7 S.C.R. DAHY ABHAI CHHAGANBHAI THAKKER v. STATE OF GUJARAT [K. SUBBA RAO, K. C. DAS GUPTA AND RAGHUBAR DAYAL, JJ.J Criminal Law-Burden of proof of guilt-Genera! and spe- cial burdens, if in conflict-Plea of insanity-Mode of proof en- umerated-Questions under s. 154 of Evidence Act-When court can permit-Indian Pena! Code, 1860 (Act 45 of 1860), ss. 80, 84, 299-Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), ss. 105, 137, 154. The appellant was charged with murdering his wife. Before
the Sessions Judge a defence was set up that the appellant was insane when the incident took place and was not capable of understanding the nature of his act. The Sessions Judge reject- ed the plea of insanity and convicted him under s. 302 of the Indian Penal Code. On appeal the High Court confirmed the
conviction. He!d-(i) There is no conflict between the general burden to prove the guilt beyond reasonable doubt, which is always on the prosecution and which never shifts, and the special burden that rests on the accused to make out his defence of insanity.
(ii) The doctrine of burden of proof in the context of the plea of insanity may be stated in the following propositions: (1). The prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt that the accused had committed the offence with the requisite 1TH~ns rea; and the burden of proving that always rests on the prosecu- tion from the beginning to the end of the trial. (2) There is a rebuttable presumption that the accused was not insane, when he committed the crime, in the sense laid down by s. 84 of the Indian Penal Code: the accused may rebut it by placing before the court all the relevant evidenc€'-{Jral, documentary or cir- cumstantial, but the burden of proof upon him is no higher than that which rests upon a party to civil proceedings. (3) Even if the accused was not able to establish conclusively that he was insane at the time he committed the offence, the evidence
placed before the court by the accused or by the prosecution may raise a reasonable doubt in the mind of the court as regard.~ one or more of the ingredients of the offence, including mens rea of the accused and in that case the court would be entitled to acquit the accused on the ground that the general burden <if proof resting on the prosecution was not discharged.
K. M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra, [1962) Supp, 1 S.C.R. 567, followed. Ramhitram v. State. A.I.R. 1956 Nag. 187, disapproved . . Kamla Singh v. State, A.I.R. 1955 Pat. 209, approved.
H. M. Advocate v. Fraser, (1878)4 Couper 70. referred to. (iii) The court can permit a person, who calls a witness, to put questions to him which might be put in cr<>&s-€xamination, at any stage of the examination of the witness, provided it takes care to give an opportunity to the accused to cross-examine him on the answers elicited which do not find place in the examina- tion-in-chief.
Marchl~ (1964] Section 137 of the Evidence Act, gives only the three stages DaAyobliai 0111taga,.. in the examination of a witness, and it has no relevance to the bliai TWa< ques~10n whe~ a party calling a witness can be permitted to put to him quest10ns under s. 154 of the Evidence Act: that is Stale of Gujaral
governed by the provisions of s. 154 of the said Act, which con- fers a discretionary power on the court to permit a person who calls a witness to put any questions to him which might be put in cross-examination by the adverse party.
Tahsildar Singh v. The State of U.P., 11959] Supp. 2 S.C.R. 875, followed. CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 58 of 1962. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and
order dated June 27, 1961 of the Gujarat High Court in Crimi- nal Appeal No. 656I1960. B. K. Banerjee, for the appellant. D. R. Prem, 'R. H. Dhebar and B. R. G. K. Achar, for the respondent.
March 19, 1964. The Judgment of the Court was deliver- ed by SUBBA RAO, J.-This appeal raises the question of the defence of insanity for an offence under s. 302 of the Indian Penal Code.
The appellant was the husband of the deceased Kalavati. She was married to the appellant in the year 1958. On the night of April 9, 1959, as usual, the appellant and his wife slept in their bed-room and the doors leading to that room were bolted from inside. At about 3 or 3.30 a.m. on the next day Kalavati cried that she was being killed. The neighbours collected in front of the said room and called upon the ac- cused to open the door. When the ·door was opened they
found Kalavati dead with a number of wounds on her body. The accused was sent up for trial to the sessions on the charge ·Of murder. Before the Additional Sessions Judge, Kaira, a defence was set up that tf.e accused was insane
when the incident was alleged· to have taken place and was not capable of understanding the nature of his act. The learned Additional Sessions Judge considered the entire evidence placed before him, and came to the conclu- sion that the accused had failed to satisfy him that when
he committed the murder of his wife he was not capable to knowing the nature of the act and that what he was doing was either wrong or contrary to law. Having rejected his plea of insanity, the learned Additicmal Sessions Judge convict- ed him under s. 302 of the Indian Penal Code and sentenced him to undergo rigorous imprisonment for life. On appeal
7 S.C.R. the High Court agreed with that finding, though for different reasons, and confirmed the conviction and sentence of the Dahyablw.i OMaga.- accused. Hence the present appeal.
bhai Tlw.kkt• v. Learned counsel for the appellant contended that the State ofGujara1 High Court, having believed the evidence of the prosecution subba Rao, J. witnesses, should have held that the accused had discharged the burden placed on him of proving that at the time he
killed his wife he was incapable of knowing the nature of his act or what he was doing was either wrong or contrary to law. He further contended that even if he had failed to establish that fact conclusively, the evidence adduced was such as to raise a reasonable doubt in the mind of the Judge as regards one of the ingredients of the offence, namely, cri- minal intention, and, therefore, the court should have ac- quitted him for the reason that the prosecution had not prov· ed the case beyond reasonable doubt.
Before we address ourselves to the facts of the case and the findings arrived at by the High Court, it would be convenient to notice the relevant aspects of the law of the plea of insanity. At the outset let us consider the material provisions without reference to decided cases. The said pro- visions are :
INDIAN PENAL CODE Section 199-Whoever causes death by doing an act with the intention of causing death, or with the intention of causing such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, or with the knowledge that
he is likely by such act to cause death, commits the offence of culpable homicide. Section 84-Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who, at the time of doing it, by reason
of unsoundness of mind, is incapable of know- ing the nature of the act, or that he is doing what is either wrong or contrary to law. INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT Section 105-When a person is accused of any offence,
the burden of proving the existence of circum- stances bringing the case within any of the Gene- ral Exceptions in the Indian Penal Code (XL V of 1860) or within any special exception or proviso
contained in any other part of the same Code, or in anv law defining the offence, is upon· him,. and the Court shall presume the absence of such cir- cumstances. 196' ~yab/UJi OMagan.
biai TW/ar v. SlaJe of Gujarat Sub~a Rao, J. SUPREME, COURT REPORTS [1964] Section 4-"Shall presume": Whenever it is directed by this Act that the Court shall presume a fact, it shall
regard such facts as proved unless and until it is disproved. "Pnved"-A fact is said to be "proved" when after con- sidering the matters before it, the Court either be- lieves it to exist, or considers its existence so pro-
bable that a prudent man ought, under the cir- cumstances of the particular case, to act upon the supposition that it exists. "Disproved"-A fact is said to be disproved' when, after considering the matters before it, the Court
either believes that it does not exist, or considers its non-existence so probable that a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular case. to act upon the supposition that it does not
exist. Section IOI-Whoever desires any Court to give judg· ment as to any legal right or liability dependent on the existence of fact which he asserts, must prove that those facts exist.
When a person is bound to prove the existence of any fact, it is said that the burden of proof lies on that person. It is a fundamental principle of criminal jurisprudence that an accused is presumed to be innocent 'and, therefore, the burden lies on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt. The prosecution, therefore, in a case of homicide shall prove beyond reasonable doubt that the ac- cused caused death with the requisite intention described in s., 299 of the Indian Penal Code. This general burden never shifts and it always rests on the prosecution. But, as s. 84 of the Indian Penal Code provides that nothing is an offence if the accused at the time of doing that act, by reason of un- soundness of mind was incapable of knowing the nature of
his act or what be was doing was either wrong or contrary to law. This being an exception, under s. 105 of the Evidence Act the burden of proving the existence of circumstances bringing the case within the said exception lies on the accused; and the court shall presume the absence of such circumstances. Under s. 105 of the Evidence Act, read with the definition of "shall presume" in s. 4 thereof, the court shall regard the ;absence of such 1.:lrcumstances as prj)Ved unless,, , after considering the ma.tters before it, it believes that said circum- stances existed or their existence was so probable that a pru- dent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular
case, to act upon the supposition that they did exist To put '7 S.C.R. SUPREl\IE COURT REPORTS it in other words, the accused will have to rebut the presumption that such circumstanc:es did not exist, by Dahyah;;;;;oMaq … placing material before the court sufficient to make it con- booi T/uJU..
sider the existence of the said circumstances so probable that v. State of G1<jaml a prudent man would act upon them. The accused has to satisfy the standard of a "prudent man". If the material placed Subba Rao, J.
before the court, such as, oral and documentary evidence, pre- sumptions, admissions or even the prosecution evidence, satis- fies the test of "prudent man", the accused will have discharg- ed his burden. The evidence so placed may not be sufficient to discharge the burden under s. 105 of the Evidence Act, but it may raise a reasonable doubt in the mind of a judge as re- gards one or other of the necessary ingredients of the offence itself. It may, for instance, raise a reasonable doubt in the mind of the judge whether the accused had the requisite intention laid down in s. 299 of the Indian Penal Code. If the judge has ·such reasonable doubt, he has to acquit the accused, for in that event the prosecution will have failed to prove conclusively the guilt of the accused. There is no conflict between the gene· ral burden, which is always on the prosecution and which
never shifts, and the special burden that rests on the accused to make out his defence of insanity. The textbooks placed before us and the decisions cited at the Bar lead to the same conclusion. In Halsbury's Laws of England, 3rd edn., Vol. 10, at p. 288, it is stated thus:
"The onus of establishing insanity is on the accused. The burden of proof upon him is no higher than which rests upon a party to civil proceedings." Glanville Williams in his book 'Criminal Law", The General Part, 2nd Edn., places the relevant dspect in the correct pers· pective thus, at p. 516:
"As stated before, to find that the accused did not know the nature and quality of his act is, in part, only another way of finding that he was ignorant as to some fact constituting an ingredient of the crime;
and if the crime is one requiring intention or recklessness he must, on the view advanced in this book, be innocent of mens rea. Since the persua- sive burden of proof of mens rea is on the prose·
cution, on question of defence, or of disease of the mind, arises, except in so far as tpe prisoner is called upon for his own safety to neutralise the evidence ·of the prosecution. No persuasive burden
of proof rests on him, and if the jury are uncertain whether the allegation of mens rea is made out …………………………… the benefit of the doubt . must be given to the prisoner, for, in 'the words
Dahyabhai Chltagan- bhai TkaJ..:l<tr v. State of Oiijar.1l S11b~ Rao, J. [1964] of Lord Reading in another context, "the Crown would then have failed to discharge the burden imposed on it by our law of satisfying the jury
beyond reasonable doubt of the guilt of the priso- ner." This Court in K. M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra(') had to consider the question of burden of proof in the context of a defence based on the exception embodied in s. 80 of the
Indian Penal Code. In that context the law is summarized thus: "The alleged conflict between the general burden which lies on the prosecution and the special bur- den imposed on the accused under s. 105 of the
Evidence Act is more imaginary than real. Indeed. there is no conflict at all. There may arise three different situations: (!) A statute may throw the burden of proof of all or some of the ingredients of
an offence on the accused: (see ss. 4 and 5 of the Prevention of Corruption Act). (2) The special bur- den may not touch the ingredients of the offence, but only the protection given on the assumption
of the proof of the said ingredients: (see ss. 77, 78, 79, 81 and 88 of the· Indian Penal Code). (3) It may relate to an exception, some of the many circum- stances required to attract the exception, if proved,
affecting the proof of all or some of the ingredients of the offence: (see s. 80 of the Indian Penal Code) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : ……. '………. In the third case. though the burden lies on the accused to bring his
case within the exception the facts proved may .not discharge the said burden, but may affect the proof of the ingredients of the offence." !After giving an illustration, this Court proceeded to state: "That evidence may not be sufficient to prove all the
ingredients of s. 80 of the Indian Penal Code, but may prove that the shooting was by accident or inadvertence, i.e., it was done without any inten- . ti on or requisite state of mind, which is, the essence
of the offence, within the meaning of s. 300, Indian Penal Code, or at any rate may throw a reasonable doubt on the essential ingredients of the offence of murder ……………… In this view it might be said
that the general burden to prove the ingredients of the offence, unless there is a specific statute to the contrary, is always on the prosecution, but the bur- den to prove the circumstances coming under the
exceptions lies upon the accused." (') [1962] Supp. 1 S:C'R. 567, 597, 598. '1 S.C.R. What is said of s. 80 of the Indian Penal Code will equally ~".!_ apply to s. 84 thereof. A Division Bench of the Patna High D<ihy~bhai Oh1- Court in Kam/a Singh v. The State (') invoked the same princi- bha• Thakker
pie when the plea of insanity was raised. A Division Bench of state :j GvJaral tlie Nagpur High Court in Ramhitram v. State(') has struck a different note inasmuch as it held that the benefit of doubt Subba Rao, 1 •
which the law gives on the presumption of innocence is avail- able only where the prosecution had not been able to connect the accused with the occurrence and that it had nothing to do with the mental state of the accused. With great respect, we cannot agree with this view. If this view weie correct, the court would be helpless and would be.legally bound to convict an accused even though there was 'genuine and reasonable
doubt in its mind that the accused had not the requisite inten- tion when he did the act for which he was charged. This view is also inconsistent with that expressed in Nanavati's case('). A Scottish case, H.M. Advocate v. Fraser('), noticed in Glanville Williams' "Criminal Law", The General Part, 2nd Edn., at
p. 517, pinpoints the distinction between these two categories of burden of proof. There, a man killed his baby while he was asleep; he was dreaming that he was struggling with a wild beast. The learned author elaborates the problem thus:
"When the Crown proved that the accused had killed his baby what may be called an evidential presump- tion or presumption of fact arose that the killing was murder. Had no evidence been adduced for
the defence the jury could have convicted of murder, and their verdict would have been upheld on appeal. The burden of adducing evidence of the delusion therefore lay on the accused. Suppose
that, when all the evidence was in, the jury did not know what to make of the matter. They might suspect the accused to be inventing a tale to cover his guilt, and yet not be reasonably certain about
it. In that event the accused would be entitled to an acquittal. The prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt not only the actus reus but the mens rea." '.The ~octrine of burden of proof in the context of the plea of msamty ~ay be stated in the following propositions: (I) The prosecut10n must prove beyond reasonable doubt that the ac- cused had committed t~e offence with the requisite mens rea; and the burde~ o~ provmg that always rests on the prosecution from the begmmng. to the end of the trial. (2) There is a
rebuttabl7 presumpt~on t~at the accused was not insane, when he committed the crune, m the sense laid down by s. 84 of the I') A.I.R. 1955 Pat. 209. I') A.I.R. 1956 Nag 187 (') [1962] Supp. 1 S.C!R. 5,67.
(') (1878) 4 Coup~r 70: [19641 196' Indian Penal Code: the accused may reblit it by placing be- Dah bit ; Oh.!aga _fore the court all the relevant evidence-oral, documentary or If,..;" Tka~ker n circumstantial, but the burden of proof upon him is no higher v.
than that rests upon a party to civil proceedings. (3) Even if the 81•1• of Gojara< accused was not able to establish conclusively that he was Bub/Ja Rao, J. insane at the time he committed the offence, the evidence
placed before the court by the accused or by the prosecution may raise a reasonable doubt in the mind of the court as re- gards one or more of the ingredients of the offence, including mens rea of the accused and in that case the court would be entitled to acquit the accused on the ground that the general burden of proof resting on the prosecution was not discharged. Now we come to ihe merits of the case. Ordinarily this
Court in exercise of its jurisd_iction under Art. 136 of the Con- stitution accepts the findings of fact arrived at by the High Court. But, after having gone through the judgments of the learned Additional Sessions Judge and tht" High Court, we are satisfied that this is an exceptional case to depart from the said practice. The learned Additional Sessions Judge rejected the evidence of the prosecution witnesses on the ground that their version was a subsequent development designed to help the accused. The learned Judges of the High Court accepted their evidence for two different reasons. Raju, .l., held that a court can permit a party calling a witness to put questions under s. 154 of the Evidence Act only in the examination-in- chief of the witness; for this conclusion, he has given the following two reasons: (!) the wording of ss. 137 and 154 of the Evidence Act indicates it,-and (2) if he is permitted to put questions in the nature of cross-examination at the stage of re-examination by the adverse party, the adverse party will have no chance of cross-examining the witness with reference io the answers given to the said questions. Neither of the two reasons, in our view, is tenable. Section 137 of the Evidence Act gives only the three stages in the examination of a witness, namely, examination-in-chief, cross-examination and re-exami- nation. This is a routine sequence in the examination of a witness. This has no relevance to the question when a party calling ,a witness can be permitted to put to him questions under s. 154 of ihe Evidence Act: that is governed by the pro- visions of s. 154 of the said Act, which confers a discretionary power on the court to permit a person who calls a witness to put any questions to him which might be put in cross-exami- nation by the adverse party. Section 154 does not in terms, or by necessary implication confine the exercise of the power by the court before the examination-in-chief is concluded or to any particular stage of the examination of the witness. It is wide in scope and the discretion is entirely left to the court to exercise the power when the circumstanc~s demand. To con-
fine this power to the stage of examination-in-chief is to make 7 S.C.R. SUPRE!IIE COURT HEPORTS it ineffeCtive in practice. A clever witness in his examination· in-chief faithfully conforms to what he stated earlier to the Dahyah/.a;Ghfia!l""- police or in the committing court, but in the cross-examina- Mai 1'1.akk"
tion introduces statements in a subtle way contradicting in sia•e 0/(;,,,i,,ra•. effect what he stated in the examination·in-chief. If his design is obvious, we do not see why the court cannot, during the S1tbba Rao, J.
course of his cross-examination, permit the person calling him as a witness to put questions to him which might be put in cross.examination by the adverse party. To confine the opera- tion of s. 154 of the Evidence Act to a particular stage in the examination of a witness is to read words in the section which are not there. We cannot also agree with the High Court th2t if a party calling a witness is permitted to put such questions to the witness after he has been cross-examined by the adverse party, the adverse party will not have any opportunity to fur- ther cross-examine the witness on the answers elicited by
putting such questions. In such an event the court certainly, in exercise of its discretion, will permit the adverse party to cross- examine the witness on the answers elicited by such questions. The court, therefore, can permit a person, who calls a witness, to put questions to him which might be put in the cross-
examination at any stage of the examinaiion of the witness, provided it takes care to give an opportunity to the accused to cross-examine him on the answers elicited which do not find place in the examination-in-chief. In the present case what happened was .that some of the witnesses faithfully repeated what they had stated before the police in the examination-in- chief, but in the cross-examination they came out with the story of insanity of the accused. The court, at the request of the Advocate for the prosecution: permitted him to cross-
examine the said witnesses. It is not suggested that the Advc- cate appearing for the accused asked for a further opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses and was denied of it by the court. The procedure followed by the learned Judge does not conflict with the express provisions of s. 154 of the Evidence Act. Mehta, J., accepted the evidence of the witnesses on the ground that the earlier statements .made by them before the police did not contradict their evidence in the court as the non-mention of the mental state of the accused in th~ earlier statements was only an omission. This reason given by the
learned Judge is also not sound. This CQUrt in Tahsildar Singh v., ~he Stare of U.P.(') laid down the following test for ascer- tammg under what circumstances an alleged omission can be
relied upon to contradict the positive evidence in ·court: " …………… (3) though a particular statement is not expressly recorded, a statement that can be deem- ed to be part of that expressly recorded can be used
(')(1959] Supp. 2 $.C.R. 875, 903. [1964] DahJll/Jllai Ohliagan. bhai TAak.l:er for contradiction, not because it is an omission strictly so-called but because it is deemed to form
part of the recorded statement; (4) such a fiction is v. State of Gujarat Sobba Rao, J, permissible by construction only in the following three cases: (i) when a recital is necessarily implied
from the recital or recitals found in the statement ……………… , … ; (ii) a negative aspect of a positive recital in a statement …………………… ; and (iii) when the statement before the police and that be-
fore the Court cannot stand together …………… ". Broadly stated, the position in the present case is that the wit- nesses in their statements before the police attributed a clear intention to the accused to commit murder, but before the
court they stated that the accused was insane and, therefore, he committed the murder. In the circumstances it was necess- arily implied in the previous statements of the witnesses before the police that the accused was not insane at the time he com- mitted the murder. In this view the previous statements of the witnesses before the police can be used to contradict their version in the court. The judgment of the High Court, there- fore, in relying upon some of the important prosecution wit- nesses was vitiated by the said errors of law. We would, there- . fore, proceed to consider the entire evidence for ourselves. When a plea of legal insanity is set up, the court has to
considet whether at the time of commission of the offence the accused, by reason of unsoundness of mind, was incapable of kn9wing the nature of the act or that he was doing what was either wrong or contrary to law. The crucial point of time for ascertaining the state of mind of the accused is the time when the offence was committed. Whether the accused was in such a state of mind as to be entitled to the benefit of s. 84 of the Indian Penal Code can only be established from the circum- stances which preceded, attended and followed the crime.
The first question is, what is the motive for the appellant to kill his wife in the ghastly manner he did by inflicting 44 knife injuries on her body? Natverlal Atmaram, the father of the deceased Kalavati, was examined as P.W. 13. He said that about 20 days before his daughter was murdered he received a letter from the accused asking him to take away his daughter on the ground that he did not11ike her, that he went to Bherai with that letter, showed it to Chhaganbhai, the father of the accused, and had a talk with him about it; that Chhaganbhai took that letter from him and promised to persuade the accus- ed not to discard his wife; that, after a week he again went to Bherai and asked the accused why he did not like the deceased and the accused replied that he did not like her as she was not working properly; and that thereafter he went back to his
village and sent a message through someone that.he would go 7 S.C.R. SUPREllIE COURT REPORTS to Bherai to take his daughter on Ch~itra Sudi 1. The murder took pla~ on the n}ght before C!mitra Sudi L In. the cross- Dohya1>h:i0hhai7a•· exammation he admitted that he did not tell the pohce that he bhai Thakter " had given the letter to the father of the accused, but he told si.u 0jG.u· al
the Sub-Inspector that he had shown the letter· to him. Chhaganlal, the father of the accused, as P.W. 7, no doubt Bubba Rao, J. denied that Natverlal gave him the letter written by the accus- ed, but he admitted that Natverlal came to his village 10 or 15 days before the inddent to take his daughter away. The evi- dence of Natverlal that he went to the village of the accused is corroborated by the evidence of P.W. 7. It is, therefore, likely that the accused wrote a letter to .Natverlal to take away Kalavati and it is also likely that Natverlal gave that letter to . P.W. 7 to persuade his son not to discard his wife. P.W.s 2 to 7 said in the cross-examination that the accused and his wife were on cordial terms, but, as we will indicate later in our judgment, all these witnesses turned hostile in the -sessions court and made a sustained attempt to support the case of
insanity. That apart, their evidence does not disclose what opportunities they had to notice the cordial relation that exist- _ ed between the ac:Cused and the deceased. Thelearned Addi- tional Sessions Judge rightly disbelieved. their evidence; The learned Additional Sessions Judge, who had seen Natverlal in the witness-box, has accepted his evidence; We, having gone through his evidence, see no reason to differ from the opinion of the learned Additional Sessions J udge .. lt is also not denied that though the accused _was in Ahmedabad for ten. months, he did not take his wife with him: We accept the evidence of Natverlal and hold that the accused did not like his wife and. therefore, wanted his father-in-law to' take her. away to his home and that his father-in-law promised to do so before
Chaitra Sudi 1. The next question is, what was the previous history of the mental condition of the accused? Here again, the prosecu- tion witnesses, P.W.s. 2 to 7, deposed for the first time in the sessions court that 4 or 5 years before the incident the accused was getting fits of. insanity. But all these witnesses stated be- fore the police that the accused had committed the murder of his wife, indicating thereby that he was sane at that time. Fur- ther, their evidence is inconsistent with the facts established in the case. During this period, it was admitted by P.W. 7, the accused was not treated by any doctor. Prior to the incident he was serving in Ahmedabad in Monogram Mills for about
a year and a half. Though the father of the deceased was stay- ing in a village only a few miles away from the village of the accused and though . the betrothal was fixed -5 years·· before the marriage, he did not know that the accused was insane, for if he had known that such was the mental condition of the accused he would no! have given his daughter in marriage to SUPHEME COURT HEPOHTS
(1964] him. It is impossible to conceive that he would not have known JJahy®l•a' Chhan••· that th_e ~ccused was insane if he was really so, and particularly Mai Thakker when 1t 1s the case of the accused that 1t was not kept s~cret v.
but was well known to many people and lo some of the wit- ·'ta1,e of Gujarat nesses, who. came to depose for him. A month and a half prior Suhba Rao, J. to the incident Chhaganlal had gone to Ahmedabad for medical treatment and during that period the accused came from
Ahmedabad to manage his father·s shop in his absence. The fact that he was recalled from Ahmedabad was not disputed: but, while Natverlal said that the accused was recalled ih order to manage Chhaganlal's shop in his absence. Chhaganlal sa'd that he was recalled because he was getting insane. The best evidence would have been that of the relative in whose house the accused was residing in Ahmedabad. But the relative was not examined. Jt appears to us that the accused was serving in Ahmedabad in Monogram Mills and he was asked to come to
the village of his father to attend to the latter's business a month and a half before the incident, as the father was leaving for Ahmedabad for medical treatment. Before the commencement
of the trial in the sessions court on June 27, 1959, an application was filed on behalf of the accused, supported by an affidavit field by the father of the accused. praying tha.t, as the accused had become i.nsane, he should be sent for proper medical treat- ment and observation. In that affidavit it was not stated that the accused was getting fits of insanity for the last 4 or 5 years and that he had one such fit at that time. If that was a fact, one would expect the father to allege prominently the said fact in· his affidavit. These facts lead to a reasonable inference that the case of the accused that he had periodical fits of insanity was an afterthought. The general statements of witnesses, P.W.s I to 6 that he had such fits must, therefore, necessarily be false. We. therefore. hold that the accused had no antecedent history of insanity.
Now coming to the date when the incident took place, P.W. 7, the father of the accused, said that the accused was insane for 2 or 3 days prior to the incident. His evidence further discloses that he and his wife had gone to Ahmedabad on the date of
the incident and returned in the same evening. If really the accused had a fit of insanity a day or two before the incident, is it likely that both the parents would have left him and gone to Ahmedabad? To get over this incongruity P.W. 7 said that he went to Ahmedabad to see a bridegroom for his daughter
and also to get medicine for the accused. But he did not '3Y which doctor he consulted and wherefrom he purchased the medicines or whether in fact he bought any medicines at all. lf the accused had a fit of insanity. is it likely that the wife would have slept with him in the same room? We must, there- fore, hold that it had not been established that 2 or 3 days be- fore the incident the accused had a fit of insanity.
7 S.C.R. SUPRE~IE COURT REPORTS Now we come to the evidence of what happened on the night of the incident. Nobody except the accused knows what Dahyabhai Ohhagan· happened in the bed-room. P.W.s 2 to 7 deposed that on the Ma; Wmkkcr
10th April, 1959, corresponding to Chaitra Sudi I, between 3 Slak ;/Gujarat and 4 a.m. they heard shouts of the deceased Kalavati to the effect that she was being killed; that they all went to the room Subba Raa, J.
but found it locked from inside; that when the accused was asked to open the door, he said that he would open it only 'after the Mukhi (P.W. ]) was called; that after the Mukhi came there, the accused opened the door and came out of the room with a blood-stained knife in his hand; that the accused began talking irrelevantly and was speaking "why, you killed my
mother?" "why, you burnt my father's house?"; that after- wards the accused sat down and threw dust and mud at the person.s gathered there; and that he was also laughing without any cause. In short, all the witnesses in one voice suggested that the accused was under a hallucination that the deceased had murdered his mother and burnt his father's house and,
therefore, he killed her in that state of mind without knowing. what he was doing. But none of these witnesses had described the condition of the accused immediately when he came out
of the room, which they did so graphically in the sessions court, at the time when they made statements ,before the police. In effect they stated before the police that the accused came out of the room with a blood-stained knife in his hand and ad- mitted that he had murdered his wife; but in the witness-box they said that when the accused came out of the room he
was behaving like a mad man and giving imaginary reasons for killing his wife. The statements made in the depositions are really inconsistent with the earlier statements made before the police and they are, therefore, contradictions within the mean- ing of s. 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. We cannot place any reliance on the evidence of these witnesses: it is an obvious development to help the accused.
The subsequent events leading up to the trial make it abundantly clear that the plea of insanity was a belated after- thought and a false case. After the accused came out of the room, he was taken to the chora and was confined in a room in the chora. P.W. 16, the police sub-inspector, reached Bherai at about 9.30 ;i.m. He interrogated the accused, recorded his s1!1tement and arrested him at about 10.30 a.m. According to him, as the accused was willing to make a confession, he was s~n.t to the judicial magistrate. This witness described the con- d1tmn of the accused when he met him thus:
"When I went in the Chara he had saluted me and he ;vas c~mple~ely sane. There was absolutely no ~1gn of msamty and he was not behaving as an msane man. He was not abusing. He had replied to
[1964J Dahyabhai Ohhagan- bhai Thakker my questions understanding them and was giving relevant replies. And therefore 1 had sent him to the Magistrate for confession as he wanted to con-
fess." Stal• of Gujarat Suboa Rao, J. There is no reason to disbelieve this evidence, particularly when this is consistent with the subsequent conduct of the accused. But P.W. 9, who attested the panchnama, Ex. 19, re- cording the condition of the accused"s body and his clothes, deposed that the accused was murmuring and laughing. But
no mention of his condition was described in the panchnama. Thereafter, the accused was sent to the Medical Officer, Mater, for examination and treatment of his injuries. The doctor
examined the accused at 9.30 p.m. and gave his evidence as P. W. 1 I. He proved the certificate issued by him, Ex. 23. Nothing about the mental condition of the accused was noted in that certificate. Not a single question was put to this witness in the cross-examination about the mental condition of the ac- . cused. On the same day. the accused was sent to the judicial Magistrate, First Class, for making a confession. On the next day he was produced before the said Magistrate, who ~sked
him the necessary questions and gave him the warning that his confession would be used against him at the trial. The accused was given time for reflection and was produced before the Magistrate on April 13, 1959. On that date he refused to make the confession. His .conduct before the Magistrate, as recorded in Ex. 31, indicates that he was in a fit condition to appreciate the questions put to him and finaUy to make np his mind not to make the confe~sion which he had earlier offered to do. During the enquiry proceedings under Ch. XVIII of the Code of Criminal ·Procedure, no suggestion was made on be- half of the accused that he was insane. For the first time on June 27, 1959, at the commencement of the trial in the-'l'lessions court an application.was filed on behalf of the accused aUeging that he was suffering from an attack of insanity. On June 29, 1959, the Sessions Judge sent the accused to the Civil Surgeon, Khaira, for observation. On receiving his report, the learned Sessions Judge, by his order dated July 13, 1959, found the accused insane and incapable of making his defence. On
August 28, 1959, the court directed the accused to be sent to the Superintendent of Mental Hospital, Barpda, for keeping him under.observation with a direction to send his report on or before September 18, 1959. The said Superintendent sent his report on August 27, 1960, to the effect that the accused was capable of understanding the proceedings of the court and of making his defence in the court. On enquiry the court heid that the accused could understand the proceedings of the case and was capable of making his defence. At the commencement of the trial, the pleader for the accused stated that the accused could understand the proceedings. The proceedings before the 7 S.C.R.
SUPRE.ME COURT REPORTS Sessions Judge only show that for a short time after the case had commenced befor.e him the accused was insane_. Rnt !hat Dal,yahliai O/lhagq. fact would not estabhsh that the accused was havms Ills of Mai 1'1'akker
insanity for 4 or 5 years before the incident and that at the v. time he killed his wife he had such a fit of insanity as to give State of Oojarai him the benefit of s. 84 of the Indian Penal Code. The said Subba Rao, J.
entire conduct of the accused from the time he killed his wife upto the time the sessions proceedings commenced is inconsist· ent with the fact that he had a fit of insanity when he killed his wife.
It is said that the situation in the room supports the ver- sion that the accused did not know what he was doing. It is asked, why the accused should have given so many stabs to kill an unarmed and undefended woman? It is said that it
discloses that the accused was doing the act under some hallucination. On the other hand the existence of the weapons in the room, the closing of the door from inside, his reluctance to come out of the room till the Mukhi came, even if that fact is true, would indicate that it was a premeditated murder and that he knew that if he came out of the room before the Mukhi came he might be manhandled. Many sane men give more
than the necessary stabs to their victims. The number of blows given might perhaps reflect his vengeful mood or his determi- nation to see that the victim had no escape. One does not count his strokes when he commits murder. We, therefore, do not see any indication of insanity· from the materials found in the room; on the other hand they support the case of premeditated murder.
To summarize: the accused did not like his wife; even though he was employed in Ahmedabad and stayed there for about IO months, he did not take his wife with him; he wrote a letter to his father-in-law to the effect that the accused did not like her and that he should take her away to his house; the father-in-law promised to come on Chaitra Sudhi 1; the accused obviously expected him to come on April 9. 1959 and tolerated the presence of his wife in his house till then; as his father-in-law did not come on' or before April 9, 1959, the accused in anger or frustration killed his wife. It has not been established that he was insane; nor the evidence is sufficient even to throw a reasonable doubt in our mind that the act
might have been committed when the accused was in a fit of insanity. We, therefore, though for different reasons, agree with the conclusion arrived at by the High Court and dismiss the appeal.
'Appeal dismissed.