c r DEO NARAIN v. THE STATE OF U.P. December 11, 1972 [A. ALAGIRISWAMI, I. D. DUA AND C. A. VAID!ALINGAM, JJ.] Indian Penal Code (Act 45 of 1860), Ss. 100 and 102-Right of pri- vate defence-Scope of.
There was a clash between the parties of the accused and complai- nant over the possession of certain land; in which the appellant inflicted a fatal spear injury on the chest of the deceased.
In • prosecution for off- ences under &. 302 and s. 302/149, I.P.C., the trial court and the High Court found that the party of the complaina:nt had deliberately come to forcibly prevent or obstruct the possession of. the accused persons, and that such forcible obstruction and pm-ention were unlawful. But while the trial Court acquit~ all the accused on the ground that the accused were exercising their right of private defence, the
High Court held that tho appellant exceeded his right of private defence on the sole ground that he had used his spear with greater force than was necessary, that he had given a dangerous blow with considerable force with a spear on the chest of the deceased though he himself had only received a superficial lathi blow on his head, and convicted him for an offence under s. 304. Allowing the appeal to this Court,
HELD: The High Court erred in conviciting the appellant on the ground that he exceeded his right of private defence. [60D-E] To say that the appellant could only claim the right to use force after he had sustained· a serious injury by an aggressive \vrongfut assault is a complete misunderstanding of the law embodied in s. 102, I.P.C. According to that section the right of private defence of the body commences as soon as a reasonable apprehension of danger to the body arises from an attempt or threat to commit the oflence, though the offence moy not have been committed, and such right continues so lo.ng as such
apprehnsion of danger to the body continues. The threat, however, must reasonably give rise to the present and imminent, and not to remote or distant. danger. This right rests on the principle that where a crime is endeavoured to be com· mitted by force, it is lawful to repel that force in self-defence. The right of private defepce is available for protection a'gainst apprehended unl::.'.\I· tfu~ aggressil?n and not for punishing the aggress-or for the offcnc~ r:om- m~tt~d by him. It is a preventive and not a punitive right. }f, 2.~t<.!r s-us.
ta1n1ng a serious injury there is no apprehension of further. danger to the body then obviously the right of private defence would '!lOt be a1'ailoble [60D-H, 6JA] . Thelcefore, as soon as the appellant reasonably apprehended danger to h!S ,body even from a t~reat (which is real) on the part of the complain- ants party ~o a~sault him for the purpose of forcibly taking possession of th~ land in d1Spute or of obstructing their cultivation, he ~ot the right !'f privat.e defence and to use adequate force against the wrongful aggressor tn exercise of that right.
[61A-B] ,Cb) The •pproach of the High Court that merely because the com- n!ainant's _Party had u~ed lat~is, the appellant was not justified in using his spear is equally m1sconce1ved •~d cannot be supported under s. 100, l.P.C. During the course of malee, like 'the present, the use of a Jathi on the head may very well give rise to " reasonable apprehension that death or grievous hurt would result from an injury caused thereby. It cannot be laid down as a general rule that the use of a lathi as dis· tinguished from the use of a spear must alw~ys be held to result only in milder injury, because, a blow by a lathi on the head may prove instan• taneously fatal. Therefore, if a blow with a lathi is aimed &t a vulnerable part like the head it cannot be laid doMt as a sou:t>d proposition of law that in such cases the victim is not justified in using his spear in defend· ing himself.
In such moments of excitement or disturbed mental equili· brium it is difficult to expect parties facing grave aggression ta coal!y weigh, as if in golden scales, and calmly determine with a composed mind 20 to what precise kind and severity of blow would be legally sufficient for effectively meeting the unlawful aggression. The view of the High Court is not ·only unreulistic and unpractical but also contrary to law and in conflict wjtb its own observations,
'~"hile acquiting the other accused, that in such cases the matter cannot be weighed in scales of gold. [6!D·H; 62A·B) CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No .. 192 of 1969.
Appeal by special leave from tl1e judgment and order dated April 30, 1969 of the Allahabad High ~ourt fo Govt. Appeal No. 1373 of 1966. U.P. Singh and Sri Ram Tiwari, for the appellant.
· D.,P. Uniyal, and R. Bana, for the respondent The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DuA, J. This appeal is by special leave and is directed against the conviction of the appellant Deo Narain, by. the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad on appeal by the State against the judgment and the order of the Sessions Judge of Ghazipur 'acquitting five accused persons, includin~, the appellant of various charg>~s including the charge under ss. 302/149, I.P.C. and in the alternative the charge against the appellant under s. 302, I.P.C. ff appears that there was some dispute with respect ·to the possession of certain plots of land in village Baruara, Police Station Dildarnagar, District Ghazipur.
There were ' several legal proceedings between the rival parties with respect , to both title and possession of the said plots. On September 17th 1965 after 12 noon there was a clash between the party of the accused and the party of the comptainant.
Both sides lodged reports with the police. The appellant Deo Narain, along with Chander· deo and Lalji, two of the other accused persons acquitted by the trial court, whose acquittal was confi11Ded by the High Court, went to the ,police station Dildarnagar and made a report against the complainant's party about the occurrence at about 5.45 p.m. on September 17, 1965 but, as the Station House Officer had iii· ready received info11Dation from the chowkidar .that these accus· ed persons had cased the death of one Chanderama, he took them n
'-….._, —1 . r c ' ,r •'-) II ' le ll c ' "? ·r- DEO NARAIN v. U.P. STATE "(Dua, !.) 5!> into custody … Ram Nagina on behalf of the complainant's party lodged t!J.~ report with the police station Kotwali which was adjacent to the District Hospital, Ghazipur and did not go to the police station Dildarnagar for making the report because of the Jong distance. , The Sessions Judge, after an exhaustive discus- sion of the evidence produced both by the prosecution and th.:: defence, came to the conclusion that the possession of the dis· puted plots of land was undoubtedly with t!J.~ accused persons. The only further question which required determination by the trial court was, if the complainant's party had gone to the plots in question with an aggressive desi,gn to disturb the possession of the accused person by unlawful use of force and if the accused persons ]1ad exceeded the right of private defence in beating and killing Chandrama and causing injuries to the other members of the complainant's party.
According to the trial court the com· plainant's party had actually gone to the plots in question for the purpose of preventing the accused persons from cultivating and ploughing the said land.
After considering the evidence on the record the trial court felt great difficulty in agreeing . with either of the two rival versions given by the prosecution and the defence witness Mangla Rai about the .manner in which the mar- peet had taken place. The learned Sessions Judge, however, considered himself to be on firm ,ground in holding that the inju· ries suffered by Chanderdeo and Deo Narain rendered it difficult to believe that they had inflicted injuries with their .· spears on Bansinarain and others.
Jn his opinion, had the accused persons been the aggressors they would not have abstained from causing injury to Raj Narain who was actually ploughing the field. In view of this improbability 'the learned Sessions Jud,ge did not find · it easy to place reliance on the statements of the prosecution wit- nesses Tin Taus, Rajnarain, Suresh and Bansinarain. Again, after examining the injuries sustained by the members of , both parties, the learned Sessions Jud,ge felt that Deo Narain and Chanderdeo must have received injuries on tlleir heads before they inflicted injuries on the memlnrs of the complainant's party. On this vi.~w the accused were held entitled to exercise the right of private defence, and to inflict the injuries in question in exer· cise of that right.
On the basis of this conclusion the accused were acquitt·~d. On appeal by the State the High Court upheld the conclusions of the trial court that the accused persons had the ri,ght of private- defence and that they were justified in exercising that right. ,But in its opinion that right had been exceeded by the appellant Deo Narain in inflicting the spear injury on the chest' of Chandrama, deceased.
Chandrama had received one lacerated wound on the right side of his skull and one incised wound on the left shoulder with a punctured wound 4t" deep on the right side of the chest. The last injury was responsible for his death.
This injury, accord- ing to the High Court, was given by the appellant Deo Narain with his spear. The reasoning of the High Court in convicting the appellant is, broadly stated, that it was only if the complain- ant's party had actually inflicted serious injury on the accus- ed that the right of private defence could arise,
justifying the causing of death. In the present case as only two members of the party of the accused p•~rsons, namely, Chanderdeo and Deo Narain, appellant, had received injuries which though on the head, were not serious, they were not justified in using their spears.
On this. reasoning the .High Court convicted the appel- lant, of an offence under s. 304, I.P.C. and sentenced him to rigorous imprisonment for five years. Before us the appellant's learned counsel has, after reading the relevant part of the impugned judgment of tho~ High Court,. submitted that !hf High Court has misdirected itself with regard to the essential ingredients and scope of the right of private defence.
Our attention has been drawn to a recent decision of this Court in G. V. Subramanyam v. State of Andhra Pradesh(!) where the scheme of the right of private defence of person and property has been analysed.
In our opinion, the High Court does seem to have erred in law in convicting the appellant on the ground that he had exceeded the right of private defence. What the High Court really seems to have mis&~d is the provision of law embodied in s. l 02, I.P .C.
According to that section the right of private defence of the body commences as soon as a reasonable appre- hension of danger to the body arises from an attempt or threat to commit the offeno~. though the offence may not have been committed, and such right continues so long as such apprehension of danger to the body continues. · The threat,
however, must reasonably give rise to the present and imminent, and not remote or distant, danger. This right rests on the general principle that where a crime is endeavoured to be committed by force,
it is lawful to rep·~! that force in self-defence. To sav that the appellant could only claim the right to use force after he had sustained a serious injury by an aggressive wrongful assault is a complete misunderstanding of the law embodied in the above section.
The right of private defence is available for pwtection against apprehend·~d unlawful aggression and not for punishing the aggressor for the offence committed by him. It is a preven- tive and not punitive right.
The right to punish for the com- mission of offences vests in the State (which has a duty to maintain law and order) and not in private individuals. If after sustaining a serious injury there is no apprehension of further (I) [1970] 3 S.C.R. 473
c i ' ' c DEO NARAIN v. U.P. STATE (Dua, I.) danger to the body then obviously the right of private defence would not be available. In. our view, therefore, as soon as the appellant reasonably apprehended danger to his body even from a real threat on the part of the party of the complainant to assault him for the purpose of forcibly taking possession of the plots in dispute or of obstructing their cultivation, he got the right of private defence and to use adequate force against the
wrong- ful aggressor in exercise of that right. There can be little doubt that on the ·conclusions of 1the two courts below that the party of the complainant had deliberately come to forcibly prevent or obstruct the possession of the accused persons and
that this forcible obstruction and p~~vention was unlawful, the appellant could reasonably apprehend imminent and present danger to his body and to his companions. The complainants were
clearly determined to use maximum force to achieve their end. He was thus fully justified in using force to defend himself and if necessary also his companions against the apprehended danger which was manifestly imminent. Again, the approach of the High Court that merely because the complainant's party had
used /athis, the appellant was not justified in using his spear is no less misconceived and insupportable. During the course of a mar- peet, like the present, the use of a lathi on the head may very well give rise to a reasonable apprehension that death or grievous hurt would result from an injury caused thereby. It cannot be laid down as a general rule that the use of a lathi as distinguished from the us-~ of a spear must always be held to result only in milder injury. Much depends on the nature of the lathi, the part of the body aimed at and the force used in giving the blow. Indeed, even a spear is capable of being so used as to cause a very minor injury,
The High Court seems in this connection to have overlooked the provision contained in s. 100, I.P.C. We do not have any evidence about the size or the nature of the lathi. The blow, it is known, was aimed at a vulnerable part like the head. A blow by a lathi on the head may prove instantaneously fatal and cases are not unknown in which such a blow by a /athi has actually proved instantaneously fatal.
If therefore a blow with a lathi is aimed at a vulnerable part lllce the head we do not think it can be laid down as a sound proposition of law that in ~uch 7ases the victim is not justified ii;i using his spear in defend- mg .~1m.self .. I_n such mome~ts of excitement of disturbed mental ~qwlibnum It Is somewhat ddlicult to expect parties facing grave aggress!on to. coolly weigh, as if in golden scales, and calmly deteri;iune with a composed mind as to what precise kind
and seventy of blow would be legally sufficient for effectively meeting the unlawful agg~ession. No doubt, the High CouN does seem t<? be aware of this aspect because the other accused persons were given the benefit of this rule. But while dealing with the appellant's case curiously enough the High Court has deni~d him the right of private defence on the sole ground that he had given a danger- ous blow with considerable force with a spear on the chest of the deceased though he himself had only received a superficial lathi blow on his head. This view of the High Court is not only un- realistic and U.!1Pf3<ltical but also contrary to law and indeed even in conflict with its own observation that in such cases the matter cannot be weighed in scales of gold.
Besides, it could not be said on the facts and circumstances -Of this case that the learned Sessions Judge had taken an erroneous or a wholly unro~asonable view on the evidence with regard to the right of private defence when acquitting all the accused persons. No doubt, on appeal against acquittal the High Court is entitled to ,,reappraise the evidence for itself but when the evidence is capable of two reasonable views, then, the view taken by the trial court demands due consideration. It is note- worthy that the High Court considered the learned Sessions Judge to be fully justified in acquitting the other accused persons and it was only in the case of the present appellant that the right of private defence was considered to have been exceeded on the sole ground that he had used his spear on the
chest of the deceased with greater force than was necessary to preV'~nt the deceased from committing unlawful aggression. Apparently the High Court seems to have implied that the appellant should have used the spear as a lathi and not the spearhead for defending himself or should have giV'~n a less forceful thrust of the spear or on a less vulnerable part of the body and not on the chest, in order to be within the legitimate limits of the right of private defence.
This, as already stated, is an erroneous approach because at such moments an average human being cannot be expected to think calmly and control his action by weighing as to how much injury would sufficiently meet the aggressive designs -Of his opponents. As a result there is clear miscarriage of justice. For the foregoing reasons this appeal succeeds and allowing the same we acquit the appellant.
V.P.S. Appeal allowed. c r l