Paragraph numbers below are the court’s original numbering, recovered from the source text.
2. The appellant along with his wife Thaneswari aged about 32 years and five daughters, namely, Nisha, Lakshmi, Sati, Nandini and Sandhya, aged 15, 14, 13, 8 and 5 years respectively and his mother Kejabai (examined as PW-6 in the trial) was residing in Village Mohandipat, P.S. Arjunda, Chhattisgarh. Their house, a single storey structure with five rooms, a verandah and a courtyard, opened in a gal i. Opposite to this house, were the houses of Aman Dewangan, Khemlal Dewangan and Derha Dewangan. On either side of their house the immediate neighbours were Bhan Singh Dewangan on one side and Yogendra Sahoo on the other. The appellant with his wife and two daughters had gone to attend a marriage at Nagpur on 11.02.2012 and had returned to the village at about 4-5 p.m. on 19.02.2012. After having dinner everyone had gone to sleep by about 8:00 p.m. Nisha, Lakshmi, Sati and Nandini were with their grandmother Kejabai in one room while the appellant, his wife and daughter Sandhya had slept in the adjoining room.
3. According to the prosecution, at about I :30 a.m. on 20.02.2012 a report vide General Diary Entry No.671 was made by PW- I Ishwar Pradhan and PW-2 Santosh Kumar, Village Kotwar. The entry Ext.P- 37 was certified in the General Diary by PW-13, Sub-Inspector Krishna Murari Mishra and was to the following effect: "The information is related to the Station Officer, K.M. Mishra, Kotwar and lshwar Pradhan s/o Avadh Pradhan, age 38 years, R/o Mohandipat, are present at the police station Mohandipat and stated that sounds of shouting are coming out from the house of the Dhal Singh Dewangan of village Mohai1dipat so that it is expected that incident like beating has taken place inside the house. In order to verify the above said incident, I departed to the place of occurrence along with my staff, 1373, 358, 252, 1316, R. 683, 1512, 664 mayak 320 and handed over the work of the police station to the HCM -1118. Sd/- lllegible Station Officer Ai:junda, Distt. Balod, Chhattisgarh" c
4. According to the prosecution, the police immediately reached the village and thereafter recorded Dehati Nalisi Ext.P-18 at the instance of PW-6 Kejabai who allegedly informed that at about I 0:00 p.m. on 19.02.2012 she woke up after hearing cries of her daughter-in-law Thaneshwari and had thereafter seen the appellant attacking his wife and five daughters with a sharp edged object. This Dehati Nalisi Ext.P- 18 was recorded at about 3 :00 a.m. on 20.02.2012, whereafter PW-13 Sub-Inspector Krishna Murari Mishra sent dead bodies ofThaneshwari, Nisha, Lakshmi, Sati, Nandini and Sandhya to the mortuary at Gunderdehi. According to PW-13, the bodies of Thaneshwari, Nisha, Lakshmi, Sandhya and Sati were lying in a room marked as Room No.4 in the site map Ext.P-25 and the appellant was found lying in one corner of the same room in an unconscious position with an iron knife lying near his left hand. The body ofNandini was lying in Room No. I, as mentioned in the site map Ext.P-25. PW-13 also sent the appellant in an ambulance to Primary Health Centre, Atjunda with a constable.
5. PW-7 Dr. Ajay Pal Chandrakar. Medical Officer, Primary Health Centre, Gunderdehi, conducted post-mortem on the dead bodies of Sati, Nisha and Sandhya on 20.02.2012. The post-mortem began at 10:40a.m. a] In his post-mortem report Ext.P-27. he found following injuries on the dead body ofSati: "(i) One deep incised wound at the back side of joint of skull and neck in the size of 6" x 3 ". (ii) One incised wound over right hand at the base of middle finger and index finger to wrist joint, of size 5" x 2.5"." Both the injuries were caused by sharp edged weapon. In his opinion, cause of death was cardio respiratory arrest due to excessive bleeding on account of the said i11juries. All the injuries were ante 111orte111 and the death was homicidal in nature. b] PW-7 also conducted post-mortem on the body ofNisha and found the following injuries: "(i) One deep incised wound at the joint of skull and neck region of size 7" x 4". (ii) One incised wound at the joint of right hand wrist of DHAL SINGH DEWANGAN v. STATE OF CHHATTISGARH [UDAY UMESH LAUT, J.] size4" x3". (iii) One incised wound below the right hand elbow joint of size 3" x I"; (iv) One incised wound over right arm of size 2" x 2"." All the injuries were ante mortem and caused by sharp edged weapon. Cause of death was opined as cardio respiratory arrest due to excessive bleeding on account of the said injuries and the death was homicidal in nature. c] PW-7 thereafter conducted post-mortem on the body of Sandhya and found one incised wound on the back ofneck of the deceased at the joint of skull in the size of 6" x 2", ·from the left to right side of neck region and all blood vessels were cut. He opined that the cause of death was excessive bleeding on account ofabove injury and shock due to cardio respiratory arrest. All the injuries were ante 111orte111, caused by sharp edged weapon and death was homicidal in nature.
6. On the same day, PW-14 Dr. Chandrabhan Prasad, Block Medical Officer, Community Health Centre Gunderdehi performed post- mortem on the bodies ofThaneshwari, Lakshmi and Nandini. a] PW-14 vide post-mortem repo11 Ext.P-64 noticed the following injuries on the dead body ofThaneshwari: (i) Deep incised wound below left lower costal region of size l" x W', intestines visible through wound; (ii) Deep incised wound below right costal region of size 2" x I" horizontal, intestines visible; (iii) Deep incised wound over left lower costal region horizontal, of size 2" x Yi'' (iv) Deep incised wound over left dorsal hand of size 3" x 2" horizontal (v) Deep incised wound over left axillary fossa of size I" x Y:i" (vi) Deep incised wound over right dorsal hand of size 3" x W' horizontal (vii) Deep incised wound over left temporal region of skull c of size 2" x W' (viii) Deep incised wound over right dorsal and palm hand of size 5" x 4", carpal bone cut; (ix) Deep incised wound over left side of nose (x) Deep incised wound over left eyebrow obliquely placed upto nose of size 4" x 2"." According to him, the cause of death was acute hemorrhagic shock due to multiple injuries, all the injuries were ante mortem and the death was homicidal in nature. b] He also conducted autopsy over the dead body of Laxmi and in post-mo1tem report Ext.P-65, he noticed the following injuries: (i) Deep incised wound over right dorsal hand of size 2" x W' x Yi", whole face and hand blood stained (ii) Deep incised wound over left buttock of size 2" x Y2" (iii) Deep incised wound over left cheek of size 1" x Yi'' (iv) Deep incise wound over right nose upto ear (v) Deep incised wound over right wrist of size I" x W' (vi) Nape of neck 50% cut (vii) Deep incised wound over right face of size 2" x Y," (viii) Deep incise wound over right shoulder of size l" x YS"." The cause of death was acute hemorrhagic shock due to multiple injuries, all the injuries were ante mortem and the death was homicidal in nature. c] He also conducted postmortem over the dead body of Nandini vide Ext.P-66, wherein he found that there was one deep incised wound over occipital region of size 5" x W' x \4''. The cause of death was acute hemorrhagic shock due to head injury which was a/lfe mortem and the death was homicidal in nature. DHAL SINGH DEWANGAN v. STATE OF CHHATTISGARH [UDAY UMESH LAUT, J.]
7. Dehati Nalisi Ext.P-18 recorded at 3:00 a.m. led to the registration of FIR Ext.P-51 dated 20.02.2012 bearing No.18 of2012 at about 4: 10 p.m .. On 20.02.2012 the appellant was brought back to the police station at about 6:30 p.m. whereafter vide Ext.P-16 the clothes of the accused which were stated to have blood-st:iins were taken in custody. The accused was arrested vide arrest memo Ext.P-62 on the same day.
8. During investigation, statements of various witnesses were recorded. On 06.03.2012 PW-6 Kejabai was produced before Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Gunderdehi, at the request of the police to record her statement under Section 164 of Code of Criminal Procedure ( 'The Code' for short), which statement was recorded as under: "States on affirmation … my name is Smt. Kejabai w/ o Dan Singh, Occupation-Agriculture/Labour, R/o Mohandipat, Police Station-Arjunda, District-Balod (Chhattisgarh). On oath: (I) Last month about on date 12-13, my son and my son's wife went to Nagpur at marriage function. After 8- 10 days, they came to Mohandipat being dispute. They went to Pallekalan from there. Thereafter, they came to Mohandipat at 4:45 p.m. in the evening. That day was Sunday. After taking meal and all slept, at night about I 0 p.m. I heard a sound like a cat howling. I afraid and went towards daughter-in-law's room. I saw there, dead body of younger child. Thereafter, I ran away shouting. I returned home yet. I came together some people and saw the son was fainted and saw the dead body of children. I want to say just this. Typing has done as per my direction Narrator is correct & accepted. Sd/- Illegible . 06.03.2012 Srikant Srivastava J.M.F.C., Dondalohara Dist. Chhattisgarh Sd/- Illegible 06.03.2012 Srikant Srivastava J.M.F.C., Dondalohara Distt. Chhatisgarh (2016] 8 S.C.R. I, Kejabai Dewangan have signed voluntarily, read out and c understood." Thus, as against the version in Dehati Nalisi Ext.P-18 implicating the appellant, her statement before the Magistrate did not directly attribute anything to the appellant.
9. On 19.03.2012 a sealed packet containing an iron knife along with requisition Ext.P-61 was sent to PW-14 Dr. Chandrabhan Prasad seeking his opinion whether the injuries suffered by deceased Thaneshwari, Nisha, Lakshmi, Nandini, Sati and Sandhya could be caused by that knife. It was of iron metal with total length of 40 cm and the length of the blade was 5 cm. The knife was stained with blood. A report in the affirmative was given by PW-14 on the back side of the requisition Ext.P-61 under his signature. I 0. After completing the investigation, charge-sheet Ext.P-74 was filed on 27.04.2012 against the appellant for the offence punishable under Section 302 !PC on six counts. The prosecution examined 14 witnesses in support of his case, the noteworthy being:- 1. PW-1 Ishwar Pradhan Sarpanch of the village stated that around l 0:30 p.m. on 19.02.2012, PW-2 Santosh, Village Kotwar came to his house and told him that the appellant had killed his wife and daughters. Thereafter, PW-I reached Gandhi Chowk (stated to be at a distance of I 00 yards from the house of the appellant) where he found PW-6 Kejabai sitting in the square with PW-2 Santosh Kumar, PW-3 Neel Kanth, PW-5 Dan Singh. According to the witness, PW-6 Kejabai told them that the appellant had killed his wife and children whereafter they went to the house of the appellant and saw that blood was lying near the door of the room of the appellant. They locked the door of the house. Then along with PW-2 Santosh, Village Kotwar and one Chait Ram Sahu, this witness went to the police station Arjunda and gave information which was extracted in General Diary at Ext.P-37. The witness further stated that after the police reached the village, they entered the house and took the appellant to the hospital in an ambulance as he was in an unconscious condition. Thus, the primary source of information of the witness was PW- 2 Santosh, Village Kotwar and after reaching Gandhi Chowk he had heard PW-6, Kejabai implicating the appellant. Though he went to the police station thereafter, Ext.P-37 extract of the General Diary Entry DHAL SINGH DEWANGAN v. STATE OF CHI-IATTISGARH [UDAY UMESH LALIT, J.] does not disclose any awareness of the essential features or details of A the crime or the fact that the murders had taken place. II. PW-2 Santosh, village Kotwar, stated that Jeevan Dewangan, neighbour of the appellant came to his house at about 11 :00 p.m. and told him that the appellant had murdered his wife and daughters with an iron knife, whereafter he along with PW-I lshwar Pradhan and PW-3 Neel Kanth had gone to the house of the appellant. They found the wife and children of the appellant lying dead and the appellant in an unconscious condition. Thereafter, he along with PW- I Ishwar Pradhan and one Vijay went to the police station and gave relevant information. According to the witness, by the time they came back, the pol ice had already reached c the village and PW-6 Kejabai had disclosed to the police that it was the appellant who had killed his wife and five children. The witness further stated that the appellant was moved to the hospital in an ambulance as he was unconscious. The source of information for this witness was one Jeevan Dewangan. Going by the version of this witness, he and PW- I were already aware that the wife and children were lying dead in the house of the appellant before they reached the police station. However, extract Ext.P-37 of the General Diary does not disclose any such knowledge or awareness. III. PW-3 Neel Kanth stated that at about 12.00 midnight Ganga Ram Sahu and Chait Ram knocked the door of his house and informed him that the appellant had killed his wife and five daughters. The witness reached Gandhi Chowk where he found PW-6 Kejabai crying loudly that the appellant had killed his wife and five children. All the villagers thereafter went to the house of the appellant and found that there were blood stains in the verandah. PW- I lshwar Pradhan was then sent along with PW-2 Santosh and Chait Ram to make a report to the police. According to the witness the police reached the village after an hour and thereafter they went to the house of the appellant. The wife and the children of the appellant were lying dead while the appellant was lying in an unconscious condition. According to the version of this witness, everyone was aware of the fact that the murders had taken place. Yet, the reporting vide Ext.P-3 7 is otherwise. IV PW-4 Anjor Singh Dewangan, father-in-law of the appellant I-I c stated that he had come to know from the villagers that the appellant had killed his wife and five daughters. This witness did not say that he had heard PW-6 Kejabai implicating the appellant. V PW-5 Dan Singh Dewangan, step father of the appellant stated that at about 12 midnight PW-2 Santosh, Chait Ram and Ganga Ram came and called him. They also awoke PW-I Ishwar Pradhan. According to the witness he went towards the house PW-6 Kejabai along with PW-I lshwar Pradhan and found that PW-6 Kejabai was crying aloud that the appellant had killed his wife and five daughters. According to the witness after seeing the place of incident PW-I Ishwar Pradhan, PW-2 Santosh, Village Kotwar and Chait Ram went to the police station to lodge the report. This witness also stated that when the police came they found the wife and five daughters of the appellant lying dead and the appellant was lying unconscious. VI PW-6 Kejabai in her examination stated as under: "My son Dhal Singh's wife's name is Thaneshwari Bai. My son the accused and Thaneshwari Bai had five daughters whose names are Sandhya, Nisha, Laxmi, Sati, Nandini. My son was involved in the work of cutting & selling chicken. My daughter-in-law Thaneshwari and above stated five girls are dead. They died during Mahashivratri of this year. Incident occurred about 8 months back. Before the incident, my son Dhal Singh, daughter-in-law Thaneshwari and their two daughters had gone to Nagpur to attend the marriage of brother-in-law and sister-in-law of my son and they came back on Sunday. They came back to home at around 5.00 O' clock in the day. Incident occurred on same day. We went to sleep at 8.00 O'clock in the night after taking dinner I and four girls were sleeping in my room. My son, the accused daughter-in-law Thaneshwari and youngest daughter Sandhya were sleeping in another room. I woke up in the night and reached to verandah for drinking water. I saw the girl Sandhya lying unconscious in the front of room of my son Dhal Singh. Thereafter, opening the door of the house I fled crying outside on the road. I don't know what I was crying because I was not in conscious state of DHAL SINGH DEWANGAN v. STATE OF CHHATTISGARH [UDAY UMESH LAUT, J.] mind. As I was crying outside like mad, the villagers came there. I cannot tell the facts stated by me to the villagers. I don't know if I had come back to the village because I was not in conscious state of mind." The aforesaid statement, though generally consistent with her statement under Section 164 of the Code, was against the assertions made in Dehati Nalisi Ext.P-18. She was declared hostile and was permitted to be cross-examined by the public prosecutor. She denied having stated about the incident to PW-I I sh war Pradhan, PW-2 Santosh, Village Kotwar, PW-5 Dan Singh and to other villagers as well as to the police, as alleged. She accepted her statement given under Section I 64 of the Code. 11. The medical evidence on record was unfolded through PW-7 Dr. Ajay Pal Chandrakar and PW-14 Dr. Chandrabhan Prasad, as stated above. PW-13 Sub-Inspector Krishna Murari Mishra proved extract of General Diary Entry at Ext.P-37 and site map Ext.P-25. He said that he had found the appellant lying in an unconscious condition and had sent him to the Primary Health Centre, Arjunda with a constable. In his statement under Section 313 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the appellant claimed innocence and submitted that he knew nothing as he was unconscious. 12. After considering the evidence on record, the Sessions Court, District Durg by its judgment and order dated 23.04.2013 in Sessions Case No.96 of 2012 found the appellant guilty of offence punishable under Section 302 !PC on six counts. Though the statement of PW-6 Kejabai in court had not attributed any criminal act to the appellant, in the opinion of the trial court, her version implicating the appellant, as spoken to by PWs I, 2, 3 and 5 would be admissible under Section 6 of the Evidence Act. Placing reliance on those statements of PW s I, 2, 3 and 5 as well as failure on part of the appellant in not offering any explanation how the crime was committed, the trial court found that the Prosecution was successful in bringing home the case against the appellant. Having thus convicted the appellant on six counts under Section 302 IPC, by a separate order of even date, the trial court awarded death sentence to the appellant, subject to confirmation by the High Court in terms of Chapter 28 of the Code. 13. The Reference under Section 366 of the Code for confirmation c c of death sentence was registered as Criminal Reference No.4 of 2013 in the High Cou11 ofChhattisgarh at Bilaspur. The appellant also filed an appeal against his conviction and sentence vide Criminal Appeal No.563 of2013. The Reference as well as the appeal were dealt with and disposed of by the High Court vide its judgment and order dated 08.08.2013. It was observed by the High Com1 as under: '"23. Minute examination of the evidence, oral and documentary available on record, makes it clear that on 19.2.2012 the accused/appellant had killed his wife and five daughters by causing them nun1ber of injuries on their vital pa11s by chopper/knife used for cutting hen. 24. As per deposition of Kejabai (PW-6), on the fateful night, the accused/appellant was the only male member in his house and he was sleeping along with his wife Thaneshwari ·and youngest daughter Sandhya, whereas Kejabai was sleeping with his four daughters in a separate room and door of the house was bolted from inside. Thus the possibility of entry by some stranger in the house of the accused/appellant is not there. Since the accused/appellant was the only inmate of the house, it is for him to explain as to how six dead bodies have been found there. However, no such explanation has been offered by him in his statement under Section 313 of Cr.P.C. As per Section 106 of the Evidence Act, it is the duty of the accused to explain the incriminating circumstance proved against him while making a statement under Section 313 of Cr.P.C. Keeping silent and not furnishing any explanation is an additional link in the chain of circumstances to sustain the charges against him. Furthennore, as per FSL report Ex.P/69 blood was found on the clothes of the accused/appellant and the weapon of offence chopper/knife and as per serological report Ex.P/72, the blood present on the clothes and the knife was found to be human blood. 25. The evidence of Kejabai (PW-6) also makes it clear that upon seeing the dead body ofSandhya, she came out of the house screaming. This witness has expressed her ignorance as to the things disclosed by her to the villagers. However, from the statements of PW-I, PW-2, PW-3 and DHAL SINGH DEWANGAN v. STATE OF CHHATTISGARH [UDAY UMESH LAUT, J.] PW-5, it is apparent that immediately after the incident, Kejabai informed them that it is the accused/appellant who killed his wife and five daughters. These witnesses have categorically stated that immediately after the incident they came to know about the commission of murder by the accused/appellant and they also remained firm in their cross- examination." The High Court further found the statements of PWs I, 2, 3 and 5 admissible under Section 6 of the Evidence Act and stated as under: "27. After minute examination of the evidence of PW- I, PW-2, PW-3 and PW-5, we are of the considered view that the same is admissible under Section 6 of the Evidence Act as res gestae. For these witnesses, there was no occasion for concoction or improvement by any means at that juncture. The fact that immediately after seeing the dead body Kejabai came out of the house and narrated the incident to the villagers has been duly proved by these witnesses." It was argued on behalf of the appellant that as stated by all the prosecution witnesses including the Investigating Officer, the appellant was found in an unconscious condition and was removed to the hospital but no medical reports were placed on record by the prosecution. The High Court dealt with the submission as under: "30. We also find no force in the argument of counsel for the appellant that the police has not produced medical report of the appellant clarifying his position as to how he fell unconscious when bodies of the deceased persons were recovered from his house and what treatment was given to him in hospital. It appears that during killing of six persons and after seeing their blood, the accused/appellant might have tired or lost his mental balance. In such a situation, even ifthe appellant was lying unconscious near the dead bodies, it hardly makes any difference for proving his involvement in commission of the offence. It is not the case of the defence that some third person had entered the house, assaulted the appellant and then committed murder of six persons." c c Having affirmed the conviction of the appellant as recorded by the trial court, the High Court observed that the instant case did satisfy the parameters laid down by this Comt and was "rarest of rare cases" justifying capital punishment. The High Court thus confirmed the death sentence awarded to the appellant. 14. In this appeal challenging the correctness of the orders of conviction and sentence, we have gone through the entire record and considered rival submissions. The matter principally raises two questions (a) whether the statements of PWs I, 2, 3 and 5 are admissible under Section 6 of the Evidence Act and coJld be relied upon and (b) whether the circumstances on record satisfy the principles laid down by this Court in its various judgments as regards appreciation of cases based on circumstantial evidence. 15. The evidence of witnesses PWs I and 2 discloses that the primary source of their knowledge about the crime was Jeevan Dewangan who had disclosed it to PW-2, who in turn disclosed it to PW-I. Similarly, D the source of information about the crime for PW-3, was the disclosure by Ganga Ram Sahu and Chait Ram. Chait Ram had also gone along with PWs 1 and 2 to the police station. However, none of these three persons, namely, Jeevan Dewangan, Ganga Ram Sahu and Chait Ram were examined by the prosecution. No reason fortheirnon-examination is placed on record. The non-examination of these persons goes to the root of the matter and raises serious doubts. 16. According to PWs 1 and 2, after receipt of information about the crime, they had reached Gandhi Chowk where PW-6 Kejabai was crying aloud that the appellant had killed his wife and children. Thereafter PWs I and 2 along with Chait Ram went to the police station and at their instance information was recorded in General Diary at Ext.P-37. The extract of General Diary Entry is completely silent about any relevant features regarding the crime or the role of the appellant and in fact shows lack of knowledge about the crime. All that it says is that they had heard sounds of shouting coming from the house of the appellant. It is not the case of the Prosecution, that the recording vide Ext.P-37 was in any way incorrect. The version of PW s 1 and 2 in Court is thus completely inconsistent with the contemporaneous record, namely, extract Ext.P-37. If they were aware that the appellant had killed his wife and daughters even before they reached the police station, as they now claim in Court, the nature of their reporting would have been completely DHAL SINGH DEWANGAN v. STATE OF CHHATTISGARH [UDAY UMESH LAUT, J.] different. The fact that their reporting did not disclose any essential features of the crime is accepted on record and their reporting was also never treated as FIR in the matter. We find it extremely difficult to rely on the testimony of PWs I and 2 and would presently eschew from our consideration the statements of these two witnesses. 17. We are now left with PWs 3 and 5. Even according to PW- 3 his source of knowledge about the crime was disclosure by Ganga Ram Sahu and Chait Ram. He further said that after reaching Gandhi Chowk he found PW-6 Kejabai was crying aloud that it was the appel !ant who had ki lied his wife and five children. To si m ii ar effect is the assertion of PW-5. These two witnesses also claim that the villagers had sent PWs I and 2 with Chait Ram to make a report to the police. But unlike PWs I and 2, these witnesses themselves had not gone to the police station and therefore their version needs to be considered independently. The question that arises is whether such assertions on part of PWs 3 and 5 come within Section 6 of the Evidence Act and could be relied upon. 18. Before we deal with the applicability of Section 6 of the Evidence Act to the facts of the present case, we may quote the Section 6 and illustration (a) below said Section:- "6. Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction. – Facts which, though not in issue, are so connected with a fact in issue as to form part of the same transaction, are relevant whether they occurred at the same time and place or at different times and places." Illustration "(a) A is accused of the murder of B by beating him. Whatever was said or done by A or B or the by-standers at the beating, or so shortly before or after it as to form part of the transaction, is a relevant fact." 19. In Genie/a Vijayvardlum Rao mu/ mwtltr v. State of A11dlim Pradesli 1, a bus was set on fire which resulted in the death of 23 passengers. Statements of two seriously injured fellow passengers were recorded by the Magistrate as it was thought that they might succumb to their injuries, in which event their statements could be pressed into service 1 <1996) 6 sec 241 c under Section 32 of the Evidence Act. Fo1tunately, they survived. But while answering the question whether those statements could now be relied upon under Section 6, this Court found that there was appreciable interval between the criminal act and the recording of their statements by the Magistrate and as such the statements could not be relied upon with the aid of Section 6. It was observed:- "15. The principle of law embodied in Section 6 of the Evidence Act is usually known as the rule of res gestae recognised in English law. The essence of the doctrine is that a fact which, though not in issue, is so connected with the fact in issue "as to form part of the same transaction" becomes relevant by itself. This rule is, roughly speaking, an exception to the general rule that hearsay evidence is not admissible. The rationale in making certain statement or fact admissible under Section 6 of the Evidence Act is on account of the spontaneity and immediacy of such statement or fact in reiation to the fact in issue. But it is necessary that such fact or statement must be a part of the same transaction. In other words, such statement must have been made contemporaneous with the acts which constitute the offence or at least immediately thereafter. But if there was an interval, however slight it may be, which was sufficient enough for fabrication then the statement is not part of res gestae. In R. v. Lillynwn2 a statement made by a raped woman after the ravishment was held to be not part of the res gestae on account of some interval of time lapsing between the act of rape and the making of the statement. Privy Council while considering the extent up to which this rule ofres gestae can be allowed as an exemption to the inhibition against hearsay evidence, has observed in Teper v. R. ·1 thus: ''The rule that in a criminal trial hearsay evidence is o admissible if it forms part of the res gestae is based on the propositions that the human utterance is both a fact and a means of communication and that human action may be so interwoven with words that the significance of the action 2 ( 1895-99) All. E.R. 586 ' ( 1952) 2 All. E.R. 447 DHAL SINGH DEWANGAN v. STATE OF CHHATTISGARH [UDAY UMESH LAUT, J.] cannot be understood without the correlative words and the dissociation of the words from the action would impede the discovery of the truth. It is essential that the words sought to be proved by hearsay should be, if not absolutely contemporaneous with the action or event, at least so clearly associated with it that they are patt of the thing being done, and so an item or part of the real evidence and not merely a reported statement." The correct legal position stated above needs no further elucidation. 16. Here, there was some appreciable interval between the acts of incendiarism indulged in by the miscreants and the Judicial Magistrate recording statements of the victims. That interval, therefore; blocks the statements from acquiring legitimacy under Section 6 of the Evidence Act. The High Court was, therefore, in error in treating Exts. P- 71 and P-75 as forming patt of res gestae evidence." 20. In Kri~'/um Kumar Malik v. State of llaryww~, while testing the veracity of the version of the prosecutrix that she was subjected to rape, the fact that she had ample opportunity and occasion to disclose to her mother and sister soon after the criminal act, in which case their statements could have lent assurance, was taken into account. This Comt observed as under:- "33. As per the FIR lodged by the prosecutrix, she first met her mother Narayani and sister at the bus-stop at Kurukshetra but they have also not been examined, even though their evidence would have been vital as contemplated under Section 6 of the Evidence Act, 1872 (for short "the Act") as they would have been res gestae witness.es. The pl!tpose of incorporating Section 6 in the Act is to complete the missing links in the chain of evidence of the solitary witness. There is no dispute that she had given full and vivid description of the sequence of events leading to the commission of the alleged offences by the appellant and others upon her. In that narrative, it is amply clear that Bimla Devi and Ritu were stated to be at the '(2011) 7 sec 130 c c scene of alleged abduction. Even though Bimla Devi may have later turned hostile, Ritu could still have been examined, or at the very least, her statement recorded. Likewise, her mother could have been similarly examined regarding the chain of events after the prosecutrix had arrived back at Kurukshetra. Thus, they would have been the best persons to lend support to the prosecution story invoking Section 6 of the Act. 37. Section 6 of the Act has an exception to the general rule whereunder hearsay evidence becomes admissible. But as for bringing such hearsay evidence within the ambit of Section 6, what is required to be established is that it must be almost contemporaneous with the acts and there cou Id not be an interval which would allow fabrication. Jn other words, the statements said to be admitted as forming part of res gestae must have been made contemporaneously with the act or immediately thereafter. Admittedly, the prosecutrix had met her mother Narayani and sister soon after the occurrence, thus, they could have been the best res gestae witnesses, still the prosecution did not think it proper to get their statements recorded. This shows the negligent and casual manner in which the prosecution had conducted the investigation, then the trial. This lacunae has not been explained by the prosecution. The prosecution has not tried to complete this missing link so as to prove it, beyond any shadow of doubt, that it was the appellant who had committed the said offences." 21. The general rule of evidence is that hearsay evidence is not admissible. However, Section 6 of the Evidence Act embodies a principle, usually known as the rule of res gestae in English Law, as an exception to hearsay rule. The rationale behind this Section is the spontaneity and immediacy of the statement in question which rules out any time for concoction. For a statement to be admissible under Section 6, it must be contemporaneous with the acts which constitute the offence or at least immediately thereafter. The key expressions in the Section are " … so connected … as to form part of the same transaction". The statements must be almost contemporaneous as ruled in the case of Kris/um Kumar Malik (Supra) and there must be no interval between the criminal act DHAL SINGH DEWANGAN v. STATE OF CHHATTISGARH [UDAY UMESH LALIT, J.] and the recording or making of the statement in question as found in Gentela Vijayvardlum Rao's case (Supra). In the latter case, it was accepted that the words sought to be proved by hearsay, if not absolutely contemporary with the action or event, at least should be so clearly associated with it that they are part of such action or event. This requirement is apparent from the first illustration below Section 6 which states …. "whatever was said or done …. at the beating, or so shortly before or after it as to form part of the transaction, is a relevant fact." 22. Considered in the aforesaid perspective, we do not find the statements attributed to PW-6 Kejabai by PWs 3 and 5 to be satisfying the essential requirements. The house of the appellant, according to the record, was at a distance of I 00 yards from Gandhi Chowk, where these witnesses are stated to have found PW-6 Kejabai crying aloud. Both in terms of distance and time, the elements of spontaneity and continuity were lost. PW-6 Kejabai has disowned and denied having made such disclosure. But even assuming that she did make such disclosure, the spontaneity and continuity was lost and the statements cannot be said to have been made so shortly after the incident as to form part of the transaction. In the circumstances, we reject the evidence sought to be placed in that behalf through PWs 3 and 5. Even if we were to accept the version of PWs I and 2, the same would also suffer on this count and will have to be rejected. 23. We are therefore left with certain pieces of circumstantial evidence and have to see if those circumstances bring home the case of the prosecution. The principles how the circumstances be considered and weighed are well settled and summed up in S/umtd Birdic/umtl Sarda v. State of Malum1slttra-' as under: "153. A close analysis of this decision would show that the following conditions must be fulfilled before a case against an accused can be said to be fully established: (I) the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is c to be drawn should be fully established. It may be noted here that this Com1 indicated that the circumstances concerned "must or should" and not "may be" established. There is not only a grammatical but a legal distinction between "may be proved" and "must be or should '(1984) 4 sec 116 [20 I 6] 8 S.C.R. be proved" as was held by this Court in Shiva.ii Sahabrao Bobade and another v. State of Maharashtra• where the observations were made: "Ce11ainly, it is a primary principle that the accused must be and not merely may be guilty before a court can convict and the mental distance between 'may be' and 'must be' is long and divides vague conjectures from sure conclusions." (2) the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused, that is to say, they should not be explainable on any other hypothesis except that the accused is guilty, (3) the circumstances should be ofa conclusive nature and tendency, (4) they should exclude every possible hypothesis except the one to be proved, and (5) there must be a chain of evidence so complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for the conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and must show that in all human probability the act must have been done by the accused. 154. These five golden principles, if we may say so, constitute the panchsheel of the proof of a case based on circumstantial evidence." 24. We now consider the circumstances which have weighed with the Courts below:- a] The appellant was the only male member residing with his mother, wife and five daughters. b] The house in question which opened in a gali was bolted from inside on the fateful night. c] The appellant was found lying unconscious in a room where there were five dead bodies with another dead body in the adjoining room. d] A knife, which could possibly have caused injuries to the " (1973) 2 sec 793 DHAL SINGH DEWANGAN v. STATE OF CHHATT1SGARH [UDAY UMESH LAUT, J.] deceased, was lying next to his left hand. e] His clothes – "lungi" to be precise, were found to be having blood stains with blood of human origin. f]He had offered no explanation how the incident had occurred and as such a presumption could be drawn against him under Section I 06 of the Evidence Act. In the face of these circumstances, according to the Courts below, the only possible conclusion or hypothesis could be the guilt of the appellant and nothing else. The absence of any explanation on part of the appellant was taken as an additional link in the chain by the High Court. 25. In Slum1d Birdicluuul Santa's case (Supra), the absence of explanation and/or false explanation or a false plea was considered in the context of appreciation of a case based on circumstantial evidence. It was observed:- "150. The High Court has referred to some decisions of this Court and tried to apply the ratio of those cases to the present case which, as we shall show, are clearly distinguishable. The High Court was greatly impressed by the view taken by some courts, including this Court, that a false defence or a false plea taken by an accused would be an additional link in the various chain of circumstantial evidence and seems to suggest that since the appellant had taken a false plea that would be conclusive, taken along with other circumstances, to prove the case. We might, however, mention at the outset that this is not what this Court has said. We shall elaborate this aspect of the matter a little later. 151. It is well settled that the prosecution must stand or fall on its own legs and it cannot derive any strength from the weakness of the defence. This is trite law and no decision has taken a contrary view. What some cases have held is only this: where various links in a chain are in themselves complete, then a false plea or a false defence may be called into aid only to lend assurance to the court. In other words, before using the additional link it must be proved that all the links in the chain are complete and do not suffer from any c c infirmity. It is not the law that where there is any infirmity or lacuna in the prosecution case, the same could be cured or supplied by a false defence or a plea which is not accepted by a court. 161. This Court, therefore, has in no way departed from the five conditions laid down in Hanumant case7• Unfortunately, however, the High Court also seems to have misconstrued this decision and used the so-called false defence put up by the appellant as one of the additional circumstances connected with the chain. There is a vital difference between an incomplete chain of circumstances and a circumstance which, after the chain is complete, is added to it merely to reinforce the conclusion of the court. Where the prosecution is unable to prove any of the essential principles laid down in Hanumant case, the High Court cannot supply the weakness or the lacuna by taking aid of or recourse to a false defence or a false plea. We are, therefore, unable to accept the argument of the Additional So I ic itor-General." 26. Even otherwise, the fact that the appellant was lying unconscious at the scene of occurrence is accepted by all the prosecution witnesses including the Investigating Officer, who sent the appellant to the Primary Health Centre for medical attention. Since he was sent by the Investigating Officer himself, the prosecution ought to have placed on record the material indicating what made him unconscious, what was the probable period of such unconsciousness and whether the appellant was falsely projecting it. However, nothing was placed on record. Neither any doctor who had examined him was called as witness, nor any case papers of such examination were made available. In the absence of such material, which the prosecution was obliged but failed to place on record, his explanation cannot be termed as false. The explanation that he knew nothing as he was unconscious cannot be called, 'absence of explanation' or 'false explanation'. So the last item in the list of circumstances cannot be taken as a factor against the appellant. 27. Coming to the circumstance at SI. No.( e) as mentioned above, the clothes of the accused were not seized immediately at the place of occurrence. He was first sent to the Primary Health Centre for medical 7 (1952) SCR 1091 DHAL SINGH DEWANGAN v. STATE OF CHHATTISGARH [UDAY UMESH LAUT, J.] attention and later in the day was brought back to the police station, where the seizure took place. The seizure memo Ext.P-16 does not mention the word "lungi" but uses the expression "lstamali". Even if "lstamali" is taken to be' lungi', the Arrest Memo Ext.P-62 mentions his clothes to be "Full Pant and Shirt" and further mentions, "nothing found on the person of the accused except clothes worn by him". According to FSL report Ext.P-69 and serological report Ext.P-72 what was sent for examination and analysis was a lungi which was found to be stained with blood of human origin. It is not clear how lungi could be seized if the appellant was in 'full pant and shirt" and there was nothing else on his person. The constable who had taken the appellant to the Primary Health Centre and who could have thrown better light on this aspect, was not examined. Apart from the fact that the clothes were not seized immediately at the place of occurrence, ifthe appellant was found lying in the room in an unconscious state with five dead bodies around, the possibility that his clothes had otherwise got stained with blood which was spotted everywhere including the verandah cannot be ruled out. In our view, therefore, this circumstance is not conclusive in nature and tendency which could be considered against the appellant. 28. The site map Ext.P-25 shows the house to be a single storey structure with a verandah and court-yard open to sky. Though the door of the house which opened in the gali was stated to have been bolted from inside, the rooms were not locked and the possibility of a person/ persons other than the inmates of the house getting into the house cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, the fact that the appellant was lying unconscious and no material having been placed on record clearly indicating that the appellant was falsely projecting to be unconscious, the hypothesis that the appellant could be innocent is a possibility. The prosecution did not gatherthe finger prints either in the house or even on the iron knife which was allegedly used for committing the offence in question. If the finger prints on the knife were to be that of the appellant alone, such factor could certainly have weighed against the appellant. However, the absence of such conclusive material coupled with other circumstances on record do suggest reasonable possibility of the hypothesis of innocence of the accused. The law regarding appreciation of cases based on circumstantial evidence is clear that the chain of evidence must be so complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for the conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and must c c exclude every possible hypothesis except the one to be proved namely the guilt of the accused. In our view, the circumstances at SI Nos. a, b, c and d mentioned above do not form a complete chain of evidence as not to leave any reasonable ground for the conclusion consistent with the innocence of the appellant nor do the circumstances exclude every possible hypothesis except the guilt of the accused. 29. In the circumstances, we hold that the prosecution, on the basis of admissible evidence on record, has not proved its case against the appellant. The appellant, therefore, deserves to be acquitted. Concluding thus, we allow these appeals, set aside the judgments of conviction and sentence recorded by the Courts below against the appellant and acquit him of all the charges leveled against him. The appellant be set at liberty immediately unless his custody is required in any other case. PRAFULLA C. PANT, J. 1. I have the benefit of going through the draft judgment of Hon'ble Mr. Justice Uday Umesh Lalit. With great regard, I beg to differ with his Lordship, on the point that the prosecution has failed to prove the charge against the appellant. 2. The prosecution story, medical evidence on record, and statements of witnesses of facts have already been narrated by his Lordship Justice Lalit. Briefly stated, prosecution story is that on 19.02.2012 between 10.00 to 11.00 p.m. the appellant Dhal Singh Dewangan has committed murder of his wife Thaneshwari and five minor daughters, namely, Nisha, Laxmi, Sati, Nandini and Sandhya with a knife. PW-6 Kejabai, mother of the appellant, came out of the house at about 10.30 p.m. shouting that the accused is assaulting his wife and daughters. PW-I lshwar Pradhan, Sarpanch of the village, on receiving information about it through PW-2 Santosh Kumar Mahar, went to the spot, whereafter he along with Santosh Kumar Mahar and two others went to the Police Station, Arjunda (Distt. Balod, Chhattisgarh). The police, on their information, made Entry No. 671 in the General Diary and PW-13 Krishna Murari Mishra, Station House Officer, rushed to the spot at about 1.30 a.m., i.e. in the wee hours of 20.02.2012. A Dehati Nalishi (Ext. P-18) at the instance of PW-6 Kejabai was registered at about 3.00 a.m. and the crime relating to offence punishable under Section 302 of Indian Penal Code (IPC) was investigated. The dead bodies were sealed and inquest report prepared by the police. The autopsy on three of six dead bodies, namely, that of Sati, Nisha and DHAL SINGH DEWANGAN v. STATE OF CHHATTISGARH [PRAFULLA C. PANT, J.] Sandhya was conducted on 20.02.2012 by PW-7 Dr. Ajaypal Chandrakar. The post mortem examination ofrest of the three dead bodies, namely, that of Thaneshwari, Laxmi and Nandini was done by PW-14 Dr. Chandrabhan Prasad, on the very day (20.02.2012). Blood stained knife, blood stained clothes and blood stained soil etc. were seized by the police and witnesses interrogated. On completion of investigation charge-sheet was filed against the appellant for trial in respect of offence punishable under Section 302 IPC. The case was committed to the court of Sessions for trial. After the charge was framed, total fourteen Prosecution Witnesses were examined. 3. Out of the prosecution witnesses, PW-I lshwar Pradhan, Sarpanch, PW-2 Santosh Kumar Mahar, PW-3 Neelkanth Sahu, PW-4 Anjor Singh and PW-5 Dan Singh Dewangan have given evidence as to the fact that when they reached the square of the village, they saw that PW-6 Kejabai was shouting and crying loudly about the incident, and told that the appellant has killed his wife and daughters. The appellant was in the house. 4. Relevant portion of statement of PW- I Ishwar Pradhan, Sarpanch of the village, is repr~duced below: – " …. .!returned to my house at around 10.30 P.M. Santosh Kumar Mahar (PW-2), the village Kotwar, came to my house and told me that Dhal Singh had cut his wife and children in his house. On receiving this information I reached Gandhi Chowk on my motor cycle. I met Santosh Kumar, the Kotwar, Neelkanth Sahu, Dan Singh Dewangan, Kejabai and Jhaggar ….. who all were sitting in the square. Kejabai told there that Dhal Singh has cut his wife and children in his house. On hearing this I didn't believe, therefore, I suggested that lets go to the spot and see. Then we went to the house ofDhal Singh. Blood was lying near the door of the room where Dhal Singh (was) slept. We locked the door of the house. Dhal Singh was present in his house ………………………. After locking the door, I, (with) Santosh Kumar, the Kotwar and Chaitram went to Police Station Arjunda and gave information. The police came to the village Mohandipat along with us. The S.P ….. also reached there. The police (interacted) c 1-1 with Kejabai there. Kejabai told that the accused Dhal Singh has cut his wife and children with knife. The police entered (in) the house and we kept standing outside the house. We called ambulance No. l 08 there and took Dhal Singh to the hospital in it because he was in half ( un )conscious condition …….. " 5. PW-2 Santosh Kumar Mahar has narrated the incident as under: – " ………… The incident occurred on 19.02.2012 at 11.00 PM. J ivan Dewangan, the neighbour of accused, came to my house and told that the accused has murdered his wife Thaneshwari and daughters with iron knife used for cutting chicken. Thereafter, I, (with) Neelkanth Sahu, (and) Ishwar Pradhan, the Sarpanch went to the house of accused. We went inside the room and saw that the accused was present in the room of his wife. His wife was lying dead there. The four children were also lying dead there. Wife of the accused was lying dead on the cot and four children were lying on the ground. The accused was lying there in unconscious condition. One iron knife was also lying by his side, and one child was lying in the room of her grandmother. She (the granddaughter) was also dead and back of her neck was cut. Hand, leg and neck of the wife and children were cut. Blood was found on the room and verandah. Then I went to Police Station, A1junda along with Sarpanch and Vijay and gave information about the incident. ……………….. The police personnel enquired about the incident from the neighbours and Kejabai, the mother of the accused. Kejabai was behaving like mad, but she told that the accused has cut and killed his wife and five children. The police personnel sent the accused to the hospital in ambulance No. 108 ………… . …… The police seized one knife, bottle of liquor, blood stained pillow, plain earth. blood smeared earth from the place of incident in the night of the incident. ……….. " The witness has also proved the seizure memo (Ext. P-1 and P- 2). The witness has further proved the inquest report and other DHAL SINGH DEWANGAN v. STATE OF CHHATTISGARH [PRAFULLA C. PANT, J.] documents. 6. PW-3 Neelkanth Sahu, corroborating the above facts, states that he came to know about the incident at about mid night through Gangaram Sahu and Chaitram Yadav, who knocked his door. When he opened the door, he was told that Dhal Singh has killed his wife and five daughters. They further told him that Kejabai, mother of the accused, has told about the incident. He further told that when he reached Gandhi Chowk, Kejabai was already present there and crying loudly. This witness also corroborates that Kejabai told him that Dhal Singh has killed his five children and wife. 7. PW-5 Dan Singh Dcwangan has also narrated the incident and c stated that he got information about the incident at about mid night. He further told that when he went to the house of Kejabai along with Sarpanch, Kejabai was telling that the accused Dhal Singh had cut his wife and five children with the knife. Corroborating the fact that the incident was got reported through Sarpanch to the police, this witness has also stated that the deceased Thaneshwari was lying dead on the cot and the four children were lying dead on the ground. The accused was also there lying on one side. One girl was lying in the room in which Kejabai used to sleep. One knife was also lying by the side of the accused. 8. The above statements of the witnesses have been read in evidence by the trial court and the High Court with the aid of Section 6 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. My Lord Justice Uday Umesh Lal it has opined that these statements do not fulfill the requirement of spontaneity and continuity, and as such, cannot be read with the aid of Section 6 of the Indian Evidence Act, particularly when Ji van Dewangan, Gangadhar and Jhaggar, who told them about what PW-6 Kejabai was disclosing, were not examined. 9. However, in my opinion, in the facts and circumstances of the case, non-examination of Jivan Dewangan, Gangaram and Jhaggar is not sufficient for not relying on the statements of PW-I I sh war Pradhan, PW-2 Santosh Kumar Mahar, PW-3 Neelkanth Sahu and PW-5 Dan Singh Dewangan with the aid of Section 6 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. The courts below have rightly appreciated the entire chain of circumstances that has been narrated by these witnesses, particularly when they have told what PW-6 Kejabai herself told them at'the square, c when they reached there. The testimony of PW- I Ishwar Pradhan, PW-2 Santosh Kumar Mahar, PW-3 Neelkanth Sahu and PW-5 Dan Singh Dewangan is admissible in evidence as being part of the res gestae. Sections 6, 7, 8 and 9 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 deal with the relevancy of facts not in issue but connected with the facts in issue. The provisions contained therein provide as to when the facts though not in issue are so related to each other as to form components of the principal fact. The facts which are closely or inseparably connected with the facts in issue may be said to be part of the same transaction. I 0. It is also relevant to m1.ntion here that PW-4 Anjor Singh Dewangan, father-in-law of the appellant, has stated that deceased Thaneshwari was his daughter. He further told that he had also gone to Nagpur to attend the marriage in which the appellant and Thaneshwari were present. The witness has further stated that his daughter complained there about the behavior of the appellant. He further told that the accused used to say that his family has become large with daughters only. PW- 4 Anjor Singh Dewangan further told thatthe quarrel took place between the couple in Nagpur itself. He further told that after the marriage, the appellant, Thaneshwari and their daughters came back to their house. The above statement makes it clear that the appellant had the motive for committing the murder of his wife and daughters. The only other inmate in the house, i.e. PW-6 Kejabai had no motive to commit the crime, and had she attempted, she could have been easily over-powered by the appellant and the six deceased. 11 . As to the lapses in the investigation pointed out by learned senior counsel for the appellant regarding the fact that clothes of the accused were not seized immediately and seizure memo (Ext. P-16) does not mention the word "Lungi", I do not think it sufficient to doubt the credibility of the prosecution story. In paragraph 41 of Stale o/W.B. v. Mir Molwmmad Omar and olhers1, this Court has observed as under: – " ….. Castigation of investigation unfortunately seems to be a regular practice when the trial courts acquit the accused in criminal cases. In our perception it is almost impossible to come across a single case wherein the investigation was conducted completely flawless or absolutely foolproof. The function of the criminal courts should not be wasted in 1 (2000J s sec 382 DHAL SINGH DEWANGAN v. STATE OF CHHATTISGARH [PRAFULLA C. PANT, J.] picking out the lapses in investigation and by expressing unsavoury criticism against investigating officers. If offenders are acquitted only on account of flaws or defects in investigation, the cause of criminal justice becomes the victim. Effort should be made by cou11s to see that criminal justice is salvaged despite such defects investigation …….. " 12. Normally, it is not the duty of the accused to explain how the crime has been committed. But in the matters of unnatural death inside the house where the accused had his p1 ~sence, non-disclosure on his part as to how the other members of his family died, is an important reason to be I ieve as to what has been shown by the prosecution through the evidence on record is true. It is nobody's case that any dacoity or robbery had taken place in the fateful night of the incident. There are six members ofthc family who have been killed brutally. Simple reply by the accused in his statement under Section 313 Cr PC that he did not know as to how the incident happened, particularly when he was in the house, does certainly make easier to believe the truthfulness of the evidence that has been adduced by the prosecution in support of charge against him. As far as statement of PW-6 Kejabai is concerned, she has turned hostile. But the reason as to why she has turned hostile is not difficult to be found out. She was going to lose the only son left with her. 13. As to the fact that in the General Diary entry (Ext. P-3 7) there is no mention ofcommission of murder of his wife and children by the appellant, it is sufficient to say that the General Diary entries are summary entries relating to movement of police, or relating to the fact that some information regarding an offence has been given at the police station. The doubts created in the present case on the ground that what more could have been mentioned in the General Diary, or that there are minor variations in the statements of PW-I lshwar Pradhan, PW-2 Santosh Kumar Mahar, PW-3 Neelkanth Sahu and PW-5 Dan Singh Dewangan, cannot be said to be reasonable doubt. And this Court cannot close its eyes to the ring of truth in the prosecution evidence. In Himaclwl Pradesh Administration v. Sliri Om Prakasfi1, in paragraph 7, this Court has observed as under: – " ……….. It is not beyond the ken of experienced able and ' < t 972) 1 sec 249 c c astute lawyers to raise doubts and uncertainties in respect of the prosecution evidence either during trial by cross- examination or by the marshalling of that evidence in the manner in which the emphasis is placed thereon. But what has to be borne in mind is that the penumbra ofuncertainty in the evidence before a comt is generally due to the nature and quality of that evidence. It may be the witnesses as are lying or where they are honest and truthful, they are not ce1tain. It is therefore, difficult to expect a scientific or mathematical exactitude while dealing with such evidence or arriving at a true conclusion. Because of these difficulties corroboration is sought wherever possible and the maxim that the accused should be given the benefit of doubt becomes pivotal in the prosecution of offenders which in other words means that the prosecution must prove its case against an accused beyond reasonable doubt by a sufficiency of credible evidence. The benefit of doubt to which the accused is entitled is reasonable doubt – the doubt which rational thinking men will reasonably, honestly and conscientiously ente1tain and not the doubt ofa timid mind which fights shy-though unwittingly it may be – or is afraid of the logical consequences, ifthat benefit was not given. Or as one great Judge said it is "not the doubt of a vacillating mind that has not the moral courage to decide but shelters itself in a vain and idle scepticism". It does not mean that the evidence must be so strong as to exclude even a remote possibility that the accused could not have committed the offence. If that were so the law would fail to protect society as in no case can such a possibility be excluded. It will give room for fanciful conjectures or untenable doubts and will result in deflecting the course of justice if not thwarting it altogether. It is for this reason the phrase has been criticised. Lord Goddard, C.J., in Rox v. Kritz [1950 (l) KB 82 at 90], said that when in explaining to the juries what the prosecution has to establish a Judge begins to use the words "reasonable doubt" and to try to explain what is a reasonable doubt and what is not, he is much more likely to confuse the jury than ifhe tells them in plain language. "It is the duty of the prosecution to satisfy DHAL SINGH DEWANGAN v. STATE OF CHHATTISGARH [PRAFULLA C. PANT, J.] you of the prisoner's guilt". What in effect this approach amounts to is that the greatest possible care should be taken by the Court in convicting an accused who is presumed to be innocent till the contrary is clearly established which burden is always in the accusatory system, on the prosecution. The mere fact that there is only a remote possibility in favour of the accused is itself sufficient to establish the case beyond reasonable doubt.. … " 14. In the light of the law laid down, as above, on careful scrutiny of the evidence on record, in my opinion, there is no room for reasonable doubt in the present case as to the truthfulness of the evidence adduced against the appellant that he has committed murder of his wife and five daughters on 19.02.2012 between I 0.00 and 11.00 p.m. in his house. 15. In the above circumstances, I concur with the view taken by the trial court and the High Court that it is proved on record beyond reasonable doubt that accused Dhal Singh Dewangan has committed murder of his wife and five daughters. As such, the conviction deserves to be upheld. 16. Now, 1 come to the issue of sentence. Mr. Colin Gonsalves, learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant, submitted that the High Court has erred in affirming the death sentence awarded by the trial court. He fwiher contended that no adequate opportunity was given to the convict to present the mitigating circumstances. He further argued that the burden of proof to show the impossibility of reformation of the accused was on the State. 17. On the other hand, learned counsel for the State submitted that it is one of the rarest of rare cases. It is further submitted that considering the brutality of the offence, the convict deserves no leniency and the courts below have rightly awarded/confirmed the death sentence. c 18. I have carefully considered the aggravating and mitigating circumstances in the present case in the light of law laid down by this Court on the point. In B(IC/i(ln Singh v. St(l/e of Pu11j"b.1, in paragraph 206, this Court has given examples of some of the mitigating circumstances which include the probability of the accused not committing criminal acts of violence as would constitute a continuing threat to society, and the probability that the accused can be reformed and rehabilitated. '<I980J 2 sec 684 7l c 19. ln the instant case, the State has failed to show that the appellant is a continuing threat to the society or that he is beyond reformation and rehabilitation. Both the courts below, in my opinion, appear to have been influenced by the brutality and the manner in which the crime is committed. But this Court cannot ignore the fact that there are no criminal antecedents of the appellant. Also, it cannot be said that he is continuing threat to the society or that he cannot be reformed or rehabilitated. It is also pertinent to mention here that the accused is from socially and economically disadvantaged strata of the society. Therefore, considering all the facts, circumstances and the established principle oflaw laid down by this Court, in the present case, sentence of imprisonment for life would meet the ends of justice. 20. Accordingly, the appeals are partly allowed. The conviction of the appellant under Section 302 IPC stands affirmed. However, the sentence of death is set aside, instead the appellant is sentenced to imprisonment for life. Dcvika Gujral Appeals allowed.