\..l DALCHAND & ORS. v. DELffi IMPROVEMENT TRUST (NOWI DELHI DEVELOPMENT AUTHOIUTY)• NEW DELHI March 24, 1966 (K. N. WANCHOO, M. H!DAYATULLAH AND J.C. SHAH, JJ.] United Provinces Town Improvement Act (8 of 1908), ss. 23(a), 24 (h} and 32-Scheme of Town expansion by Improvement Trust-
Supplementary scheme to fulfil requireme.nts of company unde! . ~he Original Scheme-Validity-If Act authorised compulsory acquisition of land-Procedure under Part VII Land Acquisition Act, 1894 if had to be followed.
The Delhi Improvement Trust (set up under the U.P. Town Impro- vement Act (8 of 1908) extended to the territory of Delhi) prepared and notified under the Act an industrial development scheme inten- ded to secure the growth of an industrial area so as to induce a flow of population away from the crowded parts of Delhi. Land in the area was to be developed by the Trust and a part of the land was to be allotted to industrial concerns fot construction of industrial building and the rest for construction of residential and other buildings, Under the scheme one particular company was to be al- lotted a certain acreage of land but the land covered by the scheme was found inadequate for this purpose. A supplementary
scheme was therefore notified modifying the original scheme and providing for the acquisition of an additional area of land, to be sold to the company, Under the terms of sale this additional area wa• to be developed by the Company, The appellants, whose lands were sought to be compulsorily acquired under the supplementary scheme, sued the Trust challenging the legality of the scheme and the award made in the acquisition proceedings. The Subordinate Judge decreed the suit but on appeal the High Court reversed this decision.
In the appeal to this Court three questions fell for determina- tion: (i) whether acquisition of land of the appellants under the supplementary scheme was for the purposes of the Act; (ii) whether for executing the supplementary scheme the Trust had power to compulsorily acquire land; and (hli) whether land of the appellants could be acquired only in the manner provided by Part VII of the Land AcquiSition Act, 1894.
HELD: The High Court was right in refusing to decree the suit. (i) The .original and supplementary schemes had to be regarded as one composite scheme conceived in the interests of industrial development. The original scheme was primarily a town expansion scheme within the meaning of the Act; and the
supplementary scheme was framed for the further progress of and to effectuate the purpose of the original scheme Acquisition of land for industrial development and making provision for the residence of employees in the industries would clearly fall within the terms
of s.24(h), read with s.32. The provisions of the Act would not justify acquisition of land with a view to handing it over to an industrial concern for private gain. But this was not the position in the present case, as a scheme 8Ul'RF.llE COURT REPORTS
[1966] 8Ul'P. 8.C.Jl. which contemplated acquisition of land for affectuating the object of the original scheme was not a device to acquire land for the pri- vate gain of an industrialist. The general supervision and control over the execution of the supplementary scheme, as over the origi- nal scheme, was retained by the Trust and the Compnay was to develop the' land subject to control under the Town Planning Scheme. [35 C, F, G, H]
(ii) Power to acqufre land compulsorily was conferred by s.23 (a) which in terms authorised acquisition by purchase, exchange or otherwise of any property necessary or affected by the execution of the scheme, and this provision could be incorporated in any of the improvement schemes of the type mentfoned in s.:l<t. The power could also be exercised under ss.32, 55 and 5G.
Under the provisions relating to other classes of schemes express provision with regard to acquisition of land was made and such express provision was ab- sent in s.32 dealing with town expansion schemes. But that would C not justify the inference that the provisions of s.23(a) relating to acquisition of land necessary for or afTected
by the execution of the scheme were not available in sanctioning a town expansion scheme. Were it otherwise, s.23(a) would not have application to any scheme at all [36 B-E] (iii) The provisions of Part VII of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, did not have to be followed, for, in this case, land was not to D be acquired for the company: it was to be acquired for carrying out an industrial development scheme. Mere inclusion of a provision tor sale of land comprised in the scheme did not vitiate the scheme. If the Act was valid and could be resorted to for compulsorily acquiring land, the awards made under the Act were not open to challenge on the ground that if another scheme of acquisition had been resorted to, more compensation could have been paid to the appellants. [36 F. G: 37 Bl
GYIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 1107 of 1963. Appeal from the judgment and order dated September 8, 1959 of the Punjab High Court (Circuit Bench) at Delhi, in Civil Regu- lar Appeal No. 17-D of 1954.
B. D. Jain, for the appellants. N. S. Bindra and B. R. G. K. Achar. for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Shah, J. By a notification issued on March 2, 1937
under r s. 7 of the Delhi Laws Act, 13 of 1912, the Government of India extended, subject to certain modifications. the United Provinces Town Improvement Act. 8 of 1919. to the territory Clf Delhi, and thereafter set up an Improvement Trust under the Act for that territory. The Trust prepared an industrial development scheme with the object of relieving congestion by inducing a flow of popu- lation from the crowded parts of the town of Delhi to certain other B areas. Under the scheme land in those areas was to be developed and after construction of roads, storm water drains, street-Iightin11. __….. –
…. l DALCHAND V. IMPROVEMENT TRUST (Shah, J.) refuse and sewage disposal works, schools, parks, playgrounds, dispensaries, weMare centres and police-station a part of the land was to be allotted to industrial concerns for construction of indus- trial buildings and the rest for construction of residential and other buildings.
The scheme was sanctioned under s. 42 of the Act by the Government of India, and was duly promulgated. Thereafter the Trust reso2ved in June 1942 to make a supplementary scheme as the land covered by the original scheme was inadequate. It appeared that the Trust had agreed to provide under the original scheme a block of land oomprising 268 acres of land to the Delhi Cloth & General Mills Co. Ltd.-hereinafter called 'the Company' –on certain terms and conditions embodied in a resolution dated January 9, 1942, but the Trust was able to offer to the Company under the lay-out of the original scheme only 17 4.84 acres. It was therefore proposed by the Trust to modify the scheme as sanction- ed and to provide for acquisition of an additional area of 103.16 acres under a supplementary scheme.
On July 18, 1942 notice under s. 36 of the Act was published in respect of the supplementary scheme for development of the industrial area, specifying the boundaries of the land in which the scheme was to be worked and inviting objections to the scheme. within one month from the date of publication. No objections were, it appears raised to the proposed supplementary scheme, and it was finally approved by resolution dated July 31, 1944, and was notified under s. 42 of the Act on June 28, 1946. Land acquisition proceedings were then commenced under s. 58 of the Act and awards were made assessing compensation to be paid to the owners of the land for compulsory acquisition. In the scheme so notified was included an area of 13 bighas of land belonging to the appel- lants and that land was acquired.
On May 3, 1949 the appellants sued the Delhi Improvement Trust for a declaration that the awards were "wrong and illegal and did not result in acquisition of the suit property" and for an order restraining the Trust from taking possession of their lands under the awards and from interfering in any way with their en- joyment of the lands. The appellants in support of their claim contended that the notification extending the United Provinces Town Improvement Act, 8 of 1919, was invalid, that the Improve· ment Trust was not lawfully constituted, that the industrial deve- lopment schemes were invalid, that the Trust had no power to acquire lands for the purposes mentioned in the scheme, and that the resolutions and proceedings of the Trust being procedurally defective, the scheme "was illegal". The appellants also contended that the scheme was framed at the instance of and solely for the benefit of ~~e. Company, since the land was intended to be given after acqms1t10n to that Company or to other industrialists for (1966] 8'C1'P. 8.C.R.
development by them for their own benefit. The Subordinate Judge, A Delhi, held that the Act was properly extended to the Delhi terri- tory, that the scheme was valid and the Trust had power to acquire the land, but in the view of the Subordinate Judge there was "no- thing on the record to show that the area in suit" was "necessary for or" was "affected by the execution of this scheme," and that "the Act does not authorise compulsory acquisition for purposes of recoupment or for allotment to some company". The Subordi- nate Judge accordingly decreed the suit as claimed by the appel- lants.
In appeal to the Senior Subordinate Judge with appellate powers the decree passed by the Trial Court was affirmed. In second appeal to the High Court of Punjab, Falshaw, J., reversed the decree passed by the First Appellate Court. In the view of the learned Judge, since the original industrial area scheme framed in 1940. was a valid scheme, acquisition of an additional area of land for. meeting the requirements of that scheme was a legitimate ex- tension thereof and merely because the Trust had resolved to · acquire land for sale to the Company after development. the scheme was not open to challenge. He also held that the acquisition not being for the Company, Part VII of the Land Acquisition Act had no application and that the supplementary scheme was not invalid merely because the plan for development was to be worked out not by the Trust directly but by the Company under the general supervision and control of the Trust, and in accordance with the town planning scheme framed under s. 192 of the Punjab Munici- pal Act. The decree passed by Falshaw, J., was confirmed by a Division Bench of the High Court. With certificate granted by the High Court, this appeal has been preferred.
The arguments in this case have ranged over a wide field, but in the main three que,tions of law fall to be decided: (() Whether acquisition of land of the appellants under the supplementary scheme was for the purposes of the Act; (2) whether for executing the supplementary scheme the Trust had power to compulsorily p
acquire land; and (3l whether land of the appellants could be acquired only in the manner provided by the Part VII of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894. The Act as the preamble discloses was enacted with a view
to make provision for the improvement and expansion of towns. Chapter II of the Act deals with the constitution of Improvement Trusts for carrying out the provisions of the Act. Chapter III deals with the proceedings of the Trust and Committees thereof. Chapter IV deals with different forms of improvement schemes. Section 23 describes in els. (a) to (p) matters which may be provided for in an improvement scheme. Clauses (a) & (g) thereof read as follows: "(a) The acquisition by purchase, exchange, or otherwise of H any property necessary for or affected by the execution
of the scheme." …. c DALCHAND V. IMPROVEMENT TRUST (Shah, J,) "(g) The sale, Jetting, or exchange of any property compris- ed in the scheme." By s. 24 it is provided that an improvement scheme shall be one of the following types, or may combine any two or more of such types, or of any special features of, that is to say,-
(a) a general improvement scheme; (b) a re-building scheme; (c) a re-housing scheme; (d) a street scheme; (e) a deferred street scheme; (f) a development scheme; (g) a housing accommodation scheme; and
(h) a town expansion scheme. Sections 25 to 32 set out the conditions in which the different classes of schemes may be framed and provisions which may be made in those schemes. Provisions relating to development schemes in s. 30 and town expansion schemes in s. 32 alone are material. By s. 30 els. (I) & (2) it is provided:
"(I) In regard to any area to which this Act is extended, the Trust may, from time to time, prepare a scheme of pro- posed public streets with plans showing the direction of such streets, the streets alignment and building line on each side of them, their intended width and such other details as may appear desirable.
(2) When any such scheme has been notified under sec- tion 42 the street to which it refers shall be deemed to be ~ projected public street." Restrictions are then placed upon the right of occupants of the buildings to erect, re-erect, add to or alter any building or wall, and provision is made for other related matters. Section 32 reads: "(I) Whenever the Trust is of opinion that it is expedient and for the public advantage to control and provide for the future expansion of a municipality in any area to which this Act is extended, the Trust may frame a scheme (to be called a "town expansion scheme").
(2) Such scheme shall show the method in whioh it is proposed to lay out the area to be developed and the purposes for which particular areas are to be utilized. (3) For the purposes of a town expansion scheme the
provisions of clause (a) of sub-section (2) of section 40 shall not be applicable, but the Trust shall be required to supply such details as the State Government may consider necessary. (4) When any such scheme has been notified under section
42, if any person desires to erect, re-erect, add to or alter any building or wall within the area comprised in the said scheme, he shall apply to the Trust for permission to do so.
Rl'PREME COURT REPORTS (1966] SUPP. S.C.R. (5) If the Trust refuses to grant permission to any person to er7ct, re-erect, add to or alter any building or wall on his land m the a~ea. aforesaid, and if it does not proceed to acquire such land within one year from the date of such refusal, it shall pay reasonable compensation to such person for any
damage sustained by him in consequence of such refusal." ~ection 33 deals with the procedure to be followed in framing improvement schemes. Section 36, i111er a/ia, deals with the prepa· ration, publication and transmission of notices about the improve· ment schemes. Section 38 deals with notice of proposed acquisition of land. Section 40 authorises the abandonment of and submission of the schemes for sanction to the State Government with such modifications as the Trust may consider necessary after consider· C ing the objections or representations which may be received. Section 41 authorises the State Government to sanction with or without modification, or refuse to sanction, or return for reconsideration, any improvement scheme submitted to it under s. 40. Section 42 provides:
"(!) Whenever the State Government sanctions an improve· ment scheme it shall announce the fact by notification, and D except in the case of a deferred street scheme, development scheme. or town expansion scheme. the Trust shall forthwith proceed to execute the same.
(2) The publication of a notification under sub-section (!) in respect of any scheme shall be conclusive evidence that the scheme has been duly framed and sanctioned." Section 43 provides for alteration in an improvement scheme before it had been carried into execution, subject to certain condi· tions specified therein. Chapter V deals with the powers and duties of the Trust in respect of a scheme which has been sanctioned. Section 55 authorises the Trust to enter into an agreement with any person for the purchase. lease or exchange by the Trust of any land which the Trust is authorised to acquire or any interest in such r land. Section 56 provides that the Trust may, with the previous sanction of the State Government, acquire land under the provi· sions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, as modified by the provi· sions of the Act for carrying out any of the purposes of the Act. Section 58 provides that for the purpose of a(Xjuiring land under the Land Acquisition Act for the Trust, the Tribunal constituted under s. 57 shall be deemed to be the Court, and the President of the Tribunal shall be deemed to be the Judge under the said Act subject to further modifications indicated in the Schedule, and that · the award of the Tribunal shall be deemed to be the award of a Court under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, and shall be final. At this stage, the material provisions of the Schedule referred to in · '· 58 may be referred to. The Schedule amends the Land Acquisi· B tion Act in certain respects. The expression "local authority" in s. 3(ee) of the Land Acquisition Act includes a Trust constituted c
DALCHAND V. IMPROVEMENT TRUST (Shah, J.) under the United Provinces Town Improvement Act, 1919. By cl. 2(1) the first publication of the notice of an improvement scheme under s. 36 of the Act is substituted for and has the same effect as publication in the Official Gazette and in the locality, of a notifica- tion under sub-section (!) of s. 4 of the Act, except where a decla- ration under s. 4 or s. 6 of the Act had previously been made and was still in force. By sub-cl. (2) of cl. 2, inter alia, publication of a notification under s. 42 is substituted for and has the same effect as a declaration by the State Government under s. 6 of the Act, unless a declaration under the last mentioned section had previous- ly been made and was still in force. By cl. 6, s. 17-A is incorporated in the Land Acquisition Act, and it reads:
"In every case referred to in section 16 or section 17, the Collector shall, upon payment of the cost of acquisition, make over charge of the land to the Trust; and the land shall there- upon vest in the Trust, subject to the liability of the Trust to pay any further costs which may be incurred on account of
its acquisition." Section 65 of the Act deals with disposal of l®d. It provides: "Subject to any rules made by the State Government under section 72 of this Act, the Trust may retain, or may let on hire, lease, sell, exchange or otherwise dispose of, any land vested in or acquired by it under this Act."
Broadly stated the scheme of the Act is that with a view to make improvements in towns the Trust may make certain order after framing an appropriate scheme of a type or containing special features of different types of schemes mentioned in s. 24. The scheme so framed m<1y make provisions for matters which are pres- cribed by s. 23 and such other matters as are provided for speciallY, in the appropriate sections dealing with the different classes of schemes.
The relevant resolutions adopted by the Trust for framing the original! and supplementary schemes may be briefly noticed. On June 30, 1942 it was resolved by the Trust to acquire an additional area of 103.16 acres to be sold to the Company. The resolution reads as follows:
"A reference is invited to Board's resolution No. 78 of the 29th March, 1940 relating to the Trust's Industrial Area Scheme. The scheme as approved by the Board and sanctioned by the Chief Commissioner covers an area of about 479.81
acres and provides for the acquisition and development of 271.21 acres of land . at a cost not exceeding Rs. 6.84 lakhs, and the acquisition and develop- ment of the remaining 208.6 acres provided any one or more reputable industrialists deposit with or guarantee to the Trust the cost of acquiring and developing this additional area. As decided by the Board in their Resolution Nos. 108 amd 109
eL"PREME C-OURT REPORTS (1966] SUPP. e.o.n. of the 16th May, 1941 the scheme as regards block 'I' in sub· scheme 'A' has been held in abeyance and land in block II has been acquired and is under development for factory sites. The B?ard have now agreed to sell 268 acres of land in
the Industrial Area to the Delhi Cloth and General Mills Co. Ltd., on the terms and conditions embodied in Resolution No 19 of the 9th of January, 1942 as amended by Resolution No: 50 of the 27th March, 1942.
"The Trust can offer only 174.84 acres out of the land falling within the boundaries of the sanc- tioned scheme to the Company for the present. . . . It 1s therefore proposed to alter under section 43 of the Trust C Law, the scheme as sanctioned so as to provide for the acqui- sition of this additional area of 103.16 acres to be sold to the Company.
As under the terms of the sale this additional area is to be developed by the Company, the Trust will have to incur initially expenditure only on acquisi- tion of this land. Pursuant to this resolution notices were issued under s. 36 of the D Act in respect of the acquisition of the area. Thereafter a resolution was passed on July 31, 1944 and it was stated in the introductory part of the resolution:
"The present site of the industrial area was seleoted as being suitably located vis-a-vis the city and the newly deve- loped Trust area. There was no other site available where such E facilities for roads and railway lines existed. The sizes of the plots were fi xcd on the basis of the demand of different indus- trialists."
The scheme was then sanctioned under s. 42 of the Act. The resolution Of the Trust dated March 29, 1940. clearly indicates that the original scheme was intended to secure growth r of an industrial area and thereby to relieve congestion in the over-crowded localities in the town of Delhi. Such a scheme was primarily a town expansion scheme within the meaning of
s. 24(b) read with s. J2. In framing such a scheme the ;Jrovisions of a development scheme were incidentally incorporated, and that the Trust, by express ena·etment in s. 24 was competent to do. It appears that neither before Falshaw, J., nor before the High G Court the va·lidity of the original scheme of 1940 was challenged. Counsel for the appellants contended that no reliance was ever placed by the Trust before the Trial Court or the First Appellate Court upon the original scheme and the appellants bad no opportu- nity for challenging the validity of that scheme, but we are unable to accept that contention. The appellants by their plaint challenged H the application of the U.P. Town Improvement Act, the constitu- tion of the Trust and the various steps taken by the Trust resulting a
' '• l c DALCBAND V. IMPROVEMENT TRUST (Shah, J.) in the acquisition of their land. The original sche~e was tendered in evidence before the Court of First Instance. It 1s true that argu- ments in the Trial Court and the First Appellate Court were pri- marily directed to canvassing the validity of the supplementary scheme in enforcement of which the property of the appellants was acquired. But it cannot be said that the original scheme was not before the Court or that its validity was not challenged. In any event counsel for the appellants has not been able to suggest any ground on which that scheme is open to challenge. The supple- mentary scheme, as the resolution dated June 30, 1942 clearly indi- cates, was framed for the further progress of the original scheme. The scheme was one for town expansion, and acquisition of land for town expansion, i.e. providing for industrial development and making provision for the residence of employees in the industries and of others, would clearly fall within the terms of s. 24(h) read with s. 32. It is true that in the resolution dated June 30, 1942 it is recited that the scheme was to provide for the acquisition of "an additional area of 103.16 acres to be sold to the Company". But from a perusal of the primary scheme it is clear that the Company had expressed its requirement for a large area of land under the development scheme and the resolution dated March 29, 1940 had approved of that requirement. It was recited in the resolution that the Company was employing a large number of labourers and
removal of the factory to the outskirts of Delhi would contribute in a substantial measure to relief of congestion and also because esta:blishment of a big concern in the industrial area would afford great stimulus to the development of the area. It was found after Part 'A' of the original scheme was carried out that the area pro- vided for the Company was inadequate for its requirements and the Company requested that a larger area may be provided, and ac- cordingly the supplementary scheme was framed.
Resort to the provisions of the Act for a:cquiring land with a view to hand it over to an industrial concern for private gain may not fall within the terms of the Act. But in the circumstances al- ready set out a scheme framed which contemplates acquisition of land for effectuating the object of the original scheme is not open to challenge on the ground that it is a device to acquire land to be disposed of for private gain of an industrialist. The original and the supplementary schemes must be regarded as one composite scheme conceived in the interests of industriaJI development and relief of congestion by inducing a flow of population from the congested areas. The object of the supplementary scheme was to effectuate the purpose of the original scheme and failure to frame that scheme may seriously have affected the utility of the original scheme.
There is no warrant for the contention raised by the appellants that the land was not to be developed by the Trust, but was to be acquired and handed over to the Company. It is clear from the scheme that the general supervision and control over the execution 81JPREME COCRT REPORTS
[1966] SUPP. S.C.R. of the supplementary scheme as over the original scheme was ro- tained by the Trust and the Company was to develop the land subject to control under the Town Planning Scheme.
The argument that in a town expansion scheme under s. 32 read with s. 24(h) of the Act, there is no power to acquire land compulsorily is futile. Section 23(a) in terms authorises acquisition by purohase. exchange, or otherwise of any property necessary for or affected by the execution of the scheme. That provision may be incorporated in any of the improvement schemes of the types men· tioned in s. 24. Again Section 32 clearly implies that in a town ex· pansion scheme such a power would be reserved, for the Trust is statutorily declared liable to pay compensation when permission to alter any building or wall on the land in the area is denied, if the Trust docs not proceed to acquire such land within one year from the dato of such refu~l. By s. 55 a general power to purchase or lease by agreement of any land which the Trust is authorised to acquire is granted and by s. 56 power to acquire land under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, is expressly conferred. It is true that under the provisions relating to other classes ·Of schemes, for instance, s. 26(2)(0, s. 28(2)(a), s. 29(3) an express provision with regard to acquisition of land is made, and there is no such express provision in s. 32. But that by itself is not sufficient to justify an inference that the provisions of s. 23(a) relating to acquisition of land necessary for or affected by the execution of the scheme may not be conferred in sanctioning a town expansion scheme. If the view contended for be correct, s. 23(a) will not have application to any scheme. We are unable to see any reason why s. 56 which authorises the Trust to acquire land is to be restricted only to those cases in which in the case of a specific scheme an express provision conferring power of acquisition apart from s. 23(a) is conferred. Nor is there any substance in the contention that the provi· sions of Part VII of the Land Acquisition Act had to be resorted to by the Trust for acquiring land which was to be allotted to a Company after development. If the land is to be notified for acqui- sition under the Land Acquisition Act for a Company, the require· ments of Part VII of the Land Acquisition Act must undoubtedly be complied with, and failure to do so would render the acquisition invalid. In this case land was not to be acquired for the Company: it was to be acquired for carrying out the industrial development and town expansion scheme of the Trust, and then it was to be allotted for carrying out the scheme to the Company for develop- ment. Power to include provision for sale of land comprised in the scheme may competently be conferred under s. 23(gl of the Act and may be exercised under s. 65. Mere inclusion of a power of sale of land acquired under a scheme does not therefore vitiate a scheme.
The argument that in passing the resolution for bringing into H force the supplementary scheme one of the Directors of the Com· pany had participated need not detain us. This argument was \ ..
DALOHAND v. IMPROVEMENT TRUST (Shah, J.) apparently not raised before the High Court, and having regard to the terms of ss. 42 & 100 of the Act has no force. It is true that if the land of the appellants had been acquired under the Land Acquisition Act, the appellants may have become entitled to the statutory solatium in addition to the market value. But if the Act is valid, and could be resorted to for oompulsorily acquiring land of the appellants, the awards made under the Act are not open to challenge on the ground that if another scheme of acquisition had been resorted to, the appellants may possibly have obtained more compensation.
The appeal must therefore fail. Having regard however to the circumstances of the case, we think that in this case there should be no order as to costs throughout. Appeal dismissed.