c G.P. DOV AL AND OTHERS v. THE CHIEF SJ;:CRETARY GOVERNMENT OF U.P. AND ORS. July 18, 1984 [D.A. DESAI AND A.P. SEN, JJ .] Constitution of India 1950, Articles 14, 16, and 32. Seniority-P'ixatlon of-Past service to be given credit if stop-gap arrangement is followed .by confir1nation.
Khandsarl Licei·sing Scheme-.1ppointmer:t of Khandsari lnspectors- lnter-se seniof'ity of ad hoc appointees and di~ect recruits through Public Service Co111mis.1ion- Fixation of- ft'hetlter to be reckoned Jron1 date of appoint111ent to tenzporary po.H or fron1 date of approval by Public Service Conunission. Provisional Seniority List issued-Violation of fimdan1ental right guaran- teed under Articles 14 ar.d 16-Burden of proof on whon lies, Provisio
0.a/ Seniority List isrued in 197J-1¥rir petilion·fi:ed h1 1983- Whether /iqb/e to be disrnissed on g•·ound of latch~s or delay. Wor,:s and Phrases. 'Or fro111 the date of the order of the first appoint- 1nent if such appoint1ne11t is followed by co11/innation'-A·fea11ing of. In the year 1958-59 the State Governn1ent framed the l(handsari Licensing Scheme to regulate the supply of sugarcane to sugar factories. Posts of Khandsari Inspectors initially designated as Licensing Inspectors were created in the pay-scale of Rs. 120-250.
Petitioners in the writ petitions were appointed as Kbandsari lnspecto:s between March aind M<.ty, 1960. Thereafter so1ne of ihc respondents were recruited as J(handsari Inspectors and along with some others who we.re recruited departmentally were approved by Public Service Commission. On March, 22, 1971 the third respondent-the Sugar Comm1ssioner-cin:ulatcd a provisional seniority JI
list of Kbandsari Inspectors. G.P. DOYAL v. ClllEF-StCRETARY The peti•io,crs fepresi;rtted against the seniority list contcbding; that they were assigned lower place in the seniority list even though they wer~ recruited earlier and have b~en continuously in service. The representations having been rej~cted, writ petitions were filed in this Court. Jn their writ pi!titions to this Court, the petitioners contended that when recruitment .was made ia l be year 1S60, the post of Khandiari [ospector was not within the purview of the Public Service Commission and that they "'°·ere regularly ._recruited to posts which were temporarily sanction· ed but indefinitely continued and therefore, in reckoning their seniority, thCy must be given the benefit or the length of continuous . officiation, and that ' once approval is granted by the Public Service Commission it would relate back to the date of their appointment and that the previous length of service cannot be ignored or denied in computing seniority in the absence of any – statutory rUle or administra~ive instruction. It was further pointed out that y
petitioner Nos. 4 to 8. who were recru 11s of 1961 had b~en a~signed places Nos. 30. 34, 42, 35 and 31 respectively i.i the seniority list whil.: recruits of 1963 had scored a march over them-in the provisionll seniority list. The respondents contested the writ petitions contending that by a. Goy~rnment order temporary post of Licensing Inspectors were re-designated as Khandsari Inspectors 2nd that the post right from inception was \\'·ithin the purview of the Public S_ervice Comrllission, that on the framing of the· Kbaadsari Lincensing Scheme, it becan1e necessary to urgently appoint Inspectors to implement the scheme, and therefOre the third respondent- tbe Sagar Co~missioner who was the appointing authority pending reg~lar : selection through open cOmpetition thrDugh Public Service Commission proceeded to make the appointments or the p~titioners as stop.gap or ..id ho~ nature and that their appointment created no right to the post. The drawing up C'f the t~ntative seniority list was justified J.S being based on the_ recoma _ mendJ.tion'i of the Public Service Commission, and it was submitted that the service v. hich can be taken info consideration for determining ~be length or-
con1inuous officiation must commence from the date Or. substantive appoint· ment and that the provisional seniority 1ist had been drawn up keeping in view the date of approval by the Public /Service Commi!:osion in respect of each candidate and that there was no error in drawiol up the seniority list. It was further contended_ that promotions which were granted on the basis of the provisional seniority list were not questioned by the peittioners and ~.:.;ey have acquiesced in it, and that the petiiioners bad moved the Court <.fl er a long un~explained d~lay and that the Court should not grant any relief.'
Allowing the \Veit Petitions, c a.· II (1985] I s.c IL HELD: (I) The impugned seniority fot dated March 21, 1971 in respect of Khandsari Inspectors i11 quashed. Respondents 1 to 3 are directed to draw up a fresh seniority list based ·on the principle of length of continuous officiation reckoned fron1 the date of first appointment if the appointment is followed by confinn:1.tion i.e. selection/approval by the State Public Service Commission. [87 F]
(2) (i) The Memorandum of 1940 mert:ly prescribed guidcli.nes for the departments of the Secretariat either to frame statutory rules or executive instructions governing conditions of service in resi:ect of existing services if there are no rules, or thty may be modified or amended so as to bring them generally in conformity with the 1940 Order, .and whenever a new post or a new cadre in a service is set up to frame rules in conformity wHh guidelines prescribed in the 1940 Order. The 1940 Order does not purport to lay down conditions of service governing any cadre either specifically or generally. It provides a model and unless the model is adiJptcd it is not. binding. [82 D-F)
(ii) Assu1ning that the model principle set out in the 1940 ()rder has a binding ~ffe~t the impugned seniority list does not conform to the prescrib,d guidelines and is invalid. (85 F]
(3) (i) A fair rule of seniority should crdioarily take Into account the past service if the stop-gap arrangement is followed by confirmation. f86 E] (ii) If a stop-gap appointment is made and the
appointc1~ appears before the Public Service Commission when the latter proceeds to select the candidates and is selected, there is no justification for ignoring past service. There is also no juHification for two person!: selected in the sarr:1e manner being differently treated. If once a person in a stop.gap arrangement is confirmed ia his
P->~t by pro;:ier selectioJ, his past service has to be given credit and he has to b~ assigJed seniority accordingly unless a rule~ to the contrary is 1nade. In the instant case, that has not been done to all the
petitioners. The error is app:irent in the casf: of petitioner No. l and respondent No. 7. [86 B-D] (iii) When a seniority list is chaiJenged as being violative' of the guarantee of equality enshrined in Articles 14 and 16 and prin1a facie it appears that those who came into the cadre later on scored a march over those who were already in the cadre, it would be for the authority justifying the seniority list to plead and point out the rule for deteuniniag seniority on the basis of which the list is drawn up. If any such rule is pleaded it ff
would be for those impugning the seniority list to aver and establish that G.P. DOVAL v. CHIEF SECRETARY the a11eged seniority rule is violative of the fundamental rights guaranteed by Articles 14 and 16. [78 G-H; 79A]
(4) (i) It is open to the Government to lay down general conditions of service governing all services in the State either by rules frrmed under Section 241 of the Gove.rnmcnt of India Act 1935, or on the advent of the Constitution under the proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution. In the absence of statutory rules, conditions of service in a particular cadre may be governed by exrcutive instructions issu~d by the Government in exercise of its execntive power. [81 C-E]
(ii) In the absence of any other rule valid for detern1ing seniority under Article 16, seoiority being determined by the length of contiuuous officiation has bee.a accep'ed as valid by the courts. [82 H; 83 A] P.S. Mahal and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors. [1984] 3 S.C.R. 8,J and Bishan Sarup Gupta v. Unio·i of India, [1975] 1 SCR 104, referred to. (5) Model Ru'e 11 suggests as guidelines two independent principles for determining seniority; namely ( 1) seniority. should be reckon~d from the date of substantive appointment, and (2) from the date of the order of first appointment if such appointm_ent is folio.wed by confirmation. (84 A] In the instant case, recitals in the appointment order do not spell·out that the appointees were to hold stop.gap arrangement lill a candidate selected by the Public Service Commission is made ayailable. On the con-
trary, the recitals clearly indicate that those appointees will have to faco the approval test by the Public Service Com1nission .. If petitioner Nos. 1 and 2 came to be appointed in 1960 and respondent Nos. 4, 5 and 6 came to be appointed in 1961 and the appointment of each of them had to be approved by the Public Service Commission, once the approval is granted the same will relate back to the date of first appointment. That is the meaning of the expression in Model No. l l ; 'or from the date of the order of the first appointment if such appointment is followed by confirmation.' (85 A-C] (6) Where officiating appointement is followed by confirmation unles, a contrary rule is shown. the sefvice rendered as officiating appointment
cannot be ignored for reckoning lengib of continuous officiation for deter- mi~!ng. the pla~e in the seniority list. [86 G] Baleshwar Dass and Ors. etc. v. State of U.P. and Ors. etc., [198 l] l SCR 449, referred to.
c c (l98Sj 1 S.C.k. In lh ~ instant case, respond1Jnts 1 to 3 helve no~ finalised the seniority . list for a period of 1nore than 12 years and arc operating the ~arne for further promotion to the utter disadv.1ntage of the petitioners. Petitioners \vent on making representations after tepresentation which did not yield any response. reply or relief.
Further, the petitioners belong to the !owe~ c:-helons of service and it is not difficult to visu::i.lise that they may find it extremely difficult to ru~h to the court. The· contention that th~ writ
petitions should be thrown out on the ground of delay, latch,~s and acquicsence must therefore be rejected. [87 c~o] ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition No1. 5105-13 of 1983. (Under article 32 of the ConstitJ.tion f India)
M.K Ramamurthi, Mrs. Tndra Sawlmey, Mrs. C. Malhotra and M. A. Krishnamoorthy for the Petitioners. Yogeshwar Prasad, Mrs. Rani Chabra, Gopa/ Subramaniam and Mrs. Sobha Dikshit for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DESAI, J. The petitioners in this group of petitions under Art. 32 of the Constitution were inducted as Khandsari Inspectors between March, 19 60 and I 96 4
Respondents 4 to 19 were also recruited as Khandsari Inspectors on different dates. Respondents I and 2 are the Chief Secretary, Govt. o' U. P. and the Secretary, Industries respectively of the u. P. Government and respondent No. 3 is the Sugar Commissioner of U. P.
The dispute amongst the petitioners and the respondents 4 to 19 is about intcr-se seniority between them in the cadre of Khandsari Inspectors. It appears that in the year 195"-59, the State Gov<:rnment framed what is styled as 'Khandsari Licensing Scheme' to regulate the supply of sugarcane to sugar factories by G 0. No. 4 58 8 ( 1) XVIII-A-680/59 dated November 21, 1959.
Posts of Khandsari Inspectors initially designated as Licensing Inspectors were created in the pay·scales of Rs. 120-250· Petitioners Nos. I, 2 and 3 were appointed as Khandsari Inspectors between March and May, 1960.
Thereafter some of the respondents were recruited as G.1'. DOYAL v. CHIEF SECRETARY (Desai, J.) Khandsari Inspectors and some others who were recruited depart- mentally were approved by the Public Service· Commission.
On March 22, 1971, the third respondent –the Sugar Commission circulated a provisional seniority list of Khandsari Inspectors. The grievance of the petttioners is that some of the petitioners have been assigned lower place in the seniority list even though they were recruited earlier and have been continuously in service. To
illustrate, petitioners pointed out that petitioners I to 3 have been placed at Serial Nos 25, 29 and 27 respectively though ali of them were recruits of 1960 while respondent No. 7-J.S. Negi, who was recruited on March 2 3, J 961 was assigned the place at Serial No. 15 and respondent No. 4 0. N. Chatuivedi, who was recruit- ed on March 23, 1961 was shown at Serial No. 6.
Similarly, respondent No. 9-P.N. Rai, who was also recruited on March 23, 1961 was shown at Serial No. 17 and respondent No. 5 was shown at Serial No. 8. The petitioners further pointed out that
petitloners Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, who were recruits of l 961 have been assigned places Nos. :o, 34, 42, 35 and 31 respectively whie recruits of J 9f3 have scored a march over them in the provisional seniority list.
The petitioners assert that when the recruitment was made in the year 1960, the post of Khandsari Inspector was not within the purview of the Public Service Commission and that they were regualrly recruited to posts which were temNrarily sanctioned and indefinitely continued till today and therefore, in reckoning the seniorty, they must be given the benefit of the length of continuous officiation.
They further contend that when the post of Kh.andsari Jnspecto_r was later brought within the purview of the Public Service Commission, the names of the petitioners who were already recruited in service as also of some of the respondents were forwarded to the Public Service Commission for approval and except petitioner No 9- s. P. Gupta: the names of rest of the petitioner were approved by the Public Service Commission on September 30, 1963, the rele- vant date in the case of petitioner No. 9 is April 14,. 1978. The
petitioners a5sert _that even assuming that their appointment would be regular after approval of the public Service Commission, yet once such approval is granted' it would relate back to the . c
StiPREME COURT REPORTS [1985J l s c.R. date of appointment and the previous length of service cannot . be ignored or denied in computing their seniority in the absence of any siatutory rule or administrative instruction which has the force of law.
The petitioners further aver that in the absence of any other statutory rule or administrative instruction for determining seniJrity. length of continuous officiation provides a valid principle for determining seniority.
Viewed from this angle, petitioners l to 3 would be senior to all the respondents and the placement of the remaining petitioners vis-a.vis the respondents will have to be recomputed.
On the circulation of the p1ovisionnl seniority list, the petitioners submitted vari0us representations pointing out the error in drawing-up the provisional seniority list but till this day no reply was given nor any final seniority list circulated nor reasons assigned for rejecting the representations.
The petit10ners further say that despite their representation, respondents 1, 2 and 3 are operating the tentative seniority list for making further promotions to the post of Khandsari Officer and Assistant Sugnr Commi8'ioner and thereby they are being denied eqnality of opportunity in the matter of promotion.
The petitioners accor- dingly questioned by these writ petitions the validity and legality of the provisional seniority list asserting that as the final seniority list is not being drawn up and as the representations arc being ignored and yet the provisional seniority list is being operated to the disadvantage of the petitioners thereby denying them equality of opportunity in the matter of promotion which action of t~e respondents I to 3 is violative of Arts. 14 and 16·
Kailash Narain Pandey, Additional Sugar Commissioner filed affidavit in-opposition It was admitted that by the Govt. Order dated November 21. 1 ~ 59 temporary posts of Licensing Inspectors later redesignated as Khandsari Inspectors in the pay scale of Rs. 120-250 were created but according to him as the maximum of the scale was over Rs. 200 right from its inception, the post was within the purview of the Public Service Commission in view of Regu;ation 5 (a) of Appointment Department Misc. No. 99/II-B-151·60 dated January 29, 1954 issued under the Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission (Limitation of Fune- G.P. DOYAL v. CHIEF SECRETARY (Desa;, J.)
lions) Regulations, 19 54. It was then stated that on the flaming of the Khandsari Licensing 8cheme, it became necessary to ur- gently appoint lµspectors to implement the sche.me and therofore, the third respondent ·-·Sugar Commissioner as Appointing Autho- rity pending regular selection through open competition by the Public Service Commission proceeded to make appointments and 1B
the appointment of the petitioners were of a stopgap or ad-hoc nature and that it created no right to the post. It was admitt~d that petitioners Nos I and 2 were recruited afte1 holding depart- _.__..,
mental competitive test on March 4, J 960- Petitioner No. 3, who was then working as a Clerk in Cane Union Federation Ltd., Lucknow was selected on May 24, I 960 by applying a weeding out test.
Petitioners Nos. 4 to 8 were recruited after holding qualifying test and interview on 23rd March, 196 J and Petitioner No. 9 was appointed as and by way of stopgap arrangement It was conteuded that the petitioners were appointed on an ad hoc and temporary basis as a measure of stopgap arrangement. It was conceded that all the petitioners· except petitioner No. 9, were approved by the Public Service Commission for regular appoint- ment in the year 1%3, to be specific on 30th September, 1963 and ·they have continued unmterruptedly in the posts of Khandsari Ins- pectors. It was further averred that within a period of one year and seven months from the date of appointment of the petitioners the State Public Service Commission selected candidates to replace the already working unapproved Licensing Inspectors on the request of the Department and sent a list of approved candidatos on September 14, 1961, but only 5 out of 44 such selected candidates joined and hence the Department has to permit the petitioners to continue though according to the third respondent notice of termination of service were served on some of the petitioners.· It was further po:nted out that when the State Public Service Commission proceeded to recommend candidates for the post of Khandsari Inspectors, some of the petitioners applied for such posts, but their applications were rejected at the stage of scrutiny.
But on a request from the Depart- ment the State Public Service Commission entertained the appli- cations, called the petitioners for interview and approved them. It was admitted that except petitioner No. 9 all the rest of the petitioners were approved by the Public Service Commission on September 30, 1963. Justifying the drawing-up of the tentative seniority list as jleing based on recommendations of Public Service Commission, it r l
JI c [1985] l S.C.R. was said that the service which can be taken into consideration for determining the length of continuous officiation must commence from ,the date of substantive appointment and accordingly the pro- visional seniority list has been drawn-up keeping in view the date of approval by the Public Scrv1co Commission in respect of each candidate. It was averred that if this principle is valid for the purpose of Art. 16, there is no error in drnwing·up the seniority. It was specifically stated that it was open to the Government to ignore officiating service or service rendered on appointment in an ad hoc or stopgap arrangement. It was broadly stated that before a man can claim to have his seniority determined in the cadre, he must belong to the cadre and he can only enter the cadre on substantive appointment.
The rival contentions would bring into focus the controversy between the parties. The impugned provisional seniority list dated March 22, 1971 is drawn-up on the length of continuous officiation determined by the date of selection)approval of each person be the State Public Service Commission.
ln the process service prior to the approval by the Public Service Commission is wholly ignored while reckoning seniority with the result that the recruits of 1961 have scored a march over those who were recruited earlier in the cadre and have been uninterruptedly officiating in the post and who at a later date were approved by the Public Service Commission for appointment as Khandsari Inspectors.
The question is : where on account of exigencies of service, recruitment to a post within the purview of the Public Service Commission is made by the appointing authority, but at a later dote the Public Service Commission puts its seal of approval on such an appointee, whether the continuous and uninterrupted service rendered by such appointee prior to the appro- val by the Public Service Commission can and should be taken into computation while determining seniority based on the principle of length of continuous officiation ?
When a seniority list is challenged as being violative of the guarantee of equality enshrined in Arts. 14 and 16 and primafacie it appears that these who came into the cadre later on scored a march over those who were already in the cadre, it would be for the authority justifying the senior;ty list to plead and point out the rule for determining seniority on the basis of which the list is drawn- up. If any such rule is pleaded, it would be for those impugning the seniority list to aver and estahli sh that the alleged seniority G.P. DOYAL "· CHIEF S!'CRETARY (Desai, J.)
rule is violative of the fundamental rights guaranteed by Arts. 14 and 16. In the affidavit-in.opposition filed by the Additional Sugar Commissioner on behalf of respondents l to 1, i: was asserted that the impugned seniority list of the Khandsari Inspectors was drawn- up on the principle of the length of continuous officiation reckoned from the date of selection/approval by the Public Service Commis- sion in respect of each employee belonging to the cadre. It is necessary to refer to this aspect because the aver1nc11t is Yague a11d of a ·general ncture and later on at the hearing of the petitions reliance was placed on memo No. 0·66/H-233·1938 dated January 30, 1940 ('1940 Order' for short) for sustaining the senior;ty list, ·the affidavit being conspicuously silent with regard to this order. There is not a whisper of the 1940 Order in the whole of the affi- davit-in-opposition.
However, if the respondents would be in a position to justify the seniority list on any existing statutory rule or administrative instruction which has been invariably followed, it would not be proper to attach too much importance to the vague- ness in drawing-up pleadings shifting, the stand in the course of the proceedings. It must, however, be made clear that Mr. Gopal Subramaniam, learned counsel who appeared for respondent No. I to 3 attempted to reconcile the averments in the affidavit and the oral submissions made at the hearing of the petitions by urging that when it is said in the affidavit that the seniority in respect of each member of the cadre was reckoned .on the princi- ·ple ~f length of continuous officiation commencing from the date of selection/approval of each member by the State Public Service Commission. respondents 1 to 3 had the 1940 Order in mind. It is therefore, neoessary first to examine the nature and character of the 1940 Order and whether it lays down either by way of a statutory rule or administrative instruction a binding rule of seniority for determining the seniority in the cadre of Khandsari Inspectors. If it does, it will have to be further ascertained whether upon its true construction, the relevant rule excludes any service rendered hy a member of the service prior to his approval/selection by the State Public Service Commission. The 1940 Order styled as a Memorandum was not annexed
(o (he affidavit-in-o~position· A copy of it was submitted a\ c (1985) 1 S.C.R. the time of hearing of the petitions. In its preamble it proceeds to recite that in view of the 'Appointment Department Memo- randum No. 233(1)/Il-JS dated July 27, 1939 the Department of Secretariat are informed that under Section 241 (l) (B) and (2) (b) of the Government of India Act, 1935, rules hav1: to be framed for appointment to the civil services and posts ancl condi- tions of services of persons serving.' .It further proceeds to state that 'the existing rules for the various provincial, specialist and c
subordinate services under the Government should be revised so as to bring them tu conformity with the provisions of the Govern- ment of India Act. 1935 and new rules should also be drawn·up for services and posts which existed pnor to April l, 1937 but for which no rules were framed, or which have been created after that date.' The 1940 Order further recites that enquiries are being received as to the lines on which either the old existing rules have to be revised or new ru !es have to be framed. It then states that 'the general principles which have been acc1:pted by Government are stated below ' Para 2 of the Order clearly brings out the nature and character of the 1940 Order, the relevant portion of which reads as under :
"2· Among other things the rules should provide for the following matters.'• At Item No. 11, seniority is mentioned. Elaborating how the rule about seniority should be drawn-up, the m 'morandum proceeds to prescribe guidelines as under :
"Seniority in service shall generally be determined from the date of substantive appointment to a service, or from the date of the order of fit st appointment. if such appointment is followed by confirmation In special
cases seniority may be determined in accordance with the conditions which may suit a particular service.'' After extensively referring to the 1940 Order, it was urged on behalf of the respondents that the impugned seniority list is dr~wn-up keepin~ in view the date of appointment, the llatQ G. p, DOYAL v. CHIEF SECRETARY (Desai, J.)
of selection/approval by the Public Service Commission, which is the reievant date for the .Purpose of computing seniority under G.O. of 1 940 and the date of confirmation by the department an? date of promotion.
The first question is : does the 1 940 Order lay down a binding rule of seniority in respect of Khandsari Inspectors ? It may at once be made clear that the cadre of Khandsari Inspectors was first formed under 'Khandsari Licensing Scheme' which was framed somewhere in November, 1959. It is difficult to bejieve that two decades earlier, a seniority rule for a future cadre was prescribed. It is of cJurse open to the Government to lay down general conditions of service governing all services in the State either by rules framed under Sec. 241 of the Government of India Act, 1935 or on the advent of the Constitution under the proviso to Art. 309 of the Constitution· It must be conceded that in the absence of statutory rules, conditions of service in a particular cadre may be governed by executive instructions issued by the Government in exercis,e of its executive power. At any rate, 1940 Order does not purport to lay a statutory rule framed under Sec. 24 1 of the Government of India Act, 1935 because the memorandum recites that in vi.ew of the provisions contained in Sec. 241, rules have to be framed for appointment to civil service· and posts and conditions of service of persons serving. lt further recites that rules wiJI have to be framed in respect of services which may be created for the first time after the advent of the Government of India Act,
1935. The memorandum further provides that whenever there is an occasion for framing statutory rules or issuing executive instructions governing condi. lions of service, there must be some uniformity in this behalf and accordingly the memorandum proceeded to point out what should generally be the contents of the rules and on what model they should be framed. Therefore, unquestionably the memorandum pre<cr.ibes guidelines for framing rules governing conditions of ser·vice
The memorandum· is something akin to model standing orders. At any rate it does not purport to prescribe statutory rules Qr executive instructions governing conditions of service. c
SUPREME CO.URT REPORTS (!98:5) I S.C.R. This.further becomes clear from the penultimate paragraph of the memorandum in which it is stated that the principles set out in the memorandum will be generally suitable for service or posts recruitment to which is conducted through the Public Service c
DJ Commission and whenever the departure is made the same should be justified· Directions are given by the memorandum that the departments of the Secretariat should proceed with the revi- sion of the existing service rules or frame rules for new service and posts under their control in accordance with the: princi· pies set ont in the memorandum.
The departments were directed to draw-up the draft rules and when ready tbey were required to be submitted for the scrutiny of the appointment department and should be accompanied by a self contained note in which the important points and deviation from the above principles should be explained and justified. It is thus abundantly clear that the memorandum of I 940 merely prescribed guidelines for th1e depart- ments of the Secretariat either to frame statntory rules or executive instructions governing conditions of service in respect of existing services, if there are no rules or they may be modified or amended so as to bring them generally in conformity with the 1940 Order and whenever a new post or a new cadre in a service is set up to frame rules in conformity with guidelines prescribed in 1940 Order. The 1940 Order does not purport to lay down conditions of service governing any cadre either specifically or gener31ly. It provides a model and unless the model is adopted, it is commonsense to say that it is not bind:ng. Therefore, the contention that 1940 Order prescribes binding conditions of service and which have been followed in drawing-up the seniority list does not comm(>nd to us and must be rejected.
Assuming that in the absence of any specific rule to the contrary having not been shown to have been adopted, the Depart- ment accepted the model as the binding one, the next question is : whether upon its true construction it permits previous service to be wholly ignored in reckoning seniority.
The model set out at Item No. 11 governing seniority merely enacts the well-known rule of seniority in Government Service, · namely, seniority being determined in accordance with length of co11tinuoµs officiation .. Ip t!w abse11ce of any other rule valid for G. P. DOYAL v. CHI.El' SECRETARY (Desai, J.)
determining seniority under Art. 16 rule or seniority being deter- mined by the length of continuous officiation has been accepted as valid by the courts. In a very recent opinion of this Court in P.S. Mahal and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors.(1) Bha)\Vati, J. after referring to Bishan Sarup Gupta v. Union of lndia(2) observed as under:
"There was no specific seniority rule to determine inter-se seniority between the direct recruits and the promo- tees appointed regularly within their respective quota from and after 16th January, 1959 and though, in the absence. of any specific seniority rule, the Court could have applied
the residuary rule based on length of continuous officiation, the Court did not do so because it felt that since the old seniority rule had ceased to operate by reason of the in- fringement of the quota rule, it would be for the Govern-
ment to devise "a just and fair seniority rule as between the direct recruits and the promotees for being given effect to from 16th January, 1959." Therefore, in the absence of any specific rule of seniority governing a cadre or a service, lt is well-settled that length of con ti- · nuous officiation will provide a more objective and fair rule of seniority. And that is exactly what the model in the memorandum prescribes. It says that seniority in service shall generally be deter- m'ned from the date of substantive appointment to a service. If the rule were to stop here, the question would arise : what' consti- iutes substantive appointment to a post within the purview of the Public Service Commission ? But the rule does not stop by merely ' saying that the seniority shall generally be determined from the date of substantive appointment to a service. It further provides that it may be determined commencing from the date of the order of the first appointment, but proceeds to qualify the last clause by providing : 'if such appointment is followed by confirmation'. In other words, a rule for determining seniority may provide length of continuous officiation from substantive appointment ~H from the date Gf the ord~r 0f the first appointment if such appointment is followed by confirmation. In the latter case, once confirmation is made and the service till then is uninterrupted and continuous 'it relates back to the date of the order of the first appointment. (l) [1914] 3 S.C.R. 823.
(2) [1975) I SCR 104, c c [1985] 1 s.c.R. I Now model Ru!~ 11 sugg~sts. as guidelines two independent princi- ples for determrnmg semonty, namely (I) seniority be reckoned from the date of substantive appointment and (2) from the date of the order. oflfirst appoinment, if ~uch appointment is followed by confirmaho~. Two different startmg points for reckoning seniority are set out m the model and it is difficult to assume that depa t f
r ment adopted one and rejected the other without making a specifi h If c rue m that be a . The question that can then be posed is : what constitut b t. eSf su stanhve appo1~ ment m a cadre which is within the purview of• i the Public Service Commission. Now. the cadre of Khandsary I Inspectors was formed m 1959. There 1s no material to shpw that '· at that time it was within the purview of the Public Service Com- mission. A vague statement was made that under the Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission (Limitation of Functions) Regulations, J 954, any post with a sanctioned scale, the maximum of whicn exceeds Rs. 200/- would be within the purview of the Public Service Commission. ft was therefore, said that the post of Khandsari Inspector was within the purview of the Public Service Commission •• It was then urged that as the 'Khandsari Licensing Scheme' was to he urgently implemented, the appointing authority filled-in the posts pending recruitment by the Public Service Commission. This state- ment is not borne out by the record. On May 4, 1960, 9 persons including petitioners Nos. 1 and 2 were temporarily appointed as Licensing Inspectors. The appointment order does not show that the appointment was pending selection of regular candidates by the Public Service Commission. In fact, some confusion in this behalf crept in because a statement was made at the hearing of these peti- tions that the post of Rhandsari Inspectors came w:ithin the purview' of the Public Service Commission in 1961. Undoubtedly, the post of Licensing Inspector was created in the first instance upto March, 31, 1960. But it may be mentioned that it has continued uniterrup- • tedly till today and has become a permanent cadre. Identical appointment orders was issued in favour of pel!tiornir No. 3 some of the petitioners including petitioners Nos. 4. 5, 6, 7 and 8 and some of the responcents including respondents Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7 and several others came to be appointed by the Order dated March, 23, 1961. (Annexure 'B' to the petition). In this appointment order it was clearly stated that 'on the result of the qualifying test and interview held for the posts of Khandsari Inspectors in the months of February, and March, 1961, the candidates as noted in the enclosed list are temporarily appointed as officiating Khandsari Inspectors iq G. P. DOVAf; v. CHIEF SECRETARY (Desai, J.)
the scale of Rs. 120-6-210-EB-10-250 plus u9lial dearness allowance per month subject to final selection bv Public Service Com- . mission at any Ialer date.' The recitals in the order do not spell-out that the appointees were to hold stop-gap arrangement till a candidate by the Public Service Commission is made availahle. On the contrary, the recitals clearly indicate that those appointees will l
have to face the approval test by the Public Service Commission. Now if petitioner Nos. I and 2 came to be appomted in 1960 and respondents 4, 5 and 6 came to be appointed in 1961 and th~ •appointment of each of them had to be approved by the Public Service Commission, once the approval is granted, the same will relate back to the date of first appointment. That i> the meaning of 'the expression in Model No. I I; 'or from the date of the order of the first app~intment, if such appointment is followed by confirmation·.' It is not disputed that all the petitioners except Petitioner 4 were approved by the Public Service Cornmhsion on September, 30, 1963 and yet respondent No. 7-J.S. Negi is shown at S. No. 17 while petitioner No. l whu joined service on March, 4, 1960 and whose 'appointment was approved on the same day has been assigned S. No. 27 in the seniority list. If the first appointment is made by not . following the prescribed procedure but later on the appointee is 'approved making his appointment regular, it is obvious commen- sense that in the absence of a contrary rule, the approval which means confirmation by the authority which had the authority power and jurisdiction to make appointment or recommend for appointment, will relate back to the date on which first appointment is made and the entire service will have to be computed in reckoning the ·seniority according to the length of continuous officiation. That had not been done in this case. Therefore, assuming that the model principle set out in the J 940 Order has a binding effect, the impugned seniority , list docs not conform to the prescribed guideline and would certainly be invalid.
Once it is shown that the 1940 Order did not prescribe any binding rule or seniority, but it was a model prescribed for adoption and the adoption having not been shown, it ,,annot prescribe a binding rule of seniority. Assuming that it is deemed to have been adopted the seniority list does not conform to the model as inter- preted by us.
Now if there was no binding rule of seniority it is well-settled that length of continuous officiation prescribes a valid principle of senfority. The question is from what date the service is to be reckoned ? c
c [19851 t s.c.i\. It was urged that any appointment of a stop-gap nature or pending the selection by Public Service Commission cannot be taken into account for reckoning seniority. In other words, it was urged that to be in the cadre and to enjoy place in the seniority list, the service rendered in a substantive capacity can alone be taken into considera- tion,, We find it difficult to accept this bald and wide submission. Each case will depend upon its facts aiid circumstances. If a stop- gap appointment is made and the appointee app1:ars before the J Public Service Commission when the !alter proceeds to select the candidates and is selected, we see no justification for ignoring his , past service. At any rate, there is no justification for two persons selected in the same manner being differently treated. That becomes crystal clear from the place assigned in the seniority list to petitioner • No. J in relation to respondent No. 7. In fact if once a person appointed in a stop-gap arrangement is confirmed in his pos"t by proper selection, his past service has to be given credit and he has to be assigned seniority accordingly unless a rule to the contrary is made. That has not been done in the case of all the petitioners. The error is appare.nl in the case of petitioner I and respondent No. 7. These errors can be multiplied but we consider it unnecessary to do so. In fact a fair rule of seniority should ordinarily take into account the past service if the stop-gap arrangement is followed by confirma- tion. This view which we are taking is borne out by the decision of this Court in Ba/eshwar Dass and Ors. etc. v. State of U.P. and Ors. etc.,(') wherein this Court observed that the principle which has received the sanction of this Court's pronouncement i~ that 'officiat~ ing serv ce in a post for all practical purposes of seniority is as good as service on a regular basis. It may be permissible, within limits for government to ignore officiating service and_ count. only regular service when claims of semonty come before it, provided the rules ·n that regard are clear and categorical and do not admit of any 1 mbiguitY and cruelly arbitrary cut-off r,f long years of service does a ot take place or there is functionally and qualitatively, substantial ~ifference in the servic~ renderad in the two types. of posts.' It was id that service rules will have to be reasonable, falf and not grossly ~:just if they are to survive the_ test of Art_icles 14. and 16. It is thus well-settled that where offic1~tmg appomtment1s followed by nfirmation unless a contrary rule 1s shown, the service rendered as ~~ciating appointment ·cannot be ignored for reckoning length of tinuous otliciation for determinmg the place in the seniority list• ~~mittedly, that bas not been done and the seniority list is drawn (!) [1981] l SCR 449.
6. P. bovAi. v. CHIEF SECRL'fARY (Desai, J.) up from the date on which the approval/selection was made by the ,A Public Service Cornmission in resp~ct of each member of the service, which is clearly violative of Art. 16, and any seniority list drawn up on _this invalid basis must be quashed.
A grievance was made that the petitioners have moved this Court after a long unexplained delay and the Court should not grant any relief to them. It was poi1ited out that the provisional seniority list was drawn up on March, 22, 1971 and the petitions have been filed in the year 1983. The respondents therefore submitted that the court should throw-out the petitions on the ground of delay, latches and acquiesence. It was said that promotions granted on the basis of inpugned seniority list were not questioned by the petitioners and they have acquiesced into it. We are not disposed to accede to this request because respondents l to 3 have not finalised tile seniority list for a period of more than 12 yoars and are operating the s~ine for further promotion to the utter disadvantage of the petitioners. Petitioners went on making representations after representations which did not yield any response, reply or relief. Coupled with this is the fact that the petitioners belong to the lower echelons of service and it is not difficult to visualise that they may find it extremely difficult to rnsh to the Court. Therefore, the contention must be rejected
In view of the discussion, these petitions succeed and are allowed and a writ in the nature of certiorari is issued quashing the impugned seniority list dated March 22, 1971 in respect of KJlandsari Inspectors The respondents I to 3 are directed to draw-up a fresh seniority list based on the principle of length of continuous officia- tion reckoned from the date of first appointment if the appointment is followed by confirmation i.e. selection/approval by the State ·Pubtic Service Commission.
We order accordingly, but in the circumstances of the case, there will be no order as to costs. N.V.K. Petitions allowed. c D. ..