADON, J. ] There is thus no doubt that the High Courts in. Iridia
exercising their jurisdiction under Article. 226 have the power to issue a writ of mandam1s or a writ in the nature of mandmD~ or to pass orders and give necessary directions where the Government" or a public authority has failed to exercise or has wrongly exercised the discretion conferred upon it by . a – -f statute or a rule! or a policy decision of the Government or has exercised such discretion mala fide or on irrelevant
considerations or by ignoring the relevant considerations and materials or in such a manner _as to frustrate the object of conferring such . discretion or the policy for implementing which such discretion has been conferred. In all such cases and in any other fit and proper case a High Court can, in the ~exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 226, issue a writ J of mndamJS or a writ in the nature of mnd;mns or pass orders and give directions to compel the performance in a proper and lawful manner of the discretion conferred upon the Government . or a public ! authority, . and· in a proper case, in order to prevent injustice resulting ·. to· the · concerned · parties~ the Court may itself pass ·an ·. order or give directions which the Government or the public. authority should have passed or given had it properly and lawfu~ly exercised ~ts discretion.
It is now -necessary to examine the nature of the discre- ~ tion conferred by the said Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977 – "Whether it is a discretionary pawer simpliciter or a
discretionary power.coupled with a duty?" From the provisions of the Constitution referred ·to above, it is · transparently clear that it is a discretion to be exercised in .t11e-discharge of the Constitutional duty imposed .by Article 335 to take into -'r. consideration the claims of ·· the members of the Scheduled Castes and the S~heduled Tribes, consistently with the mainte- nance of efficiency of administration, – in · the· making . of appointn:ents to services and . posts in connection with the affairs of ·the Union or of a State. This duty is · to be· exercised in keeping with the Directive Principle laid down in Article 46 to promote with special care the educational and -1. economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, ~ in particular~ of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and to protect them from social injustice and all
forms of exploitation. Article 37 of the Constitution provides · that the Directive Principles of State Policy contained in Part IV of the Constitution, in which Article 46 occurs, are c
·G c [19861 2 s.c.R. fundamental to the governance of the country and that it ist– the duty of the State to apply·· these principles in malting Jr4 laws. As said bf Murtaza Fazal Ali, J.t in State of Kerala & Aar. v. 1.~ ~· & ~
•• [1976] 1 S.C.R. 906 (at page 996) "the directive principles form the fundamental feature and the social conscience of the Constitution and the Constitution enjoins upon the State
to implement these directive principles". The object of the said Off~ce Memorandum dated January 21, 1977, is to provide an adequate ~pportunity of promotion to the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled
Tribes. By reason of the provisions of Article 16(4) of the~ Constitution a treatment to the members of the Schedulea Castes and the Scheduled Tribes different from that given toA others in matters relating to employuient
or appointment to any office under the Stat~ does not· vi.olate the Fundamental Right to equality of opportunity for all citizens in such matters guaranteed by Article 16(1) of the Constitution. It" is now
well-sett"!ed by decisions of this Court that the reservation in favour of backward classes of citizens, including the members of the Scheduled Castes and the ,. Scheduled Tribes, as contemplated by Article 16(~) can be made~. not merely in respect of initial recruitment but also in
respect of posts to which promotions are to be made : (see, for instance : State of Punjab v. Biralal & On., [1971] 3 S.C.R, and Akhil Bbaratiya Soehit Karamcllari Sansh (lailway) v. UaiOD of IDdia ~
Or1., (1981] 1 S.C.C, 246. The question which now falls to be considered is the manner in which the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India -"' is required to exercise the discretion conferred by the said;' Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977, and the manner in which he has, in fact,
exercised it. The said Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977, refers to two other Office Memoranda, namely, the Office Memorandum dated December 23, 1970, and the Office Memorandum dated November ·27, 1972, Under the Office Memorandum dated December 23,
1970, where a sufficient number of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes v candidates are not available on the basis of the general · standard to fill all the vacancies reserved for them, they may also be considered for promotion provided they are not found unfit for such promotion, and to achieve this, the said Office C(}IP'!'R()LLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v. JAGANNATHAN [MADON, J.] –~ Memrandum directs that the qualifying standard in such examinations can be relaxed in their favour in keeping with the above criterion. The Office Memorandum dated November 27, 1972, fixes the reservation quota for the members of the
Scheduled Castes at 15 per cent, and the Scheduled Tribes at 7-1/2 per cent, in appointments filled by promotion on the basis of seniority subject to fitness. Under the said Office , Memorandum dated January 21, 1977, if a sufficient number of ·'~ Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes candidates are not available in the qualifying examinations on the basis of the general standard to fill all the vacancies reserved for them in the
promotional posts, suitable relaxation in the qualifying standard for such examinations should be made in ,,, the case of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes candidates bearing in mind all relevant factors including, ~ namely,
(1) the number of vacancies reserved, (2) the performance of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes –{' candidates as well as the general candidates in that examination, (3) the minimum standard of fitness for appoint- ment to the post, and also (iv) the overall strength of the cadre and that of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled
Tribes in that cadre. The said Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977, thus postulates two qualifying standards –one, a general qualifying standard and the other, a relaxed or lower qualifying standard for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. Paragraph 4 of the said
Office Memorandum dated February 8, 1968, reproduced earlier, shows that in the case of direct recruitment through a quali- fying examination a mdnimum standard is generally to be fixed t and that in such cases, a lower minimm qualifying standard should be fixed for the candidates belonging to the Scheduled :.. Castes and the Scheduled Tribes,
taking into account the · miniUillD standard necessary for the maintenance of efficiency of administration, and that if the minimum qualifying standard for general candidates is reviewed at a later date, the lower minimum qualifying standard applicable to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes candidates should also be reviewed. The Office Meoorandum No. 1/1/70-Estt. (SCT) dated July 25, 1970 -_,.
which deals with examination for direct recruitment also 'i speaks of a general standard and of a lower standard for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, the standard being required to be relaxed in their c
c [ 1986] 2 S. C.R. case to make up the deficiency in the reservation quota ~ _. provided they are not found unfit for such post or posts. As seen above, a similar provision exists in the said Office
Memorandum dated December 23, 1970, with respect to departmental competitive examinations for promotion and in departmental confirmation examinations. What is, therefore, required to be done under the said
Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977, is to fix a general _)- qualifying standard for all candidates appearing in depart- mental competitive examinations for promotion and in depart- mental confirmation examinations as also to fix a relaxed or lower qualifying standard for the candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in respect of each ~ examination, so that if a sufficient number of candidates
belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes do –'.. not qualify according to the general standard, they can be considered for promotion in the light of the relaxed or lower qualifying standard where there are a number of vacancies in the posts falling in the reserved quota and not enough
candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes to fill such vacancies according to the general quali- fying standard. In this connection, it should be borne in mind that the Office Memorandum dated December 23, 1970, referred to in the said Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977,
states that it was provided by Office Memorandum No. 1/1/70-Est. (SCT) dated July 25, 1970, that in the case of direct recruitment, whether by examination or otherwise, "if sufficient
number of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes -t candidates are not available on the basis of the general standard to fill all the vacancies reserved for them, candidates belonging to these conmunities may be selected to -.~~· fill up the re.dning vacancies reserved for them provided -· they are not found unfit for appointment to such post or
posts", and that it had been decided to make a similar relax- ation in the case of promotion made through departmental competitive examinations and in departmental confirmation examinations. When these two qualifying standards are fixed, the difference between the general qualifying standard and the t-
relaxed or lower qualifying standard will form the Zone of consideration when the result of each examination is ascer- tained according to the general qualifying standard. The candidates who appear for departmental competitive exami-
COMPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v. JAGANNATHAN [MAOON, J.] -~ nations for promotion and departmental confirmation examinations know in advance the general qualifying standard because such standard is prescribed. This naturally postulates that the relaxed or lower qualifying standard should also be · fixed in advance and made known so that the candidates belong- ing to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes will know before they appear for the examdnation to what extent they can 1.. expect relaxation for themselves, provided that the other conditions prescribed by the said Office Memorandum dated
January 21, 1977, are fulfilled. The relaxed or lower quali- fying standard cannot be fixed for all time or for a number of years. It DllSt of necessity be fixed for each examination
~ because it has to be fixed taking into account the reserved vacancies remaining unfilled and the overall strength of the ).. cadre and of the Scheduled Castes and the Sc:heduled Tribes in that cadre. This would naturally vary from year to year and cannot be fixed in advance but III.lst necessarily be fixed before each examination and notified so that the candidates appearing in such examination would know what the lower quali- fying standard is. The relaxed or lower qualifying standard is the minimum up to which the discretion under the said Office Meroorandum dated January 21, 1977, is to be exercised. This c
– ~ should not be construed to mean that all who qualify according to the relaxed or lower qualifying standard are to be promoted. How many are to be promoted 1111st depend upon the number of vacancies which remain unfilled on the basis of the general qualifying standard. For instance, if the general
qualifying standard is 45 per cent and the relaxed or lower t qualifying standard has been fixed at 35 per cent and if on the basis of the general qualifying standard only ten reserved -,_"-~vacancies remain unfilled, then ten candidates who obtain less ~.than 45 per cent but have obtained 35 per cent or more should be selected in order of merit. If, however, there are fifteen reserved vacancies which remain unfilled according to the
general qualifying standard and only ten candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes have obtained 35 per cent or more, the standard cannot be further lowered helow 35 per cent to enable the remaining five candidates also ~· to be selected for promotion. The said Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977, also makes it clear that the relaxed or
lower qualifying standard is to be fixed each time an exami- nation is to be held, by taking into account all relevant factors including those specifically set out in the said H c
[19861 2 s.c.R. Office Meroorandum. This it does by stating that "The extent of 4- relaxation should be decided on each occasion whenever such an examination ie held". In the case of the SAS Examinations, Paragraph 234 of
the said Manual fixes the general qualifying standard as 40 per cent for each subject and 45 per cent in the aggregate for each part of that Examination. Thus, every candidate appearing .)._
in either of the two parts of the SAS Examination knows the minimum percentage of marks he has to obtain in each subject :ts also in the aggregate percentage of marks and it is in consonance with reason and logic that the candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Seheduled Tribes should also know ~ in advance the maximm relaxation they can expect to get on the basis of the criteria set out in the said Office __._
Memorandum dated January 21, 1977. It was, however, argued on the basis of the decision of the Orissa High Co~rt referred to above that fixing a relaxed or lower standard ·in advance was not permissible in law and that when this was done for the SAS Examination, the Orissa High Court had struck it down and the Petition for Special Leave to Appeal against its judgment was dismissed by this Coutt. The learned Single Judge of the High Court was
impressed by this argument. A perusal of the said judgment, however, shows that it has no relevance to the present situation. Before the Orissa High Court, the question was of an Office Me100randum dated May 7, 1955, on which date there was no reservation made in the case of posts to be filled by promotion on the basis of a qualifying examination. The said Office Memorandum dated May 7, 1955, expressly provided that there would be no reservation for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in regard to the vacancies filled by
promotion but where the passing of tests or examinations was laid down as a condition, the authority prescribing the rules for such tests or examinations may issue suitable instructions to ensure that the standard of qualification in
respect of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes is not unduly high. By a confidential Circular dated December 18, 1961, issued by the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India instructions were given that a reduction in pass
percentage should be made to the extent of 3 per cent in the aggregate and 2 per cent in any two of the papers in each COMPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v. JAGANNATHAN [MADON, J.] –r part of the SAS Examination in favour of the candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. It was the case of both the parties before the Orissa High Court that the said Office Memrandum dated May 7, 1955, did not
create a reservation in favour of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes under Article 16(4). Further, the said confidential Circular made merely a general relax- A.. ation without prescribing any guideline or criterion for giving the relaxation. The Orissa High Court, therefore, held that the concession granted by the insructions contained in the said confidential Circular being unguided did not pass the objective test and was, therefore, bad in law. The High Court I .A further pointed out that there was even no material before it to show that the members of the Scheduled Castes and the
;.. Scheduled Tribes were already not in adequate number in employment in the establishment of the Accountant General. The said Office Memrandum dated January 21, 1977, stands on a
wholly different footing from the Office Memorandum referred to in the aforesaid judgment of the Orissa High Gourt. It neither provides a general relaxation for all exa~nations nor is the relaxation to be made under it unguided or not based on any principle. On the contrary, it expressly provides that the -..{ extent of relaxation should "be decided on each occasion whenever such an examination is held taking into account all relevant
factors including those specifically set out therein." It appears that the other Departments of the Union of ~India have implemented the Office Memorandum dated January 21, c 1977, in keeping with the interpretation given above. For
-, instance, the Circular No. 63/1/77-SPB I dated January 31, \ 1978, i,ssued by the Office of the Director General of Posts and Telegraphs, after referring to the said Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977, states as follows :
n The matter has been examined in detail and it has been decided that a lower standard for SC and ST candidates in all the groups, where the promotion is on the basis of seniority-cum-fitness and there
is qualifying examination to determine the fitness of the candidates, to the extent as prescribed in this Office letter No. 63/10/71-SPBI dated 17th July 1971 (copy enclosed) be observed subject to
c the instructions contained in the last sentence of i- para 1 of Department of Personnel and A.R.O.M. dated 21.1.77 referred to above. It may also be stated that the relaxation of standard should be
the minimm limit upto which the competent authorities could go down in order to fi 11 the vacancies reserved for ST and SC in such qualifying examination." It appears that a doubt was raised as to what should be the relaxed or lower standard in the case
of the candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in qualifying examination for promotion to a higher post on the ~ basis of seniority-cum-fitness. Clarifications in that behalf were issued by a Circular No.
202/17 /78/STN/SPB I dated ~ December 19, 1978. These clarifications were as follows : " a) No relaxation is to be made for SC and ST candidates if sufficient number of candidates
belonging to SC/ST qualify to take up the posts reserved for them as per the standard prescribed for other community candidates (40% in each individual paper and 45% in aggregate for o.c.
candidates). b) Relaxation is to be made if sufficient number of ST and SC candidates do not qualify the standard prescribed for other community candidates. The relaxation may be as follows :-
.,.;"' i) MaxitmJm lowering of standard upto 33% in the J individual papers and 38% in the aggregate. ii) If, however, the number of SC and ST candidates equal to the number of vacancies become available
at a high standard, say 35% in individual papers and 40% in the aggregate, no further lowering is to be resorted to. t- iii) If the number of SC and ST candidates qualifying at 33% in each individual paper and 38%
in the aggregate is not equal to the number of COMPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v. JAGANNATHAN [MADON, J.) vacancies reserved for them, no further lowering is to be resorted to to ensure that number of SC and
ST candidates qualifying is equal to the number of vacancies reserved for them. In other words in no case standard is to be lowered below 33% in each individual paper and 38% in the aggregate."
The Railway Board's Letter No. E/SCT/70CM 15/6(B) dated ·July 29, 1970, is also instructive. It states : " Sub : Filling up of promotion vacancies- Relaxation of qualifying marks for Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled 1ribes. * * * * In their letter No. E(SCT)68CM15/10 dated 27th August 1968 the Board had decided to reduce minillllm qualifying marks both in "professional c ability" and "aggregate'' from 60 percent for others
to 50 percent for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in respect of promotions to selection posts in class Ill where safety aspect is not involved. A similar concession of 10 percent marks was granted
to reserved community candidates in competitive examinations limited to departmental candidates in competitive examinations to fill up 10 per cent of the posts of Clerks scale Rs.130-300 in Board's
letter No. E(SCT) 68CM15/10 dated lOth January 1970. In respect of promotions made on seniority-cum- suitability, the extant instructions are that the cases of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
should be judged sympathetically without applying too rigid a standard. In order to give practical shape to this provision of "sympathetic consideration", the Board have now decided that a
concession of 10 per cent marks may be granted to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the suitability tests written or oral, in the categories where safety aspect ie not involved."
c Learned Counsel for the Appellants relied upon a decisioni- of this Court in V.V. Iyer v. Jasjit Singh, A.I.R. 1973 S.C. 194 in which it was held that where two alternative interpretations are possible with respect to the scope and applicability of an Item in Schedule I
to the Imports (Control) Order, 1955, made under section 3(1) of the Imports and Exports (Control) Act, 1947, and the Customs authorities have adopted a reasonable view relating thereto which is_;. . favourable to the revenue, such finding of the authorities cannot be interfered with by the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution even though another view which can be
adopted is in fAvour of the subject. In that case, two alter- native interpretations were possible with respect to an item~ in the Schedule to the Imports (Control) Order and the –
Department had preferred one of them. The interpretation~ placed by the Department was held by this Court not to be unreasonable. The ratio of the above decision applies where the Court has before it two possible alternative interpre- tations and the concerned Department of the Government has accepted one of them. Here, what has happened is. that two. Departments of the Government have taken one view and the
Department of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India has taken a contrary view which is neither warranted nor borne ut ·'r · by a reading of the relevant Office Memoranda. What relevance the above decision has to the facts of the
present case is also beyond us. It is not possible to equate the members of the Scheduled Castes with goods imported from abroad. They are human beings like all other human beings, the~ only difference being that for centuries a large number of their countrymen have not treated them as human beings but as/ sub-human creatures beyond the pale of society and even of 1 humanity. William Blake in his poem "Auguries of Innocencen said:
"Every Night and every Morn Some to Misery are Born. Every Morn and every Night Some are Born to sweet delight. Some are Born to sweet delight, Some are Born to Endless Night." The members of the Scheduled Castes were the children of the cotw!PTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v. JAGANNATH&~ [MADON, J.] ~· "Endless Night". Their birth-right was the badge of sharoo; -.\their inheritance, the overflowing cup of humiliation; their : constant and closest companion, degradation; the bride of ·their marriage, lifelong poverty; and their only fault, to be born to their parents. They were denied education. They were 1 denied jobs except the lowest menial tasks. They were denied contact with persons not belonging to their castes for their l touch polluted and even their shadow defiled, though the touch t and the shadow of the animals did not, for men rode on horses ~-~· a,nd elephants and on nules and camels and milked cows, goats t -and buffaloes. They were denied worship and the doors of the · temples were shut in their faces for their very presence was t supposed to offend the gods. All these wrongs were done to t them by those who fancied themselves their superiors. As the z) anonymous satirist said :
·~e are the precious chosen few: Let all the rest be damned. There's only room for one or two: We can't have Heaven crammed." c t The treatment meted out to the members of the Scheduled Castes throughout the ages was an affront to Human Rights. It was in , a spirit of atonement for the wrongs done to them and to make > restitution for the injury and injustice inflicted upon them 1 that the fra~rs of the Constitution · enacted Article 16(4) ; placing them in a separate class in matters relating to
1 employment or appointment to any office under the State, ; formulated the Directive Principle embodied· in Article 46. and proclat~d the great Constitutional mandate set out in Article f… 335.
1 ,~. It is equ.1 lly not possible to equate the members of the Scheduled Tribe~ with good9 imported from abroad. They too are human beings ttke oth~r huoan beings with this dlfference that for centuries they h~ve preferred to follow the primitive ways of their forefathers. Remote and almost inaccessible in their G ~ hilly vastness and secluded forests, ctviltzation has passed them by. The beneftts of htgh sophisticated technology is as Unknown to them as its hazards of noxious fu~s and potsonous gases. Simple and naive
they have become a rich mtne for exploitation by the hu~n products of civilization. Their ~r lands have been stolen from them by skulduggery and they have H r i I' : I ~ I .;—·–·
.. . ·A B .. ·. c …. -. .·· … – [19861 2 s.c.R. been tricked irito selling the products of their craft and ·.,- skill for a song. It was to protect them from such exploitation and to enable them to participate in the
mainstream of the nation's life that they have been given 'special treatment. by Articles 16(4), 46 and 335 of the Constitution. –The -interpretation to _-be placed . upon the said Off ice -+- Memrandum dated January 21, 1977, must, therefore, be in
· keeping with the -above provisions of the Constitution and not as if the said Office ·Memorandum were an entry in a Tariff Schedule· or a notification levying import duty upon goods. What remains now to be .examined is the manner in which
· the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India has exercised his ~ discretion under the said Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977. As mentioned earlier, the learned Single Judge of the High Court accepted the statement made by the Second Appellant in his counter affidavit filed . on behalf of· the Appellants that necessary and -suitable – relaxations had been made in favour of the Respondents after taking into account the
. various factors contained in the said Office Memorandum dated ~anuary 21, 1977. Af~er the_ Division Bench of the High Court had perused the file containing the proposals for moderation of results \and award of grace marks. in the SAS Examination and -¥i the. Revenue and Audit Examination for Section Officers held. in December
1980, this statement held good no · longer and accordingly i.t was sought to be explained away in paragraph 11 of,the ·Petition for Special Leave to Appeal as follows :. "'-,_ ·-…., ' , , '·-,_ -·, "Although the office note did not -di~cuss in detai11 -.. . all the relevant . factors, it is incorrect to say
— — that the authorities had not applied their mind to the actual state of a7fairs that existed, resulting in arbitrary fixing of ~elaxation. the _extent of relaxation is to be decided by the first petitioner
(that -is,·· the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India) at his discretion, keeping in view all relevant factors. 11 ,.-411\ Like the~counter affidavit filed tn the writ petition the
affidavit af~irming the Petition for Special Leave to Appeal w~s also-not made by the Comptroller and Auditor-General of —-·-·-·——————————- COMPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v. JAGANNATHAN [MAOON, J. ]
·~ India but by the Joint Director in the Office of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. According to the said affidavit, what was stated in the Petition for Special Leave to Appeal was "stated on the basis of information
derived from the record of the case". The information to be derived from the record of the case clearly shows that the relevant factors set out in the said Office Memorandum dated l January 21, 1977, were not and could not be considered or kept in mind and the so-called relaxation given to the members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made a mockery of the said Office Metoorandum. The office file referred to in paragraph 11 of the Petition for Special Leave to Appeal is l_ the file containing the said proposals for moderation of · results and award of grace marks. The said paragraph 11 is an ~admission that these proposals did not set out all the
relevant particulars upon which the Comptroller and Auditor- General of India could properly exercise his discretion or be made acquainted with the material data which would enable him to take into account all the relevant factors including the four specifically set out in the said Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977. The heading of the said proposals itself ~ show that it was concerned only with awarding of grace marks ~ –~ and not with relaxation of the qualifying standard in the case , of the candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. Further, according to the said paragraph 11 the authorities had applied their mind to the actual state of affairs that erlsted. When what the actual state of affairs that existed is ascertained, the above statement turns out to ~be as divorced from reality as the Second Appellant's
statement in his counter affidavit referred to above earlier. ""'.: It will be useful to refer first to the relevant paragraphs of the said proposals for moderation of results and award of grace marks.
Paragraph 4 dealt with Part II of the SAS Examination and was as follows : "4. (a) Part II candidates appeared from different offices out of whom 361 have passed showing 44.6% pass which does not compare favourably well with
the 28.1% of February 1977, 41.5% of December 1977, 55.51 of December 1978 and 34.4% of December 1979. The figures for the previous years are after c c moderation. The percentages of pass before
and)–~ after moderation are shown in Table No. II-B. As was done in the case of Part I candidates it is, therefore, recommended that the border line cases where the caP-didates fail
by 5 marks in the aggregate inclusive of 5 marks in one or 100re subjects may be considered for award of grace marks. This will enable 30 candidates more to ..l. clear the examination in Part II; of which three
will be from the SC/ST category and the balance from the general candidates. The effect of this proposal will be the percentage of pass of 44.6 will go upto 48.33%. ..,..1..;, (b) In the same branch out of 72 SC/ST candidates-A
who appeared for the examination 24 have passed recording 33.3%. As was recommended in the case of Part I candidates, it is recommended that the grace marks in respect of SC/ST candidates may be given 8
in the aggregate inclusive of 5 marks in one or more subjects. This will benefit 5 candidates from this category, of which 3 have already been covered in the general grace recormnended for the general )–
…… candidates in the previous sub-para. The award of this grace mark will increase the percentage of pass in respect of SC/ST candidates from 33.3 to 40.29." It is difficult to understand how the percentage of 44.6-r who passed out of the candidates who appeared for Part II of the SAS Examination held in December 1980 did not cotl\")are /-" favourably well with the 28.1 per cent of the February 1977; and 41.5 per cent of the December 1977 examination of Part II of the SAS Examination.
No attempt has been made in the said proposals to focus the attention of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India on the total number of vacancies reserved and the overall strength of the cadre and of the
Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in that cadre. It is left to be gathered, if one is so minded, from the number ~ of tables annexed to the said proposals. The admitted position, however, is that a general relaxation of five grace marks in the aggregate inclusive of five marks in one or more . COHPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v. JAGANNATHAN [MADON, J.] i .
~~ subjects was given to all the candidates and that so far . as the candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes were concerned, they were given eight grace ,. · marks in the aggregate inclusive of five grace marks in one or ; more subjects. This resulted in five candidates belonging. to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes passing, out of which three had already passed by reason of the grace marks \ allotted to all the candtdates.
Thus, the effect of this r relaxation was that only two candidates belonging to the. Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes were enabled to pass the examination. The number of .vacancies reserved for
the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes was 445 ln the l· year 1980, out of which . 55 reserved vacancies were for the l State of Tamil Nadu. Only 72 candidates belonging to the
\ · Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes appeared for Part ·II f SAS Examination held in December 1980. Twenty-four of them had passed without any relaxation and after such ·relaxation was made altogether 29 passed. As seen earlier, out of these additional five candidates who passed, . three had passed by reason of the grace marks allotted generally to all candidates and only two by reason of the additional grace marks given to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes candidates • . So far as th~ State of Tamil Nadu was concerned, not a single candidate passed.
As the aggregate number: of marks· was 500 and eight grace m3rks were given to the candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, the percent-. age of relaxation comes to about 1.3/5 per cent. In the Part ''1
. II SAS Examination held in December 1977 3 per cent relaxation was given, in December 1978 Examination a relaxation up t~ ten marks in the aggregate was given and in December 1979 Examt- nation also a relaxation of ten marks was given.
The total ;f, aggregate of all the papers in Part tl.SAS Examination is 500 . )''narks. Therefore the minil1llm aggregate of 45 per cent would r c b 2 r' e 25 marks. The First Respondent had obtained 213 marks in
the aggregate while the Second Respondent had obtained 204 ~rks in the aggregate If one were to give eight grace marks ;,:._ Which were allowed, t~e First Respondent would have got 220 !!larks and the Second Respondent would have got 212 marks. · Had ~he extent of re laxat ton b~en 2 • 6 per cent that is 13 marks, he First Respondent would have ·passed and had it been 4• 2 . , . Per cent, that ts 21 marks
the Second Respondent would have t ·. als · k a passed. The percentage of five general gcace tMr 3 was l : only 1 per cent. The additional three grace marks given to th~ Scheduled Ca~tes and the Scheduled Tribes candidates,
c – ; . . ;J • l l. r • ·' l ' • . .. – tt c SUPR£HE COURT REPORTS [1986) 2 S.C.R. taking into account the extent of general relaxation, works 1,; out to 1. 3/5 per cent only. When one compares what is being \_:
done in the Posts and Telegraphs and in the Railways With what r was done in the present case, it is clear that the relaxation ( which was given was purely an illusory one, paying only
Up-service to the said Office Meroorandum dated January 21, 1977. It was, however, submitted on behalf of the Appellants that the authorities cannot give relaxation in such a manner to impair the efficiency of the service and that had the
relaxation been given to a greater extent, 11.: would have resulted in impairing the maintenance of efficiency of the SAS. It was further urged t:hat under the said Office Memrandum dated January 21, 1977, relaxation is to be made provided the ~andidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes are not found unfit for promotion. ~
submission would requlre to be accepted had it any relevance to the _facts of the present case. However much one may desire to better th~ prospects and promote the interests of the
members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, no sane-thinking person would want to do it irrespective of the , cosideratioM of efficiency, or at the cost of the proper ·
functioning of the adminis tration and the gove~ntat machinery. Public good and publtc interest both require that the administration of the Governm:!nt and the functioning of its ~ervices should be · carr. led out properly and efficiently • Art lcle 335 of the Const itut lon, whlch provides for the clai!IS of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled . Tribes to be taken into considerat ton in the making of · ' appointments to services and posts in connection ~Jith the affairs of the Union or of a State, itself requires that this should be done
11consistently with the maintenance of effi.cien- -' cy of admlnist rat Lon". The quest ton of lmpai~nt of efficiency of the SAS service does not, h~ever, arise here• The relevant paragraphs of the s~ld Manual have already been ref erred
to but lt wl U not be out of place · ln the context of the above submlsston to refer to them again. The relevant paragraphs are 197, 198, 199 and 207. Both the Respondents were permitted to appear in Part I of the SAS Examination and · after passing such examlnat ton were permitted to appear £orr Part II
of the SAS Examination. Under: paragraph 197, theY H required permission of the Accountant General or Head of Office to do so. Under paragraph 198, the selection of the —– ··–
COMPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v • .JAGANNATIIAN [MAOON, J. J ~ candidates was primarily the responsibility of the Head of the Office. Under paragraph 199, the essential condition of such
~ selection was that the candidates selected ~ould, if qualified by examination, be likely to be efficient in all the duties of the SAS. Under paragraph 207, a certificate had to be given
to eac~ candidate that he was regular in attendance, energetic, of good moral character and business-like habits and was not likely to be disqualified for appointment to the A-SAS as not possessing the aptitude for the work of a holder of a post in the SAS and that he had a reasonable prospect of passing the
examination. This certificate is required by paragraph 207 to be given "with due responsi.bility and not as ·a matter of form". Thus, unless some event had occurred .–Lbetween the date of the giving of the certificate and the final
declaration of results which would disqualify a ~candidate from discharging the duties of a post in the SAS, he is considered to be eligible for promotion to the SAS, subject only to the condition that he passes the examination.
The said Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977, is not intended only for the Department of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. It also applies to all Ministries and Departments, ·~ and it has to be applied in the context of the rules governing . _.Jeach Department.
The condition contained in the said Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977, that the candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes should not be found unfit for promotion is a general condition ~ applying to all Ministries and Departments.
In the case of candidates selected to appear for the SAS Examination, this ~ondition has already been satisfied by reason of their -L~ selection as candidates. If it was considered that the
_,_ _Respondents would not be able to discharge the duties of the '-~lder of a post in the SAS, they would not have been given the relevant certificate required under paragraph 207
of the said Manual. They were given such certificates and it is not open to the Appellants to take a stand contrary to what the certificates given to the Respondents state. The above discussion shows that the entire procedure
'1 ~.allowed in the case of the SAS Examination held in December 1980 was completely contrary to what was required to be done under the said Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977. No relaxed or lower standard for the candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes was fixed in advance ~ of the examination.
As it was not fixed in advance, the question of it being notified to the candidates does not arise. The relaxation by way of grace marks given after the results were ascertained on
the basis of the general qualifying standard ~as without proper application of mind and did not take into consideration the relevant factors, and was, therefore, contrary to what was required to be done by the said Office Meroorandum dated January 21, 1977, and the other_.~., Office Memoranda referred to earlier and was violative of
Article 335 of the Constitution and accordingly must be held c to be bad in law. In the result, this Appeal must fail. The Division Bench~ of the Madras High Court has, however, contented itself with lssuing directions to the Appellants to consider the case of~ the Respondents and grant suitable relaxation to them within two months from the date of its judgment as to whether they had qualified in Part Il Examination of the SAS held in
December 1980 and while granting such relaxation to bear in mind the observations made in its judgment as also the criteria envisaged in the said Office Memorandum dated January 21, 1977. The Division Bench did so because it felt that it\._ .. could not straight away
declare the Respondents as having passed the said examination. The judgment of the Division Bench of the Madras High Court was given on .January 12, 1984. More than two years have elapsed since then. In the meantime ~ the Appellants have approached this Court by obtaining Special Leave to Appeal and have obtained interim stay of ther
execution of the order of the Division Bench. This interim _… stay has now obviously come to an end. Further examinations,- ….. however, must have been held in the mean ti.me. ln view of th~ order of interim stay, they must have been held on the same basis as the December 1980 Examination. The Respondents had appeared in Part II of the SAS Examination in December 1980 and, therefore, to give the same or similar directions as were given by the Division Bench of the Madras High Court would result in further delay and would perhaps result in a fresh ._, writ petition. Further, such directions cannot be given onl}~ 'Nith respect to the Respondents because there may be othe!' candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes who are similarly situated nor can such directions be confined merely to the December 1980 examinat lon. They also COMPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL v. JAGANNATHAN [MADON, J.}
-… should not jeopar1ize those who have already been promoted for none of them are parties to this Appeal. It is, therefore, necessary that _ in order to do complete justice to all
concerned as required by Article 142 of the· Constitution, the matter should not be left to the Comptroller _and Auditor- General of India but all· requisite directions should be given -1J -this- Cou~t·__
For the reasons given above, we dismiss this Appeal and confirm the judgment_of the Division Bench of the Madras High ~ Court in Writ Appeal No. 409 of 19~, but we substitute the following Order for the order passed by it in the said Writ _Appeal :
_,..,; i For Part It examination of the Subordinate Accounts Service Examination (Ordinary) and all subsequent Part II examinations of the Subordinate Accounts Service Examination
(Ordinary) held thereafter until today there will be a relaxation of 25 marks in all for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Ca:stes and the Scheduled Tribes, that. is, this relaxation will cover not only the pass marks to be
given in the aggregat~ but will be inclusive of the pass marks to be given in each individual paper so that the total_ number of marks covered by such relaxation will not exceed 25. The Respondents and
all other carididates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes who will pass the said examinationS ·as a result of the above relaxation are declared to have·passed such exam!~
nations and . to have- been prorooted ~ to the Subordinate Accounts Service in the vacancies · reserved for the members' of· the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes with/effect from-the date
when the final declaration of the results of each such examination was made and will be paid such salary and shall be entitled to all other benefits on the basis of such promotion with effect from the
said date. So far as seniority is concer~d, however, they will not rank above those who have already passed and have been promoted but will be placed in the seniority list after all those who
have passed in Part II of the Subordinate Accounts Service Examination (Ordinary) held so far, ranking inter se ~ccording to the rules relating to c · .. c c _ {1986] 2 s.c.R. seniority set out in paragraph 184 of Volume I ot-
the Comptroller and Auditor General's Manual of r Standing Orders (Administrative). In respect of all subsequent examinations to be held for the Subordinate Accounts Service, the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India will fix a
relaxed or lower standard in advance and notify itA to the candidates who are going to appear for such examination. In fixing such standard, he will bear in mind the observations made in this Judgment and l
what has been held therein. For the purpose of this Appeal the Respondents have been compelled to come to New Delhi to appear before this Cour.t. time and again and also had to spend money on their board and lodging. The Appellants will, therefore, pay to each of the Respondents a sum of Rs.l,SOO by way of costs of this Appeal. As
th~ Respondents ar~ not r~pr~sent~d by any Advocate, the Registry will communicate this order to the Respondents • without claiming the cost thereof from the Respondents. Before parting with this Appeal, the Court must
on~e again express its deep sense of appreciation of the valuable assistance rendered to it by Mr. V.A. Bobde, Advocate, who appeared as amicus curiae, and without whose assistance it perhaps may not have been possible to reach the above
conclusion. l P.S.S. Appeal dismissed.