c t !TZI CONTROLLER OF ESTATE DUTY MADRAS v. ALLADI KUPPUSWAMY May 3, 1977 [P, N, BHAGWATI, N, L. UNTWALIA ANIJ S. MURTAZA FAZAL ALI, JJ.I £.state Duty Act, 1953-Sections 7(1) and (2) and 39-Scope of. Hindu
Joint Fan1ily-Death of coparcener-Nature of interest of widow–Widow not claiminK partition during the life time-Death of widow– Whether interc5t in joint fan1ily prop:erty passes-Liability to estate
duty- fatate Duty Act, 1953, SS,, 5, 6, 7(1), 39, 40(a) and (b)-Hindu Women's Siglu.1 tc I'roperty Act, 1937, Section 3(2). Construction of fiscal statutes-Duty of the court-Legislative intent reflected in the Acts must be given full effect to.
Sbri Anadi wa~ a member of the Hindu coparcenary consisting of hl1nself, his wife (Smt. Alladi) and three sons. Shri Alladi who died before the Estate Duty Act 1953 came into force, during his life time had settled certain pro- perties absolutely on his wife and had also declared certain other properties to form part of the joint family properties. Smt. Alladi died on January 5, 1956, a fev.' months before the passing of the Hindu Su~cession Act, 1956. The Assistant Controller of Estate Duty valued her estate at a total amount of Rs. 7,25,527 /- including a sum of Rs. 2,02,271 /- being the value of her I/4th share in the joint family properties, on the footing that as Smt. AUadi was a member of the Hindu coparcenary, her interest in the joint family properties passed on her death to the other three sons and the value of this interest being l I 4th, the heirs would be liable to pay estate duty on the value of the I /4th. share.
The respondent filed an appeal before the Central Board of Revenue OJ.nd <..:ontended that as Smt. Allacli died as a Hindu widow she possessed no coparcenary interest which could pass on her ·death; her interest merged with- out any benefit accruing or arising to the coparceners and hence section 7 sub- section ( 1) had no application. This plea did not find favour with the Board which upheld the order of the Assistant Controller of Estate Duty as correct. The Board further held that the Hindu widow's estate created by s. 3(2) of the ffindu WidO\VS Rights to Property Act, 1937, wa-s an interest in property– which cef<sed on the death of the widow attracting estate duty. Thereupon, the respondent moved the Board to make reference to ~he High Court of Madras for decision of the questions of law involved in the case. The Board
referred three questions to the High Court under section 64(1) of the Act, but at thei time of the hearing of the reference, the respondent confined his argu- ments only to the following issue, namely "Whether on the facts and in the circurristances of the case 1/ 4th share of the deceased in the joint family pro- perties to which she was entitled under s. 3 of the Hindu Womens Rights to Property Act, 1937, was correctly included in her estate as property deemed to pass on her death under s. 7 of the Estate Duty Act, 1953." The High Court relying on the decisions of the Privy Council in Attorney General of Cey/011 v. Arunachalani Chettiar (1957) AC 513 and Gartside v. Inland Revenue Comn1issio11ers 1968 AC 553 held that the interest of Smt. A11adi was not a coparcenary interest which could have passed under s. 7(1) of the Act and as the said interest was incapable of .valuation, it was not exigible to estate duty and thus
held against the Revenue and in favour of the .accountable person. Allowing the appeal by certificate, the Court, HELD: (I) By virtue of the provisions of the Act of 1937 a·Hindu widow undoubtedly p-05sess a coparcenary jnterest
as contemplated by s, 7 (I l of the Act and she is also a member of the Hindu copar~enary as envisa~d· by ,, 7 (2) of the Act f734 Bl -,22 [19771 3 s.c.i. (2) Prior to the passing of the Act of 1937 a Hindu Woman had no right t>r interest at all in a Hindu coparcenary. The Act of 1937 bettered the rights of a Hindu widow and conferred on her by s. 3 th;: same interest as possessed hy her husband. [727 A]
(3) The words "the same interest as he himself had" in sub-section (2) of s. 3 of the Act of 1937 clearly indicate that the statute gave effect to the well-settled doctrine of Hindu shastric law that the persona of the husband after his death continues through his wife who is a surviving half and the husband continues to live through the widow so long as the widow is alive. When the Legislature used the expression "the same interest as he himself had", it would include all the rights possessed by the husband which could devolve Qn the wife. Thus, a Hindu widow was introduced for the first time into the Hindu coparcenary having the same rights as her husband and became as it were a member of the Hindu coparcenary with two qualifications, namely, (i) she had only a limited interest and (ii) that she could not be a coparcener because having regard to the nature of her entry into the family after marriage with her husband, there was no question of her getting interest in the Hindu
coparcenary bv birth which is one of the most important incidents of a Hindu <:Oparcenary. [727 D-EJ ( 4) The essence of coparcenary property is the unity of ownership which is vested in the whole bcxly of coparceners and the two principal incidents of coparcenary are that the interest of coparceners devolve by survivorship and not by inheritance and that the male issue of a_ coparcenary acquires an interest in the coparcenary property by birth and not as representing his father. [729 D-El
(5) A Hindu coparcenary has six essential characteristics, namely, (i) that the lineal male descendants upto the third generation acquire an independent right of ownership by birth and not as representing their ancestors; (ii) that the members of the coparcenary have the right to work out their rights by demanding partition; (iii) that until partition, each membe:r; has got ownership extending over the entire property jointly with the rest and so long as no parti· tion takes p1ace it is difficu1t for any coparcener to predicate the share which he might receive; (iv) that as a result of such co-ownership the possession and enjoyment of the property is common; (v) that there can be no alienation of the propertv without the concurrence of the other coparceners unless it be for legal necessity and (vi) that the interest of a deceased member lapses on his death and merges in the coparcenary property.
Applying these tests to the interest of a Hindu widow who has been introduced into a cooarcenarv by virtue of the Act of 1937, it will be seen, that short of the first condition she possesses all the necessary indicia of a cooarcenary interest. The fact
that before the Act of 1956 she had the characteristic of a widow estate in her interest in the prooerty does not detract any the less from this -position. There· fore, though a Hindu widow
cannot be a copa"rcener she has cooarcenary interest and is also a member of the conarcenarv bv virtue of the rights con· ferred on her under the Act of 1937. [731 F-H, 732 A-B-D)
State Bank of India v. Ghan1andi Ram (dead) through Shri G1irbax Rai [1969] 3 SCR 681- 686. applied. (6) If the widow has not chosen to exercise her right of partition, there is no severence of the Hindu coparcenary and on her death the interest of the widow merges in the coparcenary property or lapse.s to the other co. parceners.
Parappagari Parappa alias Han1nuutthappa and Anr. v. Parappagari Naganzan and Ors. ILR 1954 Madras 183; S. T. Sabujpari and Anr. v. SatruRhan lsser and Ors. AIR 1958 Patna 405, 410 and Mst. Khatrani Kuer v .. S1nt. Tapeslnvari Kuer AIR 1964 Pat. 261, approved.
(7) It was not the intent of the legislature which was fully aware of the statutory interest conferred on a H:ndu widow bv virtue of the Act of 1937 and the incidents thereof that though a Hindu widow has got the same interest as her husband in the Hindu coparcenary and has also the right to demand .. •
OONTROLLER ESTATE DUTY v. ALLADI KUPPUSWAMY (Fazill Ali, J.) 7 23 partition and her interest is a fluctuating one would lapse to the other co- parceners in case of her death without seeking partition in the same manner as that of other coparceners, yet it should be exempt from estate duty. In the instant case, Smt. Alladi was a member of the Hindu coparcenary, her interest was undoubtedly a coparcenary interest which lapsed on her death ap.d merged into the coparcenary, It was clearly capable of valuation, it being covered by s. 39 of the Act. Th;: High Court was in error in basin2 its decision on the Arunachalam Chettiar's case and also in Gartside's case ignoring the :decisions of this Court and also the peculiar and special provisions of tho Act. [732 F, 733 A-C]
Attorney-General of Ceylon v. Arunchalam Chettiar (1957) AC 513= 34 ITR (E.D.) 20 and Gartside v. Inland Revenue Commissioners (1968) AC 553=70 ITR 663 (H.L.) held inapplicable. (8) It is wrong to contend that the widow could not be treated either a• a member of the Hindu coparcenary or as having been conferred coparcenary interest in the property. Even though the wido\v is not ~ coparcener in the itrictly legal sense of the term, the interest which she has is the same interest as her husband and that is the coparcenary interest with the only limitation placed on her bys. 3(3) of the Act of 1937, namely, that her interest would be limited interest, of a Hindu widow. In the instant case, Smt. Alla di pos- sieiied a coparcenary interest which lapsed on her death and merged into the coparcenary and was clearly covered by the inclusive part of sub-s. (1) of s. 7 and under s. 39, the value of the benefit accruing or arising from the cesier of the coparcenary interest was to be determined by taking the principal value of the share and the joint family property which would have been allotted tQ -~ had there been partition immediately before her death. The present c~se squarely falls within the ambit of s. 7(1) latter part and sub-s. (2) of s. 7 of the Act ·which
attracts s. 39. By reason of the inclusive part of su_b-s. (1) of s. 7 it must be taken to have passed on her death and was hence exigib!e to estate duty. [733 D-G] · (9) When the phraseology of a particular section of the statute takes within itS sweep the transaction which is taxable, it is not for the court to strain and stteiS the language of the section so as to enable the tax-payer to escape the tax. The· .legislative intent reflected in the Act of 1937 and Estate Duty Act, 1953, must be given full effect to. [733 H, 734 Al
ClvIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2003/71 (From the Judgment and Order dated 5-12-1969 of the Madras High Court in Tax-Case No. 40 of 1965) S. T. Desai, P. L. Juneja and R. N. Sachthey, for the appellant. G. Ve11katarama Sastry, K. R. Ramamani and J. Ramiimurthi for the respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by FA7-AL Au, J.-This appeal by certificate is directed against a Full Bench judgment of the Madras High Court dated December 5 1969- Alladi Kuppuswami v. Controller of Estate Duty, Madra~(')-by which the reference made to the High Court by the Central Board of Revenue was answered in favour of the accountable person ·and against the Revenue.
The case involves an interesting and important question of law in respect of ambit and scope of ss. 7(1) & (2) as also 39 of the (I) 76 !. T. R. 500 7-707SCI/77 '124 [1977] 3 S.C,R.
.Estnte Duty Act, 1953-hereinafter referred to as 'the Act'. In order to decide the question of law arising in the appeal, it may be necessary to set out briefly the facts of the case.
Sri Alladi Krishnaswami Iyer died some time before the passing of the Estate Duty Act, 1953, but during his life time he had settled certain properties absolutely on hfa wife ·smt. Alladi Venkatakshmamma-to be referred in short as 'Sm!. Alladi'-and be had also declared certain other properties to from part of the joint family properties.
Sri Alladi Krishnaswami Iyer-here- after to be referred to as "Sbri Alladi" was a member of the Hindu coparcenary consisting of himself, his wife and three sons. In the instant case we are only concerned with the joint family properties left by Shri Alladi.
Smt. Alladi died on January 5, 1956 a few months before the passing of the Hindu Succession Act,. 1956 and the Assis- c tant Controller of Estate Duty valued her estate at a total amount of Rs. 7,25,527 including a sum of Rs. 2,02,271 being the value of her Hh share in the joint family pr(\]lerties. The dispute in the present case centres round the inclusion of the aforesaid sum of Rs. 2.02,2711-. 'Ibe Revenue assessed the estate duty on the footing that as Smt. Alladi was a member of the Hindu coparcenary her interest in the joint famil) properties passed on her death to the other three sons and the '1alue of this interest being ! 14th the heirs would be liable to pay estate duty on the value of the !/4th share assessed at Rs. 2,02,271/-. Tile accountable persons raised several contentions before the Revenue in- eluding the question as to whether or not the Act would apply to agri- cultural lands as also whether interest on certain fixed deposits in Gov- ernment securities would be assessable under the Act.
It appears, however, that before the High Court the respondent pressed only the question relating to the inclusion of the value of 1I4th share of Smt. Alladi valued at Rs. 2,02,2711-. The respondent filed an appeal before the Board and contended that as Smt. Alladi died as a Hindu widow she possessed no coparcenary interest which could pass on her death : her interest merged without any benefit accruing or arising to the coparceners and hence s. 1 sub-s. (1) had no aoplication.
The plea taken by the respondent did not find favour with the Central Board of Revenue which upheld the order of the Assistant Controller of Estate Duty. Thereupon the re;-pondent moved the Board of Revenue to make a ieference to the High Court of Madras for decision of the questions of Jaw involved in the case.
The Board accordingly referred the follow- ing questions to the High Court : "1. Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case one-fo~h share of the deceased in the joint family properti~s, to which she was entitled under section 3 of the Hindu Women's Ri~hts to Property Act, 1937, was correctly
tii included in her estate as property deemed to pass on her dtath under section 7 of the &tate Duty Ac~ 1953? 2. Whether the Estate Duty Act, 1953, in so far as it seeks to levy duty on agricultural lands, is ultra vires of the legislative powers of the Union Legislature ?
'-, ;·.<; .CONTROLLER ESTATE DUTY v. ALLADI KUPPUSWAMY (Fazal Ali, J.)' 725 · 3. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the accrued interest on fixed deposits and Govermuent securities up to the date of death of the deceased was correct- ly included in her estate under section 34(2) of the Estate Duty Act, 1953 ?
Although three questions had been referred to the High Court by the Huard, at the hearing of the appeal the respondent gave up questions Nos. 2 and 3 and confined his arguments only to question No. 1 whicb falls for determination in this case.
The High Court, relying mainly on lhe decisions of the Privy Council in Attorney-General of Cey/011 v. Arw1achalam Chettiar;(') and Ganside v. Inland Revenue: Com- missioners(') came to the conclusion that the interest of Smt. Alladi wa, not a coparcenary interest which could have passed under s. 7 ( l) of the Act and as the said interest was incapable of valuation wns nnf exigible to estate duty.
Thereafter the appe:Jant applied to the High Court for granting a certificate of fitness for leave to appeal to this Court and the same having been granted the appeal has now been placed before us for hearing.
The respondent reiterated his contentions before us and submitted that s. 7 ( 1) of the Act had no applicat'on to the facts of the present case, and therefore, the share of Smt. Alladi was not exigible to estate ducy.
The appellant, however, submitted that a Hindu widow had a coparcenary interest in the joint family properties which could be valu- ed on the basis of the factors enumerated in s. 39 of the Act, the High Court was in error in holding that the interest of Smt. Alladi was not capable of any valuation.
The appellant, therefore, submitted that the High Court had not correctly appreciated the legal nature and character of the interest of the Hindu widow conferred on her by virtue of the Hindu Women's Rights to Property Act, 1937.
In our opinion the answer to the problem would naturally lie in a correct interpretation of ss. 7(1) & (2) of the Act as also on a true construction of s. 3 (2) of the Hindu Women's Rights to Property Act, 1937 as amended by Act 11 of 1938. It is true that while this Court has had occasions to interpret the provisions of the Hindu
Women's Rights to Property Act, 1937-hereafter referred to as 'the Act of 1937'-on several occasions, yet the exact point which arises in this case has not yet been determined by this Court. In ordeic to
understand the implications of the arguments advanced by counsel for the parties before us. it may be necessary to extract the relevant pro- visions of the Act as also of the Act of 1937. Section 7 sub-ss. (I) & (2) of the Act run thus :
"7. Interests ceasing on death,- c (!) Subject to the provisions of this section, property in which the deceased or any other person had an interest ceas- in!! on the death of the deceased shall be deemed to pass on the deceased's death to the extent to which a benefit accrues (1) (1957) A. C. 513-34 I. T. R. (E.D.) 20
{2) (1968) A.C5·53-70 I.T.R. 663 (H. L.) [1977] 3 S.C.R, or arises by the cesser of such interest, including, in particu- lar, a coparcenary interest in the joint family property of a Hindu family governed by the Mitakshara Marumakkatta-
yam or Aliyasantana Jaw. (2) If a member of a Hindu coparcenary governed by the Mitakshara school of law dies, then the provisions of su!Hection ( 1) shall apply with respect to the interest of the deceased in the coparcenary property only :-
c :E (a) if the deceased had completed his eighteenth year at the time of his death, or (b) where he had not completed his eighteenth year at the time of his death, if his father or other male as-
cendant in the male line was not a coparcener of the same family at the time of his death." It would be seen that s. 7 ( 1) consist of two parts-the first part refers to the interest of the deceased which ceases on his death and accord- . iil~ to this part two conditions are necessary before there is a passing of the interest-(!) that there mnst be a cesser of the interest by virtue of the death of the deceased; and (2) that as a result of such cesser a benefit accrues or arises.
The second part of sub-s. ( 1 ) contains an inclusive category which brings within the fold of sub-s. ( 1) a coparcenary interest in the joint family property of a Hindu family governed by the Mitakshara. Marumakkattayam or Aliyasantana Jaw.
In the instant case, we are mainly concerned with the Mitak- shara Jaw. We might dispose of a short argument advanced by Mr. S. T. Desai in support of the appeal on this question.
It was sub- mitted that the words "governed by the Matakshara, Marumakkatta- yam or A/iyasantana law" clearly show that the coparcenary interest . has been used in a wide sense and cannot be restricted to the strict coparcenary interest known to the M itakshara law alone. In the view which we take in this case, however, it is not at all necessary to go into this point.
The main question for determination is as to whether the interest acquired by a Hindu widow under the Act of 1937 can be said to be a coparcenary interest in the legal sense of the term.
Once a Hindu widow is held to have a coparcenary interest, then there would be no difficulty in treating her as a member of the Hindu coparcenary, in which case her interest could be easily valued according to the relevant provision of s. 39 of the Act which runs thus:
"39. (!) The value of the benefit accruing or arising from the cesser of a coparcenary interest in any joint family property governed by the Mitakshara school of a Hindu law which ceases on the death of a member thereof shall be the principal value of the share in the joint family property which would have been allotted to the deceased had there
been a partition immediately before his death." In order to understand the content and character of the interest which a Hindu widow gets by virtue of the statutory provisions contained in CONTROLLER ESTATE DUTY v. ALLADI KUPPUSWAMY (Faziil Ali,!.) 72 7 the Act of 1937 there can be no doubt that prior to the passing of the Act of 1937 a Hindu woman had no right or interest at all in a Hindu coparcenary.
She was neither a coparcener nor a member of the coparcenary nor did she have any interest in it, except the right to get maintenance. She also had no right to demand partition of the
coparcenary property after the death of her husband. The Act of 1937 introduced broad and important changes by bettering the rights of a Hindu widow and conferring on her the same interest as possess- ed by her husband.
Sub-sections (2) and (3) of s. 3 of the Act of 1937 run thus : "(2) When a Hindu governed by any school of Hindu law other than the Dayabhaga school or by customary law dies having at the time of his death an interest in a Hindu joint family property, his widow shall, subject to the provi- sions of sub-section (3), have in the property the same
interest as he himself had." "(3)Any interest devolving on a Hindu widow under the provisions of this section shall be the limited interest known as a Hindu Woman's estate, provided however that
she shall have the same right of claiming partition as a male owner. The words "the same interest as he himself had" in sub s, (2) of s, 3 of the Act of 1937 clearly indicate that the statute gave effect to the well settled doctrine of Hindu Shastric Law that the persona of the husband after his death continues through his wife who is the surviving half of the husband and the husband continues to live through the widow so long as the widow is alive. It was this concept of the Hindu Law which was sought to be recognised and given effect to by the Act of 193 7. In these circumstances, therefore, when the Legislature used the expression "the same interest as he himself had" it would include all the bundle of rights possessed by the husband which would devolve on the wife and if there were to be any !imitations on thooc rights they were spelt out by sub-s. (3) itself, namely, that while the Hindu widow would have the same right and interest as her husband, her interest would only be the limited interest known as a Hindu
Woman's estate. Sub-section (2) of s. 3 of the Act of 1937 further conferred on the widow the right to demand partition and on partition she was entitled to get the same share as her husband. Thus the posi- tion appears to be that a Hindu widow was introduced for the first time into the Hindu coparcenary having the same rights as her husband and became as it were a member of the Hindu coparcenary with two qualifications, viz., ( 1) that she had only a limited interest; and (2) that she could not be a coparcener because having regard to the nature of her entry into the family after marriage with her husband there was no question of her getting interest in the Hindu coparcenary by birth which is -me of the most important incidents of a Hindu coparcenary. All the other rights of a coparcener were duly conferred on her by the Act of 1937.
Dwelling on the conten{ and import of the nature of the interest <lf a Hindu widow this Court pointed out in laisri Sahu v. Rajdewan c [1977) 3 S.C.R. Dubey & Others(') that on the death of her husband the. properties vested in the widow and she fully represented the estate.
In this con- nection, this Court made the following observations : "When a widow succeeds as heir to her husband, the ownership in the properties, both legal and beneficial, vests in her.
She fully represents the estate, the interest of the reversioners therein being only spes succession's. The widow is entitled to the full beneficial enjoyment of the estate and is not accountable to any one. It is true that she cannot alie- nate the properties unless it be for necessity or for benefit to the estate, but this restriction on her powers is not one im- posed for _the benefit of revers_ioners but is an incident of the estate as known to Hindu law."
Similarly in a later case in Potti Lakshmi Perumallu v. Patti KrisJ,navenamma(2 ) this Court reiterated that a Hindu widow was the surviving half of her husband and so long as she was alive the husband continued to live in her. This Court observed as follows : ''The decisions also recognise that though the
widow does not, by virtue of the interest given to her by the new law become a coparcener she being entitled to claim partition of the joint family property is in the same position in which her
deceased husband would have been in the matter of exercise of that right. That is to say, according to these decisions her interest is a fluctuating one and is liable to in- cre.ase or decrease according as there are accretions to or diminutions of the property. In our opinion these decisions l~y down the law correctJy."
lt may be pertinent to note that in the aforesaid case the Court was wnsidering tb.e nature of the interest which a widow derived by virtue Qf the statutory substitution contained in s.3(2) of the Act of 1937. It was ;),lsp {lOinted out that like other coparceners of a Hindu copar- lhe W.tcr"!lt of a widow until separated by a partition continu~d lo 1:icl a fiui;iuating o~ which was liable to increase or decrease with th~ .dea(}js pr ;idditions in the family.
1\1 $Ptm~n lsser v. Smt. Subujpari & others(') this Court pointed .O!ll fP#t lhti intere~ col)ferred on a Hindu widow arose by statutory :stitutiPn '"1<! t)ie Al;t of 1937 introduced changes which were so alien w thl.> stmctun: of a Hindu coparcenary. In this connection Cp\lft omerved llS f.olJows :
"Tlu: Act in inv~ting the widow of a member of a copar- c.enary with (l)e interest which the member had at the time pf his de11th has int;oduced changes which are alien to the (1) [1962] 2 S.C.R. 558, 564-565.
(2) [19~5] I S.C.R. 26, 33. (3) [196711 s.~.R. 7. t CONTROLLER ESTATE DUTY v. ALLADI KUPrUSWAMY (Fa.<al Ali, J.) 729 structure of a coparcenary. The interest of a widow arises not by inheritance nor by survivorship, but by statutory sub- stitution :
A Hindu coparcenary under the M itakshara school con- sisbs of males alone : it includes only those members who acquire by birth or adoption interest in the coparcenary pro- perty. The essence of CDparcenary property is unity ot
ownership which is vested in the whole body of coparceners. While it remains joint, no individual member can predicate of the undivided property that he has a definite share therein. The jnterest of each coparcener is fluctuating, capable
of being enlarged by deaths, and liable to be diminished by the birth of sons to coparceners : it is only on partition that the coparcener can claim that he has become entitled to a definite share. The two principal incidents of coparcenary property are : that the interest of coparceners devolves by survivor- ship and not by inheritance; and that the male issue of a
coparcener acquires an interest in the coparcenary property by birth, not as representing his father but in his own inde- pendent right acquired by birth." As pointed out above the essence of coparcenary property is the unity of ownership which is vested in the whole body of coparceners and the two principal incidents of coparcenary property are that the interest c
of coparceners devolves by survivorship and not by inheritance and that the male issue of a coparcener acquires an interest in the copar- cenary property by birth and not as representing his father. After
having described the incidents of a Hindu coparcenary, the Court pro- ceeded to observe as follows : "By the Act (Act of 1937) certain antithetical concepts are sought to be reconciled.
A widow of a coparcener is invested by the Act with the same interest which her husband had at the time of his death in the property of the coparcen- ary. She is thereby introduced into the coparcenary, and
between the surviving coparceners of her husband and the widow so introduced, there arises community of interest and unity of possession. But the widow does not on that account become a coparcener : though invested with the same interest which her husband had in the property she does not acquire the right which her husband could have exercised over .the interest of the other coparceners. Because of statutory sub- stitution of her interest in the coparcenary property in place Qf her husband, the right which the other coparceners had
under the Hindu law of the Mitakshara school of taking that interest by the rule of survivorship remains suspended so long as that estate enures. She has still power to make her interest definite by making a demand for partition, as a male owner may. If the widow
c after being introduced into family to which her husband belonged does not seek partition, on the termination of her estate her interest will merge into the coparcenary property .. " Again this Court did not approve of the assumption made by some Courts that the right vested in the widow was liable to revert to the coparcenary, even where, on demand for partition, it became separated from the coparcenary property, and in this connection this Court ob- served as follows :
"The assumption that though the right vested in the widow by the Act is a right of property which may on demand for partition become separated from the coparcenary property, it is still liable to revert to the coparcenary on the determi- nation of the widow's estate, does not give full effect to the statutory conferment upon the widow of the same right of
claiming partition as a male owner". Finally this Court approved of certain observarons made by the Madras High Court in Parappagari Parappa alias Hammanthappa and Another v. Parappagari Nagamma and others(') where Subba Rao J., as he then was, made the following observations :
"She could ask for partition and separate possession of her husband's share. In case she asked for partition, her husband's interest should be worked out having regard to the circumstances obtaining in the family on the date of parti- tion. If she divided herself from the other members of the family during her lifetime, on her demise the succession
would be traced to her husband on the basis that the property was · his separate property. If there was no severance, it . would devolve by survivorship to the other members of the
joint Hindu family : " It is, therefqre, manifest from the aforesaid decision that if the widow had not chosen to .exercise her right of partition, 'there is no severance of the Hindu coparcenary and on her death the interest of the widow merges in the coparcenary property or lapses to the other coparceners. As already indicated above, this Court in Satrughan v. Smt. Sabujpari & others (supra) had taken the same view and had confirmed .the ·u;vi- sion Bench decision of the Patna High Court in Smt. Sabujpari and another v. Satrughan Isser and others(2), where the Patna High Court after considering the entire law on the subject, observed thus : "After having considered the various authorities and the
various aspects of the case, my conclusions are that, under the Provisions of the Act a widow orf a deceased coparcenef is placed in same p9sition as the deceased coparcener was, for the reason of the fictiol). that half .the body of the deceased husband survived in the widow; that, like her husband; the widow also is entitled to effect severance of the joint status (I) I.L.R. (1954) Mad. 183.
(2) A.T.R. 1958 Pat. 405, 410. :CIJJif'FRoLLER ESTATE DUTY v. ALLADI KUPPUSWAMY (Fazal Ali, J.) 731 of the family by an nneqnivocal expression of intention to separate; that in case the widow does not exercise her right of partition and dies without expressing any intention to separate, the interest of the husband, which she enjoyed, goes by survivor- ship to the other members of the joint family."
We find ourselves in complete agreement with the observations made by the Patna High Court to which one of ns (Untwalia, J., as he then was) was a party. The view taken by the Patna High Court in the aforesaid case was later on approved by a Fnll Bench of the Patna High Court in Mst. Khatrani Kuer v. Smt. Tapeshwari Kuer('). In State Bank of India v. Ghamandi Ram (dead) through Shri Gurbux Rai(2 ), this Court, while dealing with the incidents of Hindu coparcenary, observed as follows :
"According to the Mitakshara School of Hindu Law all the property of a Hindu joint family is held in collective ownership by all the coparceners in a quasi-corporate capa- city. The incidents of copar-
cenership under the Mitakshara law are : first, the lineal male descendants of a person np to the third generation, acquire on birth ownership in the ancestral properties is common; secondly, that no alienation of the property any
time work ant their rights by asking for partition; thirdly, that till partition each member has got ownership extending over the entire property, conjointly with the rest; fourthly, ·that as a result of snch co-ownership the possession and
enjoyment of the properties is common; fifthly, that no aliena- tion of the property is possible unless it be for necessity, without the concurrence of the coparceners, and sixthly, that the interest of a deceased member lapses on his death to the snrvivon;. A coparcenary under the Mitakshara School is a
creature of law and cannot arise by act of parties except in ~o far that on adoption the adopted son becomes a copar- cener with his adoptive father as regards the ancestral pr°" perties of the latter."
Thus analysing the ratio of a aforesaid case regarding the incidents of a .. Hindu coparcenary it would appear that a Hindu coparcenary has s~ -eiisential characteristics, namely, (1) that the lineal male descen- dant& np to the third generation acquire an independent right of owner- ship by birth and not as representing their ancestors; (2) that the members of the coparcenary have the right to work ont their rights l!Y demanding partition; (3) that until partition, each member has gO,t ownership extending over the entire property conjointly with the res( and so long as no partition takes place, it is difficult for any coper- ce.ii~t . to predicate the share which he might receive; ( 4) that as a r.es\ilt of snch co-ownership the possession and enjoyment of the property i~ c.on'unon; (5) that there can be no alienation of the property without …..!..·, '
<: i) (1). AI.R. 1964 Pat 261. ·: '(2} .. (1969] 3 S.C.R. 681, 686. c SUPREME COURT REPQltfS (1977] 3 S.<;.ll.. the concurrence of the other coparceners unless it be for legal necessity; and (6) that the interest of a deceased member lapses on his death and merges in the coparcenary property.
Applying these tests to the interest of a Hindu widow who has been introduced into a coparcenary by virtue of the Act of 1937, we find that, excepting condition No. ( 1), all other conditions are fully satisfied in case of a Hindu widow succeeding to the interest of her husband in a Hindu coparcenary. In other words, after her husband's death the Hindu widow under the Act of 1937 has got the right to demand partition, she cannot predi- cate the exact share which she might receive until partition iJS made, her dominion extends to the entire property conjointly with the other members of the coparcenary. her possession and enjoyment is common, the property cannot be alienated without concurrence of all the mem- bers of the family, except for legal necessity, and like other coparceners she has a fluctuating interest in the property which may be mcreased or decreased by deaths or additions in the family. It is manifest that she cannot fulfil the first condition, because she enters the coparcenary long after she is born and after she is married to her husband and acquires his interest on his death. Thus, short of the first condition, she possesses all the necessary indicia of a coparcenary interest. The fact that before the Act of 1956, she had the characteristic of a widow- estate in her interest in the property does not detract any the less from this position. It must follow as a logical corollary that though a Hindu widow cannot be a coparcener, she. has coparc.enary interest and she is also a member of a coparcenary by virtue of the rights conferred -On her under the Act of 1937.
There is yet another important aspect of the matter which has to be considered. At the time when the Estate Duty Act was passed in 1953, the Legislature was fully aware of the statutory interest conferred on a widow by virtue of the Act of 1937 and the incidents thereof. In these circumstances it is not reasonable to infer that the Legislature could have intended that though a Hindu widow has got the same interest as her husband in the Hindu coparcenary and has also the right to demand partition and her interest which is a fluctuating one would lapse to the other coparceners in case of her death without seeking partition in the same manner as that of other coparceners, yet it should be exempt from estate duty.
The sheet-anchor of the argument of the respondent was the Prizy· Council decision in Arunachalam Chettiar's case (supra). In the firsf place, the facts of that case are clearly distinguishable from the facts· of the present case. In that case, the Hindu undivided family consisted of father, son and some female members.
According to the Privy Counci~, the females were merely entitled to maintenance. The females there could not have any interest in the coparcenary nor could ·any such argument be advanced because there was no statute similar to the Act of 1937.
Moreover, in the Estate Duty Ordinance which was being construed by ·the Privy Council there was neither any provision like the inclusive part of sub-s. ( 1) and sub-s. (2) of s. 7 nor any provision similar to s. 39 of the Act. In these circumstances, we do not see how the Privy Council decision in Arunachalam Chattiar'.< case CONTROLLER ESTATE DUTY v. ALLAl>I KUPPUSWAMI (Fazal Ali,].) 733 (supra) can be called in aid to support the contention of the respon- dent. In the instant cooe, once it is held, as it must be, that Smt. Alladi wail a member of the Hindu coparcenary, her interest was undoubtedly a coparcenary interest which lapsed on her death and merged in:o the coparcenary. It was also clearly capable of valuation, unlike the position in Arunachalam Chettiar's case where the Privy Council was construing a provision
similar to s. 40 of the Act, which, in our opinion, has no application in the present case, it being covered by s. 39 of the Act. A fortiori the same observations apply to the case of Gartside v. Inland Revenue Commissioners (supra). That case has no application here where we are concerned with the concept of a Hinda coparcenary which is totally alien to the estates contemplated under the English Acts.
For these rerusons, therefore, we are clearly of the opinion that the two cases relied upon by the High Court do not appear to be of any assistance in deciding the points at issue in the present appeal, and the High Court was in error in basing its decision on the aforesaid cases ignoring the decisions of this Court as also the peculiar and special provisions of the Act.
Finally, it was vehemently contended by Mr. Sastri for the respon- dent that the right of a Hindu widow under the Act of 193 7 was merely a statutory substitution of a new status by her introduction into the copercenary and she could not be treated either as a coparcener or a member of the copercenary or to possess any kind of coparcenary interest. While we agree that the widow after the introduction in the coparcenary could not be held to have become a coparcener, because one of the essential characteristics of a coparcener, namely, acquisition of interest by birth, is wholly wanting in her case, yet when the Legis- lature which was fully aware of the status of a Hindu widow under the Shastric Law chose to improve her statUIS by conferring a new right on her under the Act of 1937, and with this avowed object clothed her with all the rights and concomitants of a coparcener's interest, it is futile to contend that the widow could not be treated either as a member of the Hindu coparcenary or as having been conferred copar- cenary interest in the property.
Even though the widow is not a coparcener in the strictly legal sense of the term, the interest which she has is the same interest as her husband and that is the coparcenary interest with the only limitation p;aced on her by s. 3(3) of the Act of 1937, namely, that her interest would be the limited interest of a Hindu widow. The conclusion is therefore inescapable that Smt. Alladi did possess a coparcenary interest which lapsed on her death and merg- ed into the coparcenary and the case was clearly covered by the in- clusive part of sulH;. (I) of s. 7 and under s. 39 the value of the benefit accruing or arising from the cesser of her · coparcenary interest was to be determined by taking the principal value of the share in the joint family property which would have been allotted to her, had there been a partition immediately before her death.
The last plank of the argument of the respondent was that the Estate Duty Act being a ·fiscal statute should be construed strictly so as to give every benefit of doubt to the subject.
There can be no quarrel With this proposition but when the phraseology of a particular section of the statute takes within its sweep the transaction which is c (1977) 3 S.C.R. taxable, it is not for the Court to strain and stress the language of '!he section so as to enable the tax-payer to escape the tax. In the view that we take in this case, it is manifest that the legislative intent reflect- ed in the Act of 1937 and the Estate Duy Act, 1953, must be given full effect.
Summarising, therefore, the position that emerges is as follows : By virtue od' the provisions of the Act of 1937 a Hindu widow undoubtedly prn;sesses a coparcenary interest as contemplated by s. 7 ( 1) of the Act and she is also a member of a Hindu copercenary as envi- saged by s. 7 (2) of the Act. On the death of Smt. Alladi, therefore, there was clearly a cesser of her interest and her interest merged in the copercenary property and by reason of the inclusive part of sub-s. (I) of s. 7, it must be taken to have passed on her death and was hence cxigible to estate duty. Since Smt. Alladi was a member of the coper- cenary, this interest of her's which passed on her death was liable to be valued in accordance with the method provided by s. 39 of the Act.
The interpretation of s. 40 of the Act is not free from difficulty, but as the present case squarely falls within the ambit of s. 7 (1) latter part and sub-s. (2) of s. 7 of the Act which attracts s. 39, it is not at all necessary for us to enter into the complex domain of the scope and ampit of s. 40 of the Act in this case.
The result is that the appeal is allowed, the judgment of the· Hig!J Court is set asiqe and the question referred to the High Court is ·answered in the affirmative. There will· be no order as to costs ..
S.R. Appeal allowed.