Paragraph numbers below are the court’s original numbering, recovered from the source text.
t _.. O. GJRIYAPPA AND ORS. v. ANANTHARAI L. PAREKH AND ORS. APRIL 7, 1994 __ [S. MOHAN AND M.K. MUKHERJEE, JJ.] Kamataka Rent Control Act, 1961: Sections 3(r), 21(1) (d) (f) (h) (j) (p), 22, 23 and JO.
Landlord-Tenant-Lease-Tenns of-Lessee entitled to sub-let-But su/J-te11ants inducted after the coming into force of the Act-Protection af- forded to a 'Deemed Tenant' under the Act-Whether can be afforded to such a sub-tenant.
Interpretation of Statutes-Social Legislation-:lnterpretation of- Liberal construction-When pennissible. The appellants' father leased a plot of land to Respondent No. 1. Under the terms of the lease deed the respondent-lessee was entitled to construct a building and to let and sub-let any portion of the premises. lie constructed a building on the plot leased and subsequent to the coming Into Carce of the Karnataka Rent Control Act, 1961 Inducted Respondents 2 to 8 as sub-tenants. The appellants filed an application for recovery of possession under Section 21(1) (d) (I) (h) (j) and (p). The Trial Court passed the eviction order against all the respondents holding that since tbe 'Tenant' defined under Section 3(r), did not inclnde sub-tenants in· ducted after the Act came into force the tenant and sub-tenants were liable to be evicted under section 30 of the Act.
The respondents preferred Revision Petitions before the High Court Wl!icb were allowed holding that (i) a case of lawful sub-letting will not 11ttr11ct Section 21(1) (I) as a ground for ordering the eviction of the tenant 11nd snb·tenant; (ii) the protection afforded to a deemed tenant nnder Section 22 was equally available to a lawful sub-tenant inducted after coming into force of the Act; and (iii) since the tenants had acquired the status of a deemed teuant upon determination of the Interest of the tem\nt In the premises, they acquired an independent title to such premises, and therefore, section 30 inapplicable to their cases.
c (1994] 3 S.C.R. In appeals to this Court it was contended on behalf of the appellants that a sub-tenant, even if lawfully inducted, after coming into force of the Act, is liable to be evicted in view of section 30 of the Act, and the High Court was, therefore, notjustlied in observing that the protection afforded to a deemed tenant was equally available to such a lawful sub-tenant. On behalf of the respondents it was contended that the Act is a piece of social legislation meant mainly to protect tenant from frivolous eviction and, therefore, it should be interpreted liberally to subserve the interest of the tenants to the extent passible.
Allowing the appeals and setting aside the order of the High Court, this Court HELD :
1. The High Court was not justified in dovetailing Section 23 (1) of the Karnataka Rent Control Act, 1961 in Section 22 to equate the status of a sub-tenant inducted before the coming into force of the Act with D that of the one inducted after coming into operation of the Act on the basis of assumed intention of the legislature in enacting the Act of liberal construction of the provision thereof. [410-B·CJ
2. The Karnataka Rent control Act, 1961 has not defined 'tenant' to E Include a 'sub-tenant'. But then, the legislature thought it fit to protect the sub-tenants who were lawfully inducted before coming into operation of the Act by giving them the status of a 'tenant' by the deeming provisions of Section 22. Section 23 (1), however, expressly prohibits a tenant from inducting a sub-tenant after tloe coming into force of the Act except in accordance with a contract permitting such sub-letting. In case of any sub-letting in breach of the above provision the tenant is liable not only for eviction under Section 21(1) (I) but also for conviction under Section 23(2) of the Act. On a conspectus of the above two sections it is, therefore, patently clear that they have been enacted for distinct and different purposes. While by Section 22 the legisfature bas conferred certain rights to lawful sub- G tenants, by Section 23 it bas curtailed the right of sub-leasing. (409-G-H; 410-A-B]
3.1. The High Court is right in observing that a case of lawful sub-letting in accordance with section 23 will not attract Section 21 (1) (I) of. the Act as a ground for eviction of the tenant and for that matter the H sub-tenant, but High Court failed to notice that the same principle will not ~I
l '-L t -< I GIRIYAPPA v. A.L. PAREKH apply to other grounds envisaged nnder section 21(1). Section 30 clearly A envisages that if an order is made by the Court for recovery of possession in accordance with Section 21 it will be binding on all persons who may be in occupation of the premises and vacant possession thereof is to be given to the landlord by evicting them unless any of them can claim an inde- pendent title to such premises. Thus, if a tenant is liable to eviction on any B of the grounds mentioned in section 21(1) of the Act, a sub-tenant lawfully inducted by him before coming into force of the Act may not be ipso facto liabl~ to be evicted thereby in view of his acquiring an independent right as a 'deemed tenant' under Section 22 of the Act; bot lawful sob-tenant inducted after coming into force of the Act would be so liable as his occupation is co-terminus with that of the tenant, in absence of any such, C 'deemed right' and privily between him and the landlord. As the sub- tenants clearly fall under the latter category they are liable to be evicted pursuant to the order of eviction made against the tenant. [410H, 411-A-D) 3.2. Ifreally the legislature intended to club the sub-tenants inducted before and after the coming into force of the Act as 'deemed tenants' they could have done so by simply omitting the words 'before coming Into operation of this Act' in section 22. [ 410-G)
4. It is true that the Act is a piece of social legislation enacted primarily to protect the interest of the tenants and, therefore, needs liberal E construction. But then liberal construction has to Oow from the language used for, an unnatural and unreasonable interpretation of words con• tained in an enactment is impermissible. The language nsed in the relevant sections of the Act does not permit the liberal interp_retation given by the High Court. (410-D]
Kewal Singh v. Lajwanti, (1980) I S.C.R. 864 and Gian Devi Anand v. Jeevan Kumar, (1985) Suppl. 1 S.C.R. 1, held inapplicable. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 4845-47
of 1991. From the Judgment and Order dated 19.2.91 of the Karnataka High Court in C.R.P. Nos. 6042, 6267 and 6009 of 1989. S.B. Wad, G. Mohan, Promila Choudhary, T.V.S.N. Chari and NikhlI Nayar for the appellants.
[1994) 3 S.C.R. . · S.S. Javari, Ms. Kiran Sur~ P. Mahale and K.R. Nagaraja for the Respondents. · · · · .The Judgment of the Court was deliv~r~d by 1\1.K. MUKHERJEE, J. The landlords-applicants in an application . B
for eviction are the appellants in these three appeals. Facts leading to the filing of the appeals are as under. Gangadharappa, the. father of the appellants, was the owner of a . vacant site bearing No. 2fJ7, situated at Srinivas Mandir Road, Balepet C Cross, Bangalore. He executed a deed in favour of the respondent No. 1 herein leasing the said site for a period of 20 years commenciog from January 6, 1%6. The lease deed provided, inter alia, that the Jessee would be entitled to construct a building at his own expense and use it for himself and for others at his iostan.;.,. It further provided as follows : "The Jessee may Jet or sub-let any portion of the whole of the premises to anybody whomsoever he likes. But the Jessee shall deliver possession of the same to the lessor or to his successors- . io-ioterest at the expiry ~f the lease,' .
Pursuant to. the s;ud lease the respondent No.1 took possession of · the site, constructed a building thereon and inducted the respondent Nos. 2 to. 8 hereio as his te~ants (hereioafter referred to as the 'sub-tenants') Before the period of lease expired Gangadbarappa died leaving behind the appellrnts as his heirs. ·
· . F · · After the expiry of the period of lease, the appellants served notices ·upon the respondent No. 1 and the sub-tenants, calling upon them to hand over vacant possession of the demised premises; and on their failure to do ·so filed rui application io the Court of the Small Causes, Bangalore for recovery of possession on grounds mentioned in clauses (d)(J)(h)G} and (p). of Section 21(1) of the Kamal aka Rent Control Act, 1961 ('Act' for G . short} on consideration of the materials placed before it, the Court recorded a fmdiog that the ground referred to in clause (p) of said section was only made out as the landlords had been able to prove that the • ..__respondent No. 1 had acquiied another suitable building and shifted there , to carry on hiS own business. As, according to the Court, 'tenant', as H. defined in Section 3(r) of the-Act, did not include a person inducted by ….
GIRIYAPPA v.ALPAREKH[MUKHERJEE,J.) him after the coming into force of the Act it held that on proof of the above . A ground not only the respondent No. 1 but the other respondents also were liable to be evicted in view of Section 30 of the Act. Resultantly, the Court passed an order directing eviction of all the respondents from the premises. Aggrieved thereby the respondent Nos.2, 5 and 4 herein filed three separate revision petitions in the High Court. On an analysis of the various provisions of the Act as applicable to the facts of the case, the High Court allowed the revision petitions and dismissed the application for eviction with the following fmdings :-
'I therefore hold that under the provision of the Karnataka Rent Control Act, eviction of the tenant and sub-tenant can be claimed C if the landlord establishes that the tenant has unlawfully sublet the premises to the sub-ten.J.t. A case of lawful subletting will not attract Sec. 21(1)(1) of the Act as a ground for ordering the eviction of the tenant and the sub-tenant. Having regard to the provisions of s.21{1){f) read with S.21{3) and S.22 and 23 of the Act it must /be held that a sub-tenant, who is inducted by a tenant with the D prior written consent of the landlord is a lawful sub-tenant. Such a sub-tenant becomes a deemed tenant when the interest of the tenant is determined for any reaso~. The protection afforded to a deemed tenant under S.22 of the Act is equally available to a lawful sub-tenant inducted after coming into force of the Act, upon E determination of the interest of the tenant in the premises. Such a lawful sub-tenant can therefore seek .the protection of the Act including those under Section 21 of the Act. In the instant case, therefore, the learned Judge erred in law in holding that since the ground for the eviction of the tenant was made out under
' S.2l{l)(p) of the Act, the sub-tenant could also be evicted having regard to the provisions of S.30 of the Act. If the tenants acquired the status of a .deemed tenant upon termination of the interest of the tenant in the premises, they acquired an independent title to such premises, and therefo~e S30 was inapplicable to their cases.' To comprehend the rival contention of the parties as put forward before us it will be pertinent to refer to some of the provisions of the Act. Section 3(r) defines 'tenant'; and, so far as it is relevant for our 'purposes, means any person by whom or on whose account rent is payable for a premises and includes some of the members of his family (as mentioned therein) but does not include a person placed in occupation of a premises ii A by its tenant. Section 21(1), in its various clauses, enumerates the grounds on which only a tenant can be evicted; and clause (I) refers to unlawful subletting by the tenant. Section 22 runs thus :-
c "Where the interest of a tenant of any premises is determined for any reason, any sub-tenant to whom the premises or any part thereof has been lawfully sub-let before coming into operation of this Ac~ shall, subject to the prmisions of this Act, be deemed to become the tenant of the landlord on the same terms and condi- tions as he would have held from the tenant if the tenancy had continued. n
(emphasis supplied) and Section 23 reads as under :- (1) "Notwithstanding ani~hing contained in any law, but subject to any contract to th<: contrary, it shall not be lawful after the coming into operation of this Act, for any tenant to sub-let whole or any part of the premises let to him or to assign or transfer in any oth~r manner his interest therein;
(2) Any person who contravenes the provisions of sub- section(!), shall, on conviction, be punished with fine which may extent to one hundred rupees." (Emphasis supplied) The other section which is material for our purposes is Section 30 which is extracted below:
''Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law, where the interest of the tenant if any premises is determined for any reason whatsoever and any order is made by the court under this Act for the recovery of possession of such premises the order shall, subject to the provisions of Section 21, be binding on all persons who may be in occupation of the premises and vacant possession thereto shall be given to the landlord by evicting such persons therefrom; Provided that nothing in this Section shall apply to any person who has an independent title to such premises."
GIRIY APPA v. ALP AREKH [MUKHERJEE, J .] It has been submitted on behalf of the appellants that having regard A to admitted fact that the tenancy in favour of the respondent No. 1 was created after the Act came into force, Section 22 cannot have any manner of application so as to entitle the sub-tenants to claim an independent right as 'deemed tenants' and, for that matter, protection from eviction when the tenant is liable lo eviction on any of the ground• mentioned in Section B 21(1). In other words, according to the appellants, a sub-tenant, even if lawfully inducted, after coming into force of the Act, is liable to be evicted in view of Section 30 of the Act. The High Court was, therefore, not justified in observing that the protection afforded to a deemed tenant was equally available to such a lawful sub-tenant.
In repelling the above contentions, it has been submitted on behalf c of the respondents that the Act has been brought on the statute book as a piece of social legislation meant mainly to protect tenant from frivolous eviction and, therefore, the provi&ions of the Act should be interpreted liberally to subserve the interest of the tenants to the extent possible; and D in support of the contention reliance is placed on the judgments of this Court in Kewal Singh v. Lajwanti, [1980] 1 SCR 864 and Gian Devi Anand v. Jeevan Kumar, [1985] Suppl 1 SCR 1. It has been next argued that when considered in the light of the propositions enunciated in the above cases the High Court was fully justified in extending the protection of a 'deemed tenant' under Section 22 to a sub-tenant lawfully inducted after the coming E into force of the Act in view of Section 23. Having given our anxious consideration to the relevant provisions of the Act, we are inclined to accept the contentions of the appellants in preference to these of the respondents.
Unlike the Delhi Rent Control Act and Rent Acts of some other States, the Act with which we are concerned has not defined 'tenant' to include a 'sub-tenant'. But then, the legislature thought it fit to protect the sub-tenants who were lawfully inducted before coming into operation of the Act by giving them the status of a 'tenant' by the deeming provisions of Section 22. Section 23(1}, however, expressly prohibits a tenant from G inducting a sub-tenant after the coming into force of the Act except in accordance with a contract permitting such sub-letting. In case of any sub-letting in breach of the above provision the tenant is liable not only for eviction under Section 21(1) (f) but also for conviction nnder Section 23(2) of the Act. On a conspectus of the above two sections it is, therefore, H (1994) 3 S.C.R.
patently clear that they have been enacted for distinct and different pur- poses. While by Section 22 the legislature has conferred certain rights to la\\ful sub-tenants, by Section 23 it has curtailed the right of sub-leasing. By reading of Sections 22 and 23 it appears to us that the policy of the Act is to discourage sub-letting as seell from Section 23. However, where B sub-tenants have been inducted lawfully prior to the coming into the force of the Act, they are afforded certain protection under the Act. As these conclusions are inevitable from the plain language of the statute, the High Court was not justified in dovetailing Section 23(1) in Section 22 to equate • the sta\us of_ a sub-tenant inducted before the coming into force of the Act with that of the one inducted after coming operation of the Act on the C · basis of assumed intention of the legislature in enacting the Act and liberal construction of the provisions thereof.
It is, of course, true that the Act is a piece of social legislation enacted primarily to protect the interest of the tenants as observed in the case of Kewal Singh (supra) and, therefore, needs hoeral construction. But then hoeral' construction has to flow from the language used for, an Uillla'tural and unreasonable interpretation of words contained in an enact- ment is impermissible. As the language used in the relevant sections of the Act with which we are concerned herein does not permit the liberal interpretation given by the High Court, the case of Kewal Singh (supra) does not further the cause of the appellants. In the case of Gian Devi (supra) this Court had to answer the. question whether tenancy of commer- cial premises, like that of residential premises, was also heritable under the Delhi Rent Control Act. In absence of any provision in that Act governing the same, the Court answered the question on the basis of the intention of the legislature. This judgment has a1so no manner of application in the facts of the instant case as we have found th~ relevant provisions of Act transparent and unequivocal. Besides, if we go by the intention of the legi<lature alone, it would not support the case of the respondents herein for if really the legislature intended to club the sub-tenants inducted before and after the coming into force of the Act as 'deemed tenants' they could G have done so by simply omitting the words 'before coming into operation of this Act' in Section 22.
Of course, the High Court is right in observing that a case of lawful sub-letting in accordance with Section 23 will not attract Section 21(1) (f) H of the Act as a ground for eviction of the tenant and for that matter the GIRIYAPPA v. AL PAREKH [MUKHERJEE, J.]
sub-tenan4 but the High Court·fi!iled to .notice that the same principle will not apply to other grounds envisaged under Section 21(1). While on this point it will be pertinen.t to refer to-the provisions. of Section 30 of the Ac4 quoted earlier. The .said ~e~ti~n ci~arly.e~;_,;sage~ th~t if,;,; order is made by the Court for reco~~~y of ·pos~~ssio~ in ·-~~co;dance with Section 21 of the Act it will be binding on all persons ·who may be in occupation of the premises and vacant possession thereof is to be given to the landlord by evicting them unless any of.them can claim an· independent. title to such premises. Thus, if a tenant is liable to eviction on any of the grounds mentioned in. Section)l(l). of, the Ac4 .a sub-\enant law(ully .indlll'ted by him before· coming into force of Act may. not, be . .ipso facto liable to be evicted thereby in view of.hi.$ acquiring.aµ independent rightas a .'det:med tenant'. under Section .22 ofthe .Act; but l~wful sub-tenant. inducted after coming. into force of ,the Act w0u\d qe so liable ~s his. occupation is .co- terminus with that of the. tenant,. in.absence of any such,,'deeined dg\it' and privily between him and the landlord. As respondent Nos. 2 to 8 .clearly c
fall under the latter category they arc liable to be evicted pursuant to the D order"of eviction· made agairist"the reSpbhdent-No:l. JJ· .J'·n uJ. rr .I \II, ,f t:, , ,) .. !~t;i 'I' 0
1., J.0 ( ; , .For. the foregoing., discussion w_e .allow these appeals, set aside the order of the High.Court and restore that of the Trial Court However, there will be no o~der as to costs.
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