CONTROLLER OF ESTATE DUTY, KERALA v. V. VENUGOPALA VARMA RAJAH A~gust 24, 1976 [A. N. RAY, C.J., M. H. BEG, R. s. SARKARIA, P. N. SlllNGHAl AND JASWANT SINGH, JJ.) c Estate Duly Act \34 of 1953 ), s. 5-Land corered with ll'i/d and 1wt11ral forest xrowths-lf agricultural land.
Under s.5 of the Estate Duty Act, 1953, all property, including agricultural land situate in the States specified in the First Schedule to the Act. which passes on th6 death: of the owner is subject to estate duty. The State of Madras was added in the First Schedule with effect from 6th June, 1955. The assessee claimed that large tracts of land, covered with wild and natural f'orest growth9 situate in the Malabar District of the Madras Sta•e, were agri" cultural lands and that they were not liable to estate duty because the former owners died before 6th: June, 1955.
The High Court heLd that the property wa1i agricultural ]and ahd not liable to estate duty, because, ( l) th.e words 'agricultural land' should. be interpreted in their widest significJn-:e, so that. in the absence of exceptional circumstances4 such a9 the land b-eing entirely rocky or barren for other reasons, all forest lands in the State of Kerala in which the District of Malabar was since included, are agricultural lands in the sense tliat they can be prude11tly and profitably exploited for agricultural purposes; and (2) although the burden rested upon an assessee to establish an exemption from liability to estate duty in respect of any part of his estate, yet, if he claimed immunity on the ground that the subject matter does not fall within the ambit of the taxing power of the legislature imposing the duty, the Revenue had to establish that the subject matter involved is taxable. Allowing the appeal to this Court,
HELD : (I) The expression 'agricultural land' has to be given a restricted meaning and not the wide meaning given by the High· Court. The question whether land is agricultural land has to be decided on evidence of actual or intehded user for an agricultural purpose for which the land may have been prepared or set apart. [352 FJ
Commissioner of Wealth-tax, Andhra Pradesh v. Officer-in-Charge (Court of Wards) Paigah, [1977] 1 S.C.R. 146 followed. (a) The land in the present case was covered by spontaneous or natural growth of forests. It was not shown that the assessee or his predecessor in interest did anything to develop the forest in the sense that any particular .trees were planted deliberately.
The exploitation of the forest lands was simply to! give contracts for cutting trees. It must, therefore, be trnated prima facie as non-agricultural land. [353 EJ (b) The decision in State of Kera/a v. Gwalior Rayon Silk Manufacturiong (Wvg.) Co. Ltd. [1974] 1 SCR 671 depended upon the special facts of that case and the provisions of\the Kerala Private Forests (Vesting and Assessmmt) Act, 1971, interpreted. thereiri. This Court, in that case. explained, ":'hY for certain special reasons and m an unusual context, certam land descnbed as 'forest land' was to be treated as 'agricultural'.
Forest land ordinarilv means non arable, that is, non agricultural land. [351 C & El Rajalz Anand Brahma Shah v. State of U. P. & Ors. [1967] 1 SCR 373. followed. CONTROLL.ER OF ESTATE DUPTY V. V. V. VARMA RAJAH (Beg, J.)347 ( c) A'suming that the forest land subsequent to th·" levy of estate duly had been acquired by the State to1 be converted and used for agricuitural pur- poses, there heing no evidence or find<ng of such a character before the events which attracted the estate duty, it is an irrelevant circumstance of which the Court cannot take notice.
[351 G] (2) (a; The burden of establishing the exemption lay upon the assessel. The High Court was not correct in placing the burden upon the Revenue when it was admitted that the land was forest land.
The reason given by the High Court, that a, question of immunity of the subject matter from taxation by Parliament arose here, and that, therefore, the onus lay on the Departrrr~nt:
mixes up the questions of legislative competence and OJ° taxability. Even if there could be such an onus, it was, snfficiently discharged in the present case by the adm:.ssion of the assessee that the land was forest land covered with natural_ or wild growths. [352 A-Cl
(b) The assessce, was given due opportunity to lead evidence to show, that what was prima facie non-agricultural l~nd, was really agricultural land but he led 110 evidence to prove his intention to put the land to agricultnral use or purpose. On the other hand, he contended that the mere possibility of using such land for agricultural purposes in future wa~ enough. Therefore,
he had not discharged his onus, and no case is made out for sending the case back to the Tribunal for any fresh decision. [353 D-F] Civ1L APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeals Nos. 2000-2001· of 1969.
(Appeals· by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order 17-10-1968 of the Kerala High Court in Income Tax Referred No. 79167). dated Case B. Sen, S. P. Nayar and!. Ramamurthi for the Appellant (in both appeals).
G. K. Viswanatha Iyer, K. Jayaram and R. Chandrasekar for the Respondent (in both appeals) . The Judgment of the Court was delivered by BEG, J.-Civil Appeals Nos. 2000-2001 of 1969 from the judgment and order of the Kerala High Court are by grant of special leave by this Court filed on the ground that these appeals raise a question of wide · general importance.
This question was thus framed, in a reference made by the Madras Bench of the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal under Section 64(1) of the Estate Duty Act, 1953: "Whether on· the facts and in the circumstances of the
case, the ·Appellate Tribunal was correct in law in having included the value of the forest lands in the total value of the Estate for the purpose of Estate Duty ?" The assessee had claimed that large tracts of forest land, covered with wild and natural forest growths, situated in the erstwhile Malabar District, were 'agricultural' lands not liable to estate duty under the Estate Duty Act of 1953 (hereinafter referred to
as 'the Act'). According to the Revenue, duty had become leviable on the death of the former owners, Smt. Jayalakshmi Devi, who died on 6-3-1954, and Shri Madhava Rajah of Kollengode, who died on 9th May, 1955, each owning 1/13th share in the Tarwad properties on the dates of their deaths.
3-i8 No question as to the effect of any amendment of the law upon liability of agricultural land to Estate duty was referred by the Tribunal to the High Court. Nevertheless, it ·seems to have been considered
by reason of the general nature of tfue question referred involving a determination of the correctness of the inclusion of the value of "forest land in the total value of the estate". We may observe here that the question framed seems to rest on the assumption that the land under consideration was "forest land". However, the general nature of the question framed and the questions argued and decided by the Appel- late· Tribunal as well as the High Court indicated that the real contest was about the very nature of the land involved in order to determine whether it was liable to estate duty.
The High Court had observed that the Tribunal's findings that land, to the extent of 36,857.16 acres, was not agricultural land was "solely based on the absence of evidence or the assessee's failure to prove that the disputed forest lands are agricultural lands". The High Court had also mentioned the basis of this finding relat- ing to two types of land about which it had disagreed with the Appel- late Tribunal while agreeing with the Tribunal that 500 acres of
rocky land was non-agricultural land. This basis was given by quoting the following two passages from the judgment of the Appel- late Tribunal : " ( 1) According to the valuers, the remaining extent of
15,000 and odd acres out of the first category, has been leased by the assessee frol\1 time to time for cutting of timber and fuel wood, and has never been used by him either by himself or through lessees to bring it under culti- vation for any purpose. There is no material on record
from which it can be said that this area can at all be brought under cultivation for any purpose. Even if it is assumed that, there is a bare possibility of this area being brought under cultivation, the assessee has not placed any material before us from which it can be said that a prudent owner
would undertake any process of farming in respect of this land". (2) "With regard to the second category of the land of the extent of 16,000 and odd acres, the report of the valu- ers does not throw any light upon the nature of this land, and the only information available is that these lands have been held by the Kerala Government under a perpetual lease on
an annual rent of Rs. 5,000/-. The assessee has not shown whether this land was being cultivated by the Kerala Gov- ernment or whether it was only being exploited · by the Kerala Government for its timber value.
On the material on record, it is not possible for these lands to come under the category of agricultural lands". )r CONTROLLER OF ESTATE DUPTY V. V. V. VARMA RAJAH (Beg, J.)349 f The. High Court had set out the provisions of Section 5 of the Act as they stood before a slight amendment in 1956.
It read : "5. Levy of estate duty__:_ ( 1) In the case of every person dying after the com- mencement of this Act, there shall, save as hereinafter expressly provided, be levied and paid upon the principal
value ascertained as hereinafter provided of all property settled or not settled, including agricultural land situate in the States specified in the Fjrst Schedule to this Act, which passes on the death of such person, a duty called 'estate duty' at the rates fixed in accordance with Section 35.
(2) The Central Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, and the names of any other States to the First Schedule in respect whereof resol\ltions have been passed by the Legislatures of those States adopting this Act under clause ( 1) of Article 252 of the Constitution iri res- pect of estate duty on agricultural lands situate in those States, and on the issue of any such notification the States so added shall be deemed to be States specified in the First Schedule within the meaning of sub-section ( 1) ".
After pointing out that agricultural land falls under item 48 of List II or . the State List in the Seventh Schedule of tlhe Constitution, the High Court held that. estate duty on the land under consideration would become ·leviable provided it was agricultural land on the pass- ing of resolutioDJS by the legislature of the State of Madras as pro-
vided by Section 5 (2) set out above. These resolutions having been passed on 2-4-1955, the State of Madras was added in the First Schedule to the Act with effect from 6th June, 1955. Hence, the
High Court held that the estate duty was not leviable under the Act on agric;ultural land before 6th June, 1955, in the Madras State to which the land under consideration had belonged at the time when it was said to have become subject to a levy of estate duty.
Thus, the principal question which arose was : What is the meaning of "agricul- tural land" as that term is used in the Act ? The High Court of Kerala, which had to deal with this reference decided the question on two grounds : firstly, that, according to the views expressed in Sarojni Devi v. Srikrishna;(') and Megh Raj v. Allah Rakha;(') and C.I.T. West Bengal,
Calcutta, v. Raja Benoy Kumar Sahas Roy,( 3 ) the words "agricultural land" should be "inter- preted in their widest significance"; and, secondly, that although the burden rested upon an assesee to establish an exemption from liabi- litY: to es~ate d~ty in respect of any part of his estate, yet, if
he clauned 1mmumty on the ground that the subject matter does not fall within the ambit of the taxing power of the legislature imposing —- (!) A.I.R. 1944 Mad. 401. (2) A.I.R. 1942 PC 27.
(3) [1957] 32 ITR 466. c SU.PREME COURT REPORTS the d'uty, the Revenue had ·to establish that the subject matter involved is taxable. It then gave its opinion in the following terms c
"It is well known that the extensive areas of different varieties of plantation that we have got in this State were once forest lands, and it is also equally well-known that year after year large areas of forest lands in this State are being cleared and converted into valuable plantations.
In the absence of exceptional circumstances such as the land being entirely rocky or barren for. other reasons, all forest lands in this State are· agricultural lands in the sense that they can be prudently and profitably exploited for agricultural purposes. There is no case that the forest lands concerned in this case or any part thereof ai:e unfit for agricultural exploitation".
So far as the correct interpretation of the term "agricultural land'" in a taxing statute, such as the one before us, is concerned,, we have· already dealt with the question in our judgment in Commissioner or Wealth-tax, Andhra Pradesh v. Officer-in-Charge (Court of
Wurds). Paigah,(1) where we have said: "We think that it is not correct to give as wide a meaning as possible to terms used in a statute simply because the statute does not define an
expression. The correct rule is that we have to endeavour to find out the exact sense in which. the words have been used in a parti- cular context. We are entitled to look at the statute as a
whole and give an interpretation in consonance with the· purposes of the statute and what legally follows from the terms used. We are to avoid absurd results. If we were to give the widest possible connotation to the words 'agri- cultural land', as the Full Bench of the Andhra Pradesh
High Court seemed inclined to give to the term 'agricultural land', we would reach the conclusion that practically all land, even that covered by buildings is 'agricultural land' is as much as its potential or possible use could be agricul- tural. The object of the Wealth Tax Act is to tax surplus
wealth. It is clear that all land is not excluded from the definition of assets~ It is only 'agricultural land' which could be exempted. Therefore, it .is imperative to give reasonable limits to the scope of the agricultural land', or, . in other words, this exemption had to be necessarily given a more restricted meaning than the very wide ambit given to it by the Andhra Pradesh Full Bench".
Learned Counsel for the respondents had sought to rely strongly upon State of Kera/a & Anr. v. The Gwalior Rayon Silk Manufactur- ing ( Wvg.) Co. Ltd. etc., (2) where the question under considi:ra- tion was whether the Kerala Private Forests (Vesting and Assignment) Act 26 of 1971, purporting to acquire forest lands held on Janmam —- ——-
(I) [1977] I S.C.R. 146. (2) (1974] (I) S.C.R. p. 671, 682 .. . r– CO)iTROLLER OF ESTATE DUPTY V. V. V. VARMA RAJAH (Beg, f.)351 right, _without payment of compensation, for implementing a scheme of agrarian reform by assigning· 1ands or leasing them to poorer sec- tions of rural agricultural population, was
acquiring "agricultural land", for purposes stated in the Preamble to the Act before this Cour_ for interpretation. This Court interpreted the Preamble as having the effect of an earmarking by Legislature of certain forest lands for conversion into land meant for agriculture.
We do not think that the forest land involved in Gwalior Rayon s: Silk Ma11uf1;cturi11g ( Wvg.) Co. Ltds.' case (supra), which bad be- come linked up with agricultural purposes and earmarked for them, by reason of a special statute for special purposes, can bear compari- son
with forest land with "spontaneous" or natural and wild growths of forest, which is involved in the _case now before us. The decision in Gwalior Rayon Silk Manufacturing (Wvg.) Co.'s case (supra) obviously depended upon the special facts of that case and the character of provisions to be interpreted.
This Court keep- ing in view the special features of that case, in the context of certain judicial pronouncements mentibned in the Statement of objects and reasons for the statute to be interpreted, observed there (at p. 683) "It is, therefore, manifesi that when the legislature stated in the Preamble that the private forests are agricultural land, they merely wanted to convey that they are lands which by
and large could be prudently and profitably exploited for agri- cultural purposes''. It seems clear to us that this Court, by explaining why, f9r certain special reasons and in an unusual context, certain land described as "forest land" was to be treated as though it had become "agricultural", implied that ordinarily this is not so.
In Rajah Anand Brahma Shah v. State of V.P. & Ors.,(') this Court held forest land to be non- arable which meant "non-agricultural". We think that, without cvi-· dence to show that such land had been cleared and prepared or ear- marked for agricultural purposes, it must be treated as prima facie non- agricultural land.
Learned Counsel app.earing for the respondent stated before us that the lands under consideration had also been subsi;:quently acquired by the Govt. and put to agricultural uses. There is, however no
finding or evidence before us to that effect. Apparently, the lea~i::d Counsel meant that forest land subsequent to the levy of estate duty had been acquired by the State to be converted and used for agricul- tural purposes.
There being no evidence or finding of such a charac- 1 ter before the events which attracted the estate duty, we cannot take notice of such a statement by Counsel. It is irrelevant for the pur- pose of the cases before us.__
So far as the question of burden of proof is concerned, we think that to. pr~ceed on the assumption that all land is prima facie capable ?f cult1vatton, so .that the .State must prove that it is non-agricultural m order to establish that 1t could be the subject matter of legislation . – —
(I) [1967] l SC.R. 373 at p_ 379. c (1977] 1 S.C.l!.. which was within Parliament's legislative competence, and, therefore, covered by the Act, is to mix up the question of legislative competence and that of taxability of what is, ·on the face of it, taxable as part of the estate or property of the assessee within the meaning of Section 5 of the Act set out above. · Indeed, the question of legislative com- petence of Parliament was neither in issue nor part of the question referred even if such a question could have been referred at all by a Tribunal functioning under the Act.
We think that the burden of establishing the exemption lay upon the assessee respondent as was rightly 'held by the High Court. We think that the High Court was not correct in placing the burden upon the Department, after it was admitted that it was "forest land", on the ground that the further question of an immunity of the subject matter from taxation by Parlia- ment arose here and that, therefore, the onus lay on· the Department. Even if there could be such an onus here, it was, we think, suffi- ciently discharged by the admission that this was "forest land" cover- ed with natural or wild growths.
After that, at any rate, the assessee had to prove change of its character. In Commissioner of Wealth Tax, Andhra· Pradesh v. Officer-in- charge (Court of Wards) Paigah, (supra), in which we heard argu- ments together with arguments in the case now before us, we found that there was some evidence of the agricultural character of land in the shape of entries in revenue record.
We do not find what could similarly constitute evidence 'of agricultural character of the land in- volved in this case. On the other hand, the assessee's admission that the land under consideration was "forest land", covered by wild and natural growth of forests, constituted evidence to the contrary. We think that, unless tl1ere was evidence that such lands had been, in some way, set apart or earmarked for or linked up with an agricul- tural purpose, by their owners or occupiers, it could not be held that they are agricultural lands.
We think that the view of the Kerala High Court, that "all forest lands in this State are agricultural lands in the sense that they can be prudently and profitably exploited for agricultural purposes", is too
wide. It is erroneous for the reasons we have already set out in our judgment in the case from the Andhra Pradesh High Court. The question has to be decided on evidence of actual or intended user for which land may have been prepared or set apart.
In the case before us now, the Tribunal said in its referring order: "The Tribunal permitted the accountable person to raise the contention that the value of the forest lands has to' be ex- cluded as they were agricultural lands.
So far as this conten- tion was concerned, the following facts were not in dispute : viz., that the forest consisted. of trees of spontaneous growth; that no operations in the nature of forest development were being carried on; and, that only operations in the nature of exploitation of the forest
were being conducted. The accountable person, however, contended that these lands were capable of being brought under cultivation at a future f CONTROLLER OF 'ESTATE DUPTY V. V. V. VARMA RAJAH (Beg, J.) 353 date and that therefore they must be deemed to be agricul- tural lands.
Reliance was sought to be placed upon the decision of the Madras High Court in Sarojini Devi v. Shri Krishna (AIR 1944 Madras p. 401) in which it was held that the expression 'agricultural lands' must be taken to include lands which are used or are capable of
being used for raising any valuable plants or trees or for any other purpose of husbandry. The Tribunal was, however, of the view that in the said decision their Lordships did not intend to lay down a definition of the expression 'agricultural lands' for all purposes, and that, on the other hand, they clearly indicated that the expression admits of different interpreta- tions and that it was only from the context of the particular enactment in which this expression is used that its meaning has to be inferred.
The Tribunal observed that the very wide definition of the expression 'agricultural lands' laid down in the above cited decision was not applicable to cases under the Estate Duty Act.
The Tribunal, therefore, nega- tived the contention of the accountable person that the forest lands had to be excluded from the value of the assessable estate of the deceased". Thus, it is clear that the assessee, after having been given due opportunity to lead evidence to show that what was prima facie non- agricultural land, in the sense that it was covered by the spontaneous or natural growth of forests, was really agricultural land, had led no such evidence.
It was not shown that the assessee or his predeces- sor in interest did anything to develop the forest in the sense that any particular trees were planted deliberately. It appears that the nature of exploitation of the forest lands was simply to give contracts for cutting of the trees.
The assessee not having led any evidence of any intention to prepare or appropriate or ear-mark the land for any agricultural use or purpose, but, on the other hand, having con- tended that mere possibility of using such land for agricultural pur- poses in future was enough, could not be said to have discl;iarged his onus of proof.
After the assessee's admission that it was "forest land", which presumably prevented cultivation, no evidence was led, as we have already observed, to indicate any change of character of this land or its conversion into agricultural
land. We, therefore, think that the Appellate Tribunal was correct in expressing the view it had taken and the conclusions it had recorded. And, no case is made out for sending the case back to the Tribunal for any fresh decision.
Consequently, we allow these appeals, set aside the judgment and orders of the High Court. The parties will bear their. own costs. V.P.S. · Appeals allowed. c