DAMODARPRASAD CHANDRIKAPRA.SAD & ORS. v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA November 29, 1971 [A. N. RAY AND D. G. PALEKAR, JJ.] Practice and Procedure-Appeal against acq11ittal-High Co11rt's power of interference.
Evidence Act (I of 1872), s. 151-F.l.R. not prored through maker ·If admissible. The High Court set aside an order of acquittal of the appellants on various charges and convicted them. One of the items of evidence on which the High Court relied was the first information report. Though it was not proved through its maker when he gave e\idence in the trial court. the High Court held it to be aclmissihle under s. 157 of the Evidence Act. In appeal to this Court,
HELD : (I) The High Court was wrong in holding that the First Information Report would be admissible under s .. 157 of the Evidence Act. Under that section. it could not be used as substantive evidence but only to corroborate its maker. The &ppellants were also denied the opportunit1· of cross-examination on th~ First Tnformation Report. [627 A-DJ (2) The High Court, however, was correct in setting aside the order of ac4uitbl and convicting the appellants on the other evidence. [h39 D-0] Jn dealing with an appeal against acquittal the High Court can go inh, questions of law and fact and reach its own conclusion on evidence pro" sided it pays due regard to the principles for such review. These princi· ples are giving due regard to, the views of the trial Judge as to the credibi· lily of the witnesses, the presumption of ' innocence in
favour of the accused, the right of the accused to any benefit of doubt and the slowneS< of an appellate court 'in disturbing the finding of fact arrived at by a Judge who had the advantage of seeing the witnesses. The appellate court in coming to its own conclusion should not only consider everv matter on record having a bearing on questions of fact and the reasons given by the trial court in support of the order of acquittal but should also express reasons for holding that the acquittal was not justified. If two conclusio"S can be reached with a plausible appearance of reason the court should lean in favour of that which leads to acquittal and not to that which leads to conviction. But once the appeUate court comes to the conclusion that the view of the trial court was unreasonable that itself would provide a reason for interference. [629 H; 630 A-E; 631 B-DJ
In the present case. the High Court had kept in view the rules and principles of appreciation of evidence in setting aside the order of a.c· quittal. Jn such a case, this Court would not ordinarily interfere with the orcler of conviction passed bv 'the High Court in an appeal against
on ,,cqnittal, or., review 1hc evidence. [630 E: 63 I B-D] Harbans Singh and Am-. v. State of Punjah. [1962] Supp. l S.C.R. 1()4 Senwat Singh & Ors. v. State of Rajasthan. Nih~l Singh & Ors. v. State of Puniab, [1964] 4 S.C.R. 5, State of Bom- hav v. R11sy Mistry. A.I.R. 1960 S.C. 391 and La.rnw11 Ka/11 Nikalje '" State of Maharashtra, [1%81 3 S. C.R. 685. followed.
c f c DAMODARPRASAD v. MAHARASHTRA (Ray, J.) Khedu Mohton & Ors. v. State of Bihar, A.LR. 1971 S.C. 66 and S!ieo Swarup v .. King Emperor, 61 I.A. 398, referred to. CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.
138 of 1968. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated the June 10, 1968, ol the Bombay High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 667 of 1967. V. S. Desai, P. S. Nadkarni and Vi11ee1 Kumar, for the appel- lants.
S. K. Dholakia and B. D. Sharma, for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Ray, J. This is an appeal by special leave from judgment dated 10 June, 1968 of the High Court at Bombay setting aside the order of acquittal of the appellants and convicting them under sec- tion 325 read with section 34 of the Indian Penal Code for ilaving assaulted and injured Choharjasing and sentencing each of the ap- pellants to four years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 1000 each and six months rigorous imprisonment in default of payment of fine and further convicting the appellants under section 323 read with section 34 of the Indian Penal Code for having assault- e.d and injured Ramkeshwarsing and sentencing eaeh of the
appellants to three months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were to run concurrently. The appellants and another accused were charged under sec- tions 143, 147, 307 read with section 149 of the Indian Penal Code. The four appellants were also charged under section 148 of the Indian Penal Code. In the alternative the appellants were charged under section 307 read with section 34 of the Indian Penal Code. The appeilants and the other accused were further charged under section 326 read with section 149 of the Indian Penal Code. In the alternative they were charged under section 324 read with seotion 34 of the Indian Penal Code. The appel- lants and the other accused were further charged under section 324 read with section 149 of the Indian Penal Code. In the alter- native they were charged under section 324 read with section 34 of 1the Indian Penal Code.
The complainant Choharjasing and Nandlal are brothers. They resided in room No. 5 of Vidya Bhuvan Kurla along with their cousin Ramkeshwarsing and Gayitrisinj! brother-in-Jaw of Choharjasing. Choharjasing, Nandlal and Ramkeshwarsing were employed at Premier Automobiles at Kurla.
The prQSecution witness Awadh Narayan who resided at Moturam Chaw! was also employed at Premier Automobiles. A110th·cr prosecution witnes' [1972) 2 S.C.R. Dinanath was a shopkeeper residing at Halav pool, Kurla.
The first appellant dealt in milk and resided at Maulana Chaw!, Halav Pool, Kurla. Appellant No. 2 is the brother of appellant No. 1 and resided at a ;nearby Chaw] at Halav Pool and was empioyed at Premier Au'tomobiles at Kurla.
Appellant No. 3 also resided at Halav Pool Chawl, Kurla and was employed at Pt>~mier Auto- mobiles, Kurla. Appellant No. 4 resided at· another Chaw! at Kurla and was also employed at Premier Automobiles, Kurla.
Accused No. 5 worked as a Mehtaji of one Jairaj Pandye and re- sided at Bha,!!wat Bhuvan, Halav Pool, Kurla. The prosecution case was this. The relatioo between Cho- harjasing and his brother Nandlal on the one hand and appellants No. 1 and 2 on the other were strained for some time. On the morning of 15 October, 1964 Nandlal brought a truck load of earth and spread the same in front on their room. On that ac- count there was some altercation between him and appellants No. 1, 2 and 3. On the morning of 16 October, 1964 Choharjasing left his room and went to Podar Hospital at Worli for undergoing an operation for fistula.
He returned to his room at about 11 or 12 noon. On his return he was told by his brother Nandlal about the quarrel and that the appellants and another accused had given a threat and enquired as to where Choharjasing was. Nandlal further told Choharjasing :that the appellants and the other accus- ed had threatened that they would break Choharjasing's hands and feet.
Choharjasing went to the Police Station and filed a non-cognizable complaint. The police 'directed Choharjasing to approach rthe proper criminal court. Choharjasing went to pr()- secution witness Dinanath and told him about the threats.
Choharj a sing then returned to his room and launched with his brother Nandlal, cousin Ramkeshwarsing and brother-in-law Gaitrising. Choharjasing was not feeling comfortable after the operation. He sat on a charpoy (cot) outside his room. Nandlal was with Choharjasing.
Ramkeshwarsing was inside the room. At about 5 or 5.30 p.m. the appellants came there. Appellant No. l was armed with a Jathi. Appellants No. 2, 3 and 4 had also lathis or something like iron bars. Accused No. 5 was standing at som~ distance. Accused No. 5 instigated the appellants by shouting the words 'Dekhte kya ho, Mar Dalo' (what are you looking at, assault them).
Appellant No. 1 also shouted to assault. The appellants surrounded Choharjasin,!! and Nandlal and started assaulting 1hem with weapons. Appellants No. 1 and 4 hit Cho- harjasing. Appellants No. 2 and 3 hit Nandlal.
Choharjasin.g fell down. The assault continued. Appellant No. 2 thrust his stick in •the mouth of Choharjasing and he lost four of his teeth. Choharjasing and Nandlal both fell unconscious.
Ramkeshwar- sing received a blow on left hand. c c DAMODARPRASAD I'. MAHARASHTRA (Ruy, J.) The Sub-Inspector of Police on getting a telephone message crune to the spot. On the way the Sub-Inspector met appellants No. 1 and 4 each of whom had injuries on their person. They were pu't in the police van.
The van was taken to the place of incident. Choharjasing aind Nandlal were lying unconscious. Witnesses Awadh Narayan and Dinanath were present there. Choharjasing and Nandlal were put into the van and removed to the hospital.
At the time of admission to the hospital Choharjasing had 12 injuries. Nandlal had 5 injuries. Appellant No. 4 had 3 inju- ries. Choharjasing and Nandlal were detained in the hospital as indoor patients from 16 October 1964 to 12 November, 1964. Appellant No. 4 in spite of medical advi~ left the hospital on 17 October, 1964 ..
The trial Court acquitted all the 5 accused. The trial Court gave these reasons. Choharjasing and Ramkeshwarsing, did not mention accused No. 5. Witness Award Narayair1 did not mention
accused No. 5. Ranikeshwarsing did not mention accused No. 2, 3 and 5. Witness Awadh Narayan did not mention accused No. 3. Choharjasing and Nandlal were all thin and of weak build. The accused were hefty in build. It is difficult to say why so many persons would engage in the assault on two weak per- sons, particularly when Choharjasing had just returned after operation from the hospital.
The injuries on appellants No. 1 and 4 were not satisfactorily explained. The possibility of persons from the crowd feeling enraged at the assault on accused No. 1 to 5 who were holding important offices in the local Congress organis<ition and then rushing forward and inflicting injuries on the assaulters of Choharjasing and Nandlal two well known per- sons of the Locality cannot be ruled out as contended for by the. defence. Iron bars anci sticks were not recovered. Rrunkeshwar- sing had faiied to go to the police station of his own accord. He and Choharjasing did not implicate accused No. 5 in their earlier sta1ements. The p1x:sence of accused No. 2 and 3 is not free from doubt. Ramkeshwarsing and Awadh Narayan did not mention
accused No. 2 in their earlier statements. Ramkeshwarsing did not mention the name of accused No. 2 in his statement to the police. Choharjasing and Nandlal could not explain how accused No. 1 and 4 came to receive the injuries. Though the injuries on Choharjasing and Nandlal are no doubt serious, the evidence does not satisfactorily establish that they were caused by the accu- sed in furtherance of their common intention and that they form- ed an unlawful assembly and used force or violence and they rioted with deadly weapons in prosecution of 'their conunon in- tention. The defence that accused No. 1 was assaulted and seeing SUPREf>IE COURT REPORTS
[!972j 2 S.C.R. this accused No. 4 caine there and he was assaulted cannot in the circumstances be overlooked. With these reasons the trial Court acquitted all the five accused. The High Court set aside the order of acquittal.
The High Court arrived at these conclusions. The evidence estaWished that the grievous injury inflicted on Choharjasing and Nandlal and the simple injury inflicted on Rarokeshwarsing were inflicted by the appellall'ls. The trouble arose on account of dispute over the open space adjoining the room of Chohlirjasing. The appellants could not be convicted under section 307 of the Indian Penal Code. The appellants were guUty of causing grievous hurt. The High Court, therefore, convicted the appellants for injuries sustained by Choharjasing, N aindlal and Rarnkeshwarsing.
Jl c Counsel for 'the appellants made these submissions. The High Court interfered with the acquittal without giving any reasons. The first infonl:lation report about the cognizance of the offence was wroni:ly admitted in evidence. The incident on the morning of 16 October, 1964 could not be believed and therefore the en· o
tire prosecution would fail. As to the incident on the morning of 16 October, 1964 the trial Court said that the time of recording the complaint on 16 October, 1964 was 11.05 a.m. whereas the complainant's version in court was that he returned from the hospital at about 11 a.m. or 12 noon, when he received information from Nandlal. Further in the complaint Choharjasing did not mention about any of the accused and Nandlal also did not mention accused No. 5.
The land on which earth was spread belonged to one Khot and ther~ fore appellant No. 1 could not have interest in that land. On these grounds the trial Court did not accept the version that there was any occurrence on the morning of 16 October, 1964.
The High Court, however, accepted the version that there was an incident on the morning of 16 October, 1964 and said that Choharjasing would not have taken the trouble of going to the police and lodging a complaint.
The High Court gave two broad reasons for accepting the prosecution version about the incident on the morning of 16 October, 1964. First, there was the complaint by Choharjasing. Secondly, Choharjasing had
gone to the hospital on the morning of 16 October, 1964 and on his return from the hospital he went to lodge the complaint. Choharjasing would not have done so, if there had been no· inci- de.nt in the morning.
The High Court referred to the first information report about the commission of the offence and said tbat once tbe s(atem.ent was admitted in evidence it afforded a very strong corroboration c
lE DAMODARPRASAD V. MAHARASHTRA (Ray, J.) to the testimony of Choharjasing so far as the complicity of accused No. 1 to 4 in the crime was concerned and the first infor- mation report was admissible under section 157 of the Evidence Act.
The first information report is not substantive evidence. It can be used for one of the limited purposes of corroborating or contradicting the makers thereof. Another purpose for which
the first information report can be used is to show the implication of the accused to be not an afterthought or that the information is a piece of evidence res gestao. 1n certain cases, the first infor-
mation report can be used under section 32(i) of the Evidence Act or under section 8 of the Evidence Act as to the cause of the informant's death or as part of the informer's conduct.
The High Court was wrong in holding that the first information report would be admissible under section 15 7 of the Evidence Act. When the maker of the first information report was examined in court the report was not tendered by the prosecution in accor- dance with the provisions of the Evidence Act.
The appellants were denied the opportunity of cross-examination on the first information report. The first information report was therefore wrongly relied upon in evidence for the purposes suggested by the High Court.
It is therefore to be seen as to whether the High Court was justified in convicting the appellants on the evidence and the grollf\ds mentioned in the judgment. The evidence of the complainant is that in the afternoon ·of 16 October, 1964 all the appellants came armed with lathis or somethink: like iron bars and all the four appellants assaulted Choharjasing and Nandlal with what the appellants had in their hands. The further evidence is that appellant No. 2 thrust the lathi into Choharjasing's mouth and he lost four of his teeth as a result of that.
Nandlal in his evidence stated that appellant No. 2 · gave a blow with a stick on his head. Nandlal and Choharjasing were attempting to run away when appellant No. 3 assaulted Nandlal on his head with what looked like an iron bar and appellant No. 4 also assaulted him with what he was holding ar.d which also looked like an iron bar.
Nandlal further said that appellant No. 2 assaulted him before he fell down and after he had fallen down all the appellants assaulted him. Witness Ramkeshwarsing said that he saw all the appehants
and when Choharjasing and Nandlal had fallen on the ground they were assaulted by all the appellants with sticks and iron bars. Ramkeshwarsing further said that in the 'statement to the police he mentioJ1ed that he saw appellant No. 1, 2 and two others. 6ZS
(1972] 2 S.C.R Witness Awadh Narayan said that he knew all the appellants and he saw sticks in their hands. He corroborated Nandlal's evidence that appellant No. 2 assaulted with a. stick Choharjasing on the mouth.
He also said that all the appellants continued assaulting Choharjasing and Nandlal. He said that in his state- ment to the police he mentioned the names of appellants No. ·and 2. Witness Dinanath said that he knew Choharjasing and Nand-
lal for a few years and he also know the appellants. He said that appellant No. 2 had a stick in his hand and appellant No. 2 assaulted Nandlal on his head. His further evidence was that
appellant NO. 2 gave a straight and perpendicular blow with a stick on the mouth of Choharjasing. The Sessions Court was wrong in holding that Ramkeshwar- sing did not mention the name of appellant No. 2.
He not only stated in his oral evidence that he had mentioned the name of appellant No. 2 to the police but this was also not challenged in cross-examination. The other witnesses Choharjasing, Nandlal, Awadh Narayan and Dinanath all. spoke about the appellants who assaulted Choharjasing and Nandla\.
As to appellant No. Choharjasing said that appellants No. 3 and 4 carried something like iron bars of a black colour. As far as appellant No. 3 is concerned there is no contradic- tory police statement on the part of Choharjasing. The oral evidence of Nandlal in relation to appellant No. 3 was that he aslaulted Nandlal.
Nandlal in his statement to the police also mentioned about appellant No. 3. There is no contradicto~· police· statement on the part of Nandlal as far as appellant No. 3 was concerned.
Nor was any such contradiction put to Nandlal. The medical evidence abput the injuries to Choharjasin_g was that the injuries could be caused by hard and blunt substance like iron bars and lathis and were likely to cause death if not medically attended to.
The medical evidence about the injuries to Nandlal was that those injuries could be caused by coming in contact with hard and blunt substance such as lathi, bamboo. stones, iron bars etc. and were serious injuries and were likely to cause death if not medically attended to.
Ramkeshwarsing in his oral evidence said that the appellants assaulted Choharjasing and NandlaL He said that he did not mention appellants No. 3 and 4 in the police statement because he did not know them.
There- is no contradictory police state- ment as far as witness Ramkeshwarsing is concerned in relation to appellant No. 3. In his police statement he mentioned appel- lants No. 1 and 2 and he said that two others assaulted Choharja- sing and Nandlal.
Ramakeshwarsing thus spoke of four persons c II! c DAMODARPRASAD v. MAHARASHTRA (Ray, J.) 629' assaulting Choharjasing and Nandlal. That was not challenged in cross-examination. Witness Awadh Narayan spoke of appel-
lant No. 3. There is no contradictory police statement of Awadh Narayan in relation to appellant No. 3. Witness Dinanath spoke about appellant No. assaulting Choharjasing and Nandlal.
There is no cross:examinati?n of Dinanath that appellant No. 3 gave a blow with a sack to Nandlal. On behalf of the appellants it was contended that appellaol<; No. 2 and 3 did not receive any injuries and therefore it was improbable that they would be involved in the assualt.
That contention is unacceptable because of the clear and convincing evidence of several witnesses about appellants No. 2 and 3 assault- ing Choharjasing and Nandlal. The trial Court was wrong in holding that the names of appellants No. 2 and 3 were not men- tioned by the witnesses to the police.
The names of appellants No. 2 and 3 were mentioned by the witnesses to the police. The oral evidence of the witnesses was to that effect. That evidence was not challenged. The High Court was therefore. justified in coming to the con- clusion that the acquittal of appellants No. 2 and 3 by the trial Court was to be set aside.
The evidence of the several witnesses that appellants No. 2 and 3 assaulted Choharjasing and Nandlal cannot be discarded on the statement that the appellants No. 2 and 3 did not receive injuries. It does not follow that appellants No. 2 and 3 were not at the scene of occurrence and did not commit the acts of assault just because there was no injury on them.
As far as appellants No. 1 and 4 are concerned the High Court was correct in holding that they were wrongly acquitted by the trial Court. 12 injuries on Choharjasing and 5 injuries on
Nandlal were all serious in nature. The oral evidence was rightly accepted by the High Court that all the appellants were guilty of assaulting Choharjasing, Nandlal and Ramkeshwarsing. Counsel for the appellants relied on the decisions of this Court in Harbans Singh and Am" v. State of Punjab [1962
Suppl. ( 1) S.C'.R. 104] and Khedu Mohton & Ors. v. State of Bihar A.I.R. 1971 S.C. 66 in support of the proposition that the High Court should not have interfered with the acquittal by the trial Court and if on the ruling of this Court in Khedu Mohton & Ors. v. State of Bihar (supra) two reasonable conclu- sions can be reached on the basis of the evidence on record then the acquittal of the accused should be preferred. The observa- tions in Khedu Mohton's case mean this: If two conclusions can be reached with a plausible appearance of reason the court should lean in favour of that which lead<; to acquittal and not to that SUPRE1£E COURT REPORTS
(1972] 2 S.C.IC which leads to conviction. Two views and conclusions cannot both be right and· one must be preferred over the other because our criminal jurisdiction demands that the benefit of doubt must prevail.
As to powers of the appellate court this Court in Sanwat Singh & Ors. v. State of Rajasthan (1961) 3. S.C.R. 120 laid down three principles, First, the appellate court had power to review the evidence upon which lhe order of acquittal
is founded. Second, ·the principles laid down by the Judicial Committee in Sheo Swarup v. King Emperor 61 I.A. 398 are a correot guide for the 11pproach by an· appellate court. These principles are
that the views of the trial Judge as to the credibility of the wit- nesses, the presumption of innocence in favour of the accused, the right of the accused to the benefit of doubt and the slowness of an appellate rourt in disturbing the finding of fact arrived at by a Judge who had the advantage of seeing the witnesses are the 'rules and principles' in the administration of justice. Thirdly, the appellate court in coming to its own conclusion should not only consider every matter on record having a bearing on the questions of fact and the reasons given by the trial court in sup- port of the order of acquittal, but should also express reasons to hold that the acquittal was not justified.
In the light of the rulings of this Court to which reference 'has been made, we are satisfied that the High Court kept in view the rules and principles of appreciation of evidence 1 and the right of the accused to the benefit of doubt and the High Court gave rea- sons as to why the occurrence on thtl morning of 16 October, 1964 was proved and also why the appellants were found on the evidence on record to be guilty of having committed an offence. Benefit of doubt was not sustainable in the present case inasmuch as the materials on record did not exclude the guilt of the appellants.
This Court in Khedu Mohton & Ors. v. State of Bihar (supra) set aside the judgment of the High Court and restored that of the Sessions Judge by acquitting the appellants because the High Court did not deal with finding of the first appellate court that it was unsafe to place reliance on the evidence of four prosecution witnesses who were interested witnesses.
Another feature which vitiated the approach of the High Court in that case was that there was a delay of 8 days in filing the complaint and the first appellate court said that it threw a great deal of doubt on the prosecution story.
The High Court made reference to some information lead before the Police and did not properly assess !he delay in the filing of the complaint. This Court found there that the information before the police prior to the complaint was ll
c II c DAMODARPRASAD v. MAHARASHTRA (Ray, J.) an application that there was an apprehension of breach of peace. It is in this context of facts that this Court said that the High Court was wrong in setting aside the acquittal.
Once the appellate court came to the conclusion that the view of the trial court was unreasonable that itself would provide a reason for interference. Again if it was found that the High
Court applied the correct principles in setting aside the order of acquittal this Court would not ordinarily interfere with the order of conviction passed by the High Court in an appeal against acquittal or review the entire evidence where the High Court was right in its view of evidence.
Therefore, if the High Court has kept in view the rules and principles of appreciation of the entire evidence and has given reasons for setting aside the order of acquittal this Court would not interfere with the order of the High Court [See Harbans Singh v. State of Punjab (supra)].
This Court in Nihal Singh & \Ors" v. State of Pw1jab ( 1964) 4 S.C.R. 5 said that there we1' ~,ways of dealing with an appeal by this Court from an order <>( conviction setting aside an acquittal.
One of the modes was to go through the evidence and find out whether the High Court had infringed the principles laid down in Samvat Singh v. State of Rajasthan (supra) or whether the appeal was an exceptional one within ! he ruling of this Court in State of Bombay v. Rusy Mistry A.I.R. 1960 S.C. 391 where the finding was such that 'it shocks the conscience of the court' or that it disregarded the forms of legal precess or sub· stantial and grave injustice had been done.
In dealing with an appeal against an acquittal the High Court can go into the questions of law and fact and reach its own con- clusion on evidence provided it pays due regard to the fact that the matter had been before the Court of Sessions and the Sessions Judge had the chance and opportunity of seeing tL witnesses depose to the facts [See Laxman Kalu Nikalie v. The State vf Maharashtra (1968) 3 S.C.R. ( 685].
The High Court was correct in setting aside the order of acquittal and convicting the appellants. The appeal therefore fails and is dismissed. If the appellants are on bail their bail bonds are cancelled.
They wiU surrender and serve out the sentence. V.P.S. Appeal dismissed.