G. SAGAR SURI AND. ANR v. STATE OF C.P. AND ORS. JANUARY, 28, 2000 [S. SACJHIR AHMAD AND D. P. WADHWA, JJ.J Criminal Procedure Code, 1973-Section 482-Jurisdiction of High Court to quash criminal proceedin~-Criminal proceeding under Section 406/420 J.P. C. instituted while complaint under Section 138 Negotiable ln- stmments Act pending-Application for discharge moved- High Court dis- missed petition to quash proceedings–On appeal Held, power of High Court to be exercised with great care to see that civil proceedings not given cloak of criminal offence-Criminal proceedings are no short cut to other proceedings in law.
Petition filed during pendency of application for discharge-Held, High Court can exercise jurisdiction to quash the proceedings. Appellants along with five others were alleged to have approached the Complainant Finance Company and obtained a loan for an automobile company. The cheques issued in repayment of the said loan E were dishonoured and proceedings under Section 138, Negotiable Instru- ments Act were instituted against the Automobile Company and its directors including the appellants. Meanwhile the complainant lodged F.l.R. Criminal proceedings under Sections 406/420 l.P.C. were also instituted against the directors including the appellants. The appellants applied for their discharge in the criminal proceed· ings instituted under Sections 406/420 I.P .C. They also moved the High Court under Section 482 Cr. P.C. for quashing of those proceedings. The High Court dismissed the petition. Hence this appeal.
Allowing the appeal, this Court HELD : 1.1. Jurisdiction under Section 482 Cr. P.C. has to be exercised with great care. High Court is not to examine the matter superficially, it is to be seen if a matter, which is essentially of civil H (2000J 1 S.C.R
A nature, has been given a cloalj: of criminal offence. Criminal proceedings are not a short cut to other remedies available in law. Certain principles have been laid down on the basis of which High Court is to exercise ib jurisdiction under this section to prevent abuse of the process of any Court or otherwise to secure the ends of justice. [ 424-G-H] 1.2. High Court can exercise its jurisdiction under Section 482 Cr. P.C. even if an application for discharge has been filed. [ 424-D] Papsi Foods ltd. & Anr. v. Special Judicial Magistrate & Ors., [1998] 5 SCC 749; Ashok Chaturvedr & Ors. v. Shitul H. Chanchani & Anr., C [1998] 7 SCC 698; State of Kamataka v. L. Muniswamy & Ors., A.I.R. (1977) SC 1489 = (1977] 3 SCR 113; Kurukshetra University & Anr. v. State of Haryana, AIR [1977] SCC 2229 = [1977] 4 SCC 451 and Chandrapal Singh v. Maharaj Singh, AIR (1982) SC 1238, relied on. 2. There is no occasion for the complainant to prosecute the appel- lants under Sections 406/420 IPC and doing so is clearly an abuse of the 2.
482. Saving of inherent powers of High Cuun • Nothing in this Code shall be deemed to !imit or affect the inherent powers of the High Court to make such ordern a\ may be nece~sary to give effect to any order under this Code, or to prevent abuse of the process of any Court or otherwise to secure the ends of justice.
405. Criminal breuch of trust – Whoever, ~eing in •ny manner entrusted with property, or with any dominion <•Ver property, dishone.'itly mi:.,ppropriates or conVert. to hi• own use that property, or dishonestly uses or dispo'e.' ,,f that property in violation of any direction of Jaw pre~cribing the mode in which ~uch trust is to he discharged, or of any legal conll'act, e<P"'"' or implied, which he has m"de touching the discharge of such trust, or wilfully suffer:> any other person so to do. commits "crimin3.l breach of trust". 406. Punishment for criminal breach of trusL – Whoe>"r commits criminal breach of trust shall be punished with imprisonment of e>ther description for a term which may extend to three years, or with fine, or with both.
415. Cheating. – Whoe,<r, by deceiving any person, frnudulently or dishonestly induces the person :so deceived to dcli\ter .:iny property to any per.son, or to con!>ent that any person <hall reta·:n any property, or intentionally induce> the person so deceived to do or omit to do anything which he would ncot do or omit if he were not so deceived, and which act or omission causes or is likely to cause dam'1ge or harm to that person in body1 mind, reputation or property i~ said to "cheat~.
420. Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of propeny. – Whoever cheats and therehy dishonestly induces the pel'!ion deceived to deliver any property to any person, or to make, alter or destroy the whole or any part of a -~1uable security, or anything which is signed or seait:d, and which is capable of being converted into a valu~ble security, shall be punished with impri,onment of either description for a tem1 which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liahle to fine.
j G.S. SURI,,. STATE ;o.P. WADHWA,J.j process of law. Criminal complaint under Section 138 of the ~egotiable A Instruments Act is already pending against the appellants and other ac- cused and they would suffer the consequences if offence is proved. The prosecution of the appellants under Sections 406/420 l.P.C. is quashed. [427-G-H)
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JCRISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 91 of 2000. From the Judgment and Order dated 6.5.99 of the Allahabad High Court in Crl. M.A. No. 1312 of 1999. Rakesh Dwivedi, Rao Ranjit and R.S. Hedge for the Appdlants. V.R. Lalit, Arjun Bhandari, Arun K. Sinha, T.N. Singh, A.S. Pundir, Rakesh Singh arid B.K. Singh for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by D.P. WADHWA, J. Leave granted. This appeal is directed against the judgment dated May 6, 1999 of Allahabad High Court dismissing the application of the appdlants filed under Section 4821 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (for short, the E 'Code'). By this application the appellants had sought quashing of the criminal proceedings pending against them under Section 406/4202 of the Indian Penal Code (for short the 'IPC') in the Court of Chief Judicial Magistrate, Ghaziabad and arising out of Case No. 674 of 1997 of Police Station Noida, District Gautam Budh Nagar.
The First Information &eport (FIR No. 517 dated August 17, 1997) was filed against seven persons including the two appellants by Mr. P .K. Sen Gupta (respondent No. 2), General Manager, M/s. Phoenix Interna- tional Finance Ltd., NOIDA (for short, the 'Finance Company'). He al- leged that Ashwani Suri, G. Sagar Suri (the first appellant) and Sukhvinder G Singh contacted his company on telephone in the first week of June, 1996 with intention to cheat and commit fraud on him. They had stated that they along with Shalini Suri, Shama Suri (the second appellant), Charanjit Singh and M.L. Kampani were the Directors of M/s. Ganga Automobiles Ltd. and that they would come later for a meeting personally. They had also H SUPRFME COURT REPORTS
(20COl l S.C.R. A told that their company Ganga k1tomobiles Ltd. was doing good business and that if complainant's wmpany could give a loan of Rs. 50,00,000 (Rupees fifty lakh only) to M/s. Ganga Automobiles Ltd. the loan would be repaid with interest by September 13, 1996. The complainant then alleged that the ;'above said accused persons turn by turn continued visiting B the applicant's office" for making reqm:st for gnmt of loan. Relying on their persuasion but without realising their malafide and fraudulent intentions, the Finance Company gave Rs. 50,00,000 by means of cheque No. 375453 dated June 19, 1996 drawn on the Punjab & Sind Bank, New Delhi. Complainant then said ''the accused persons issm:d two cheqm:s to the applicant company for repayment of above said money bearing No. 08-4049 C and 84450 both dated 13.9.96 for rupees fifty lakhs towards payment of principal sum and Rs. 86625 towards payment of interest respectively and drawn on Corporation Bank".
When these cheques were pn:sented for payment, these were returned dishonoured with the remarks that sufficient funds were not available. The Finance Company again contacted the D accused persons many times on telephone as well as by writing letters and asked them to make payment but they failed to do so and even started avoiding the complainant. However, the accused persons again came to the office of the Finance Company on January 2, 1997 and asked the Finance Company six months further time for the payment of the amount as they E said "a mishappening took place with them as a result of which they are suffering financial constraint". The complainant said he believed their wordings and the accused again issued two cheques on July 2, 1997 for Rs. 50,86,625 towards principal and Rs. 9,40,G08 towards interest. This time these cheques were drawn on the Grindleys Bank, Connaught Place, New Delhi and again when presented for payment were returned dishonoured F with the endorsement "insufficient funds".
Complainant thus said in his report that the aforesaid acts of the accused persons were fraudulent and committed with the common object to cht:at the Finance Company. They did not want to refund the money in any way. He, therefore, requested for legal action against the accused persons. On the basis of the First informa- G tion Report, the Police registered the case against seven persons, namely, Ashwani Suri, U. Sagar Suri (the frrst Appellant), Sukhvinder Singh, Shalini Suri, Shama Suri (the second appellant), Charanjit Singh and M.L. Kam- pani. After the investigation, the Police submitted charge sheet dated June 4, 1998 in the court of the Chief Judicial Magistrate against four persons, H namely, U. Sagar Suri (the first petitioner) Shama Suri (the second G.S. SIJRI v. STATE [D.P. WADHWA, J]
petitioner), Ashwani Suri and Shalini Suri describing all of them as Direc- tors of M/s. Ganga :,:itumubiles Ltd. It l'id' stdt..d in the charge sheet that investigation was still pending against charanjit Singh, M.L. Kampani and Mukender Singh.
During the course of investigation, statement of the complainant was again recorded on ffi'1rch 25, 1998 by the Investigating Officer. Now his version was difkrent. He said that in the first week of June 1996 Ashwani Kumar Suri and Mukendcr Singh contacted his company with the intention to chi.:at and play fraud. They told him that they and Shalini Suri, Shama Suri, Charanjit Singh and M.L. Kampani were the Directors and arranged conversation with them over the telephone. Ashwani Suri and Mukender Singh then said that they would come later. Complainant said they stated that they would refund the entire amount with interest by September 13, 1996 and thereafti.:r they kept on visiting the Finance Company turn by turn and kept on ri.:questing for the loan c
for their company M/s. Ganga Automobile Ltd. which they said was running a good business and that their company would earn more profit D if a loan of Rs. 50,00,000 was given to their company. Relying on these fraudulent promises and without knowing their malafide intention, an amount of Rs. 50,00,000 by means of cheque was given to them after completing necessary formalities. For repayment of the loan, the ac- cused issued two cheques towards principal and inten:st. These cheques when presented for payment were returned dishonoured. The Finance Company then contacted the accused persons of the Ganga
Automobiles Ltd., telephoned them and also wrote letters asking to refund the money. The accru,ed, however, failed to refund the money and started "hiding" themselves and avoided any contact. Again the accused came to the office of the Finance Company on January 2, 1997 and wanted six months further time for them to make repayment. Complainant then said that the money of the Finance Company had been blocked and since there were financial constraints he was again compellt:d to believe the accused who gave two cheques dated July 2, 1997. These cheques were also returned dishonoured when presented for payment. The complainant then stated that the accused persons had G committed this fraudulent act with common consent with the intent to cheat and grab the money of the Finance Company. Again he confirmed the contents of the First information Report lodged by him. Before lodging of the First Information Report for offences under H S~PREME COllRT REPORTS
l2COO] l S.C.R. A Section 406/420 IPC, the complainant, P.K. Sengupta, hacl already in- stituted a complaint under Section 1383 of the Negotiable Instruments Act in the Court of the Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, Ghaziabad. He had named eight accused. namely, (1) Mis. Ganga Automobiles Ltd., (2) B Ashwani Suri, \'1anaging Director, (3) Shalini Suri, w/o Ashwani Suri, (4) G. Sagar Suri, Director, (5) Shama Suri w/o G. Sagar Suri, (6) Muk.:n~.;r Singh, (7) Charanjit Singh and (8) M.L. Kampani, the accused 4 tu 8 also being shown as Directors of Mis. Ganga Automobiles Ltd. In this com- C plaint the cast set out is that accused 2 to 8 came to the office of the Finance Company in the month of June 1996 and wanted loan for M/s. Ganga Automobiles Ltd. for Rs. 50,00,000 which they promised to repay with interest. On their representation' the Finance Company gave them a D loan of Rs. 50,00,000 by means of a cheque after the accused executed promissory note and agreement to n:pay the principal amount with interest by September 13, 1996. By getting thh loan M/s. Ganga Automobiles Ltd. started earning profits after investing the amount in its business. The E accused issued two cheques for repayment of the principal amount and the interest. Both these cheques when presented for payment were returned dishonoured. After the return of the cheques unpaid, the Finance Com- pany contacted the accused by telephone and also sent letters and wanted F repaymen: of its money but the accused failed to pay the same and in fact 3.
138. Dishonour of cheque for insulficienc>:, ecc, of funds in the account – Where any cheque drawn by a pen;on on an account maintained by him with a banker for payment of any amount of money to another person from out of that account for the disharge, io whole or in part, of any debt or other liilbility, is returned by the bank unpaid either because of the amount of mon<!y standing to the credit of that account is insufficient to honour the cheque or that it exceeds the amount arranged to be paid from that account by an agreement made with that bank, such pen;on shall be deemed to have committed an offence and shall without prejudice to any other provision of thus Act, be punished '.1th imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to twice the <imount of the cheque, or with both. Provided that nothing contained in thi,; •ection shall apply unle"1i •• (a) the cheque h•s been presented to the bank within a period of >ii< months from the date on which it is drawn or within the period of its validity, whichever is earlier. (b) the payee or the holder in due course of the cheque, as the case may be, makes a demand for the payment of the 'aid amouot of money by giving a notice. in writing, to the drawer of the cheque, within fifteen doys of the receipt of information by him from the bank regarding the return of the cheque as unpaid; and (c) the drawer of such cheque fails to make the payment of the said amount of money to the payee or, as the c~.se n1ay be, to the holder in due course uf the cheque. within fifteen days of the receipt of thi:: said notice.
U.S. Sl!Rlv. STATE ;o.P. WADHWA.J.] started avoiding themselves. On January 2, 1997 the aci::used again came to the office of the Finance Company and said that some mishappening had occurred with them and >ix months more time might be given to them. The Finance Company was compcl!t:d to believe their statement and after mutual consideration, the accused gav.: two cheques dated July 2, 1997 fur the principal amount and the interest. Again the cheques wcore rdurned dishonoured when presented for paymrnt. The Financc Company sent a notice to the accuscd on July 17, 1997 for repayment of the amount within LS days and in spite of that no payment was made. It was, thus, alleged that the accused comrnittd an offencc under Section 138 of the ;'l;egotiable instruments Act. Whi!t: describing the accused 2 to 8 as Managing Director and Directors of M/s Ganga Automobiks Ltd., the complainant stated that they wcre ''directly responsible and liable for all the activities and affairs of the company and carry out and execute all the affairs in normal course of business with mutual consultation and participate in each and every work c
of the company". Obviously, it was necessary to state to make all the accused 2 to 8 liable for offence under Section 138 of the Negotiable D Instruments Act. Aftt:r examining the complainant, learned Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate was of the opinion that thert: was prim a f acie case made out against the accused persons fur an offence under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act and by his order dated August 27, 1997 ordered summoning them all.
In the Investigation of FIR No. 517 of 1997 it was found that both G. Sagar Suri and his wife Shama Suri were not the Din::ctors of M/s. Ganga Automobiles Ltd. in thc counter affidavit filed by L. V. Singh styling himself as authorised signatory on behalf of the second respondent P .K. Sengupta, the complainant, it is admitted that the appcllants arc not the Directors of Ganga Automobiles Ltd. It is, however, stated that G. Sagar Suri is not only the authorised signatory on behalf of Ganga Automobilt:s Ltd. but he is also authoriscd to sign cheques on behalf of that company and further that G. Sagar Suri is the major shareholder of the company. It was submitted that the chcques which bounced were signed by G. Sagar Suri as authorised signatory of Ganga Automobiles Ltd. in the counter G affidavit !ikd by B.S. Chandel, Sub-inspcctor on behalf of the first respon- dent it is stated that both G. Sagar Suri and his wife Shama Suri are the parents of Ashwani Kumar Sur~ Managing Director of Ganga Automobiks Ltd. and 'they have: full control over tht: day to Jay affairs of the company'. As to how tht: later part of this statcment has been made, nothing b.as been H (2000[ 1 S.C.R.
A said. This counter-affidavit is als.o silent as to why charge sheet was filed only against 5 persons, namely, Ashwani Kumar Suri, Managing Director, his wife Shalini Suri and his partner G. Sagar Suri and Shama Suri and why other Directors were left out and why investigation against the left out Directors is still pending and at what stage and particularly when common B ro!e is assigned to all of them. From this it would appear that foor persons have been roped m, in order to c:oerce on them to refund the money to the Finance Company. Charge Shec:t also does nut >how if the investigating agency looked into the complaint filed under Section 138 of the Negotiable instruments Act.
It was submitted by Mr. Lalit, learned counsel for the second respon- dent, that the appellants have already filed an application in the Court of Additional Judicial Magistrate for their discharge and that this Court should not interfere in the criminal proceedings which are at the threshold. We do not think that on filing of any application for discharge, High Court D cannot exercise its jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Code. In this connection, reference may be made to two decisions of this Court in Pepsi Foods Ltd. & Anr. v. Special Judicial Magistrate & Ors., [1998] 5 SCC 749 andAshok Chaturvedi & Ors. v. Shitul H. Chanchani & Anr., !1998) 7 SCC 698, wherein it has been specifically hdd that though the Magistrate trying a case has jurisdiction to discharge the accused at any stage of the trial if E he considers the charge to be groundless but that does not mean that the accused cannot approach the High Court under Section 482 of the Code or Article 227 of the Constitution to have the proceeding quashed against them when no offence has been made out against them and still why must they undergo the agony of a criminal trial.
Jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Code has to be exercised with a great care. In exercise of its jurisdiction High Court is not to examine the matter superficially. It is t<> be seen if a matter, which is essentially of civil nature, has been given a cloa.!:. of criminal offence. Criminal proceedings are not a short cut of other remedies available in law. G Before issuing process a criminal court has to exercise a great deal of caution. For the accused it is a serious matter. This Court has laid certain principles on the basis of which High Court is to exercisi: its jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Code. Jurisdiction under this Section has to be exercised to prevent abuse of the process of any court H or otherwtse to secure the ends of justice.
G.S. SURI v. STATE [D.P. WADHWA, JI In State of Kamataka v. I.. Muniswamy and Others, AIR ( 1977) SC A 1489 = [1977) 3 SCR 113, this Court said that in the exercise of the wholesome power under Section 482 of the Code High Court is entitled to quash a proceeding if it comes to the conclusion that allowing the proceed- ing tu continue would be an abuse of the proces> of tht: Court or that th;;; ends of justice rt:quin: that the proceedings are to be 4uashed. In Kurnkshatra University and Another v. State of Haryana, AIR (1977) SC 2229 = (1977] 4 SCC 451 High Court in exercise of its powt:rs under Section 482 of the Code 4uashed the first information Report when police had not t:Ven commenced inwstigation into the complaint. This Court >aid that inhen:nt powers do not confer an arbitrary jurisdiction on the High Court to act according to whim or caprice and that statutory power has to be exercised sparingly, with circumspection and in the rarest c
of rare cases. In the case First Information Report was lodged by Warden, Kurukshatra U Diversity. Acting on that report the police registered a case undt:r Sections 443 and 452, IPC against one Vinay Kumar, who filed a petition in the High Court praying that FIR be quashed. High Court D without issuing notice to the University quashed the FlR. Not only that High Court directed the State of Haryana to pay a sum of Rs. 300 by way of cost to Vinay Kumar. High Court even made observations concerning the University's power to enforce disciplinto in the Campus. This Court observed that the High Court seemed to fail that outsiders can with impunity flout the University rule that no outsider shall stay in a university hostel. It said that such a view is plainly calculated to subvert discipline in a sphere where it is most needed. This Court said that High Court ought not to have made these observations without, at least, giving a hearing to the University. This Court set aside the judgment of the High Court and allowed investigation to proceed.
ln Chandrapal Singh and Others v. Maharaj Singh and Another, AIR (1982) SC 1238, tht: judgment started as under :- 'A frustrated landlord after having met his waterloo in the hierarchy of civil courts, has further enmeshed the tenant in a G. frivolous criminal prosecution which prim a f acie appears to bt: an abuse of the process of law. The facts when stated are so,, klling that the furtht:r discussion may appear to be superfluous."' This Court said :-
c [2CC0] 1 S.C.R. "We see some force in the submission but it is equally true that chargrined and frustratt:d litigants should not be permitted to give· vent to their frustration by cheaply invoking jurisdiction of the criminal court. Complainant hernin is an Advocate. He lost in both courts in the rent control proctedings and has now rushed to the criminal court. This itself speak~ volumes. Add to this the fact that another suit between the parties was pending from 1975. The conclusion is inescapable that invoking the jurisdiction of the criminal court in this background is an abuse of the process of law and the High Court rather glossed over this important fact while declining to exercise its power under Section 482 Cr. P.C." This Court said that the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Secunderabad ought not to have taken cognizance of the proceedings. It said it considered it to be a fit case to involve jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Code.
In the circumstances of the case in hand conclusion is inescapable that invoking the jurisdiction of criminal court for allegedly having com- mitted offences under Sections 406/420 IPC by the appellants is certainly an abuse of the process of law. In the counter affidavit filed on behalf of the complainant it is now admitted that none of the two appellants is a E Director of Ganga Automobiles Ltd. Only in respect of the first appellant it is stated that he is the authorised signatory of that company and that in fact he had signed the cheques which were returned dishonoured. Apart from making the omnibus statement that the first appellant with dishonest intentions and misrepresentations got loan of Rs. 50,00,000 from the com- p plainant company for Ganga Automobiles Ltd. there "is nothing said as to what were those misrepresenltations and how the complainant company was duped. The only part attributed to the second appellant is that the first appellant along with Ashwani Suri, Managing Director and Mukender Singh, Director approached the complainant in June, 1996 and had repre- sented that they and Shalini Suri, Shama Suri (Appellant No. 2), Charanjit G Singh and M.L. Kampani were the Directors of Ganga Automobiles Ltd. There is nothing stated in tht: counter affidavit about the role, if any, played by the second appellant. A 'complaint under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act has already been filed by the complainant. There is no allegation of any corrupt practice by any of the accused as if they duped H the Finance Company in parting with the amount of Rs. 50,00,000. As G.S. SURI v. STATE [D.P. WADHWA, J.)
normally understood business of a finance company is to invite deposits, pay interest on that and also to give loans and earn interest. A finance company also advances short term loans. ln that case it is essentially a commercial transaction. After first two cheques were dishonoured two cheques were again issued, which again were dishonoured resulting in filing of complaint under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act. None of the respondents has been able to explain as to why offences under Sections 406/420 IPC were not added in the complaint filed under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act and why resort was had to filing of a separate First Information Report. Certain motive has been attributed to the investigating officer but we think we need not go into that. There is also no answer as to why investigation against three other directors was still stated to be pending when same role is assigned to all the accused In the c
FIR it is Sukhvender Singh, who first approached the complainant, but later it is Mukcnder Singh. There is no answer as to why there are two different names. as to who are the Directors of Ganga Automobiles Ltd. could have been easily found by the complainant after going through the D records of Registrar of Companies and also about its status. As noted above, in the subsequent statement by the complainant he does not assign any role to the first appellant. The allegation that in the first instance three persons contacted the complainant company, who told the complainant of other Directors with whom the complainant conversed on telephone ap- pears to be rather improbable.
We agree with the submission of the appellants that the whole attempt of the complainant is evidently to rope in all the members of the family particularly who are the parents of the Managing Director or Ganga F Automobile Ltd. in the instant criminal case without regard to their role or participation in the alleged offences with a sole purpose of getting the loan due to the Finance Company by browbeating and tyrannizing the appellants of criminal prosecution. A criminal complaint under Section 138 of the Negotiable instruments Act is already pending against the appellants and other accused. They would suffer the consequences if offence under G Section 138 is proved against them. In any case there is no occasion for the complainant to prosecute the appellants under Sections 406{420 IPC and in his doing so it is clearly an abuse of the process of law and prosecution against the appellants for those offences is liable to be quashed, which we do.
SUPREME COURT Rl:iPORTS (20001 l S.C.R. The appeal is allowed and judgment of the High Court dated May 6, 1999 is set aside and prosecution of the appellants under Sections 406/420 IPC in Criminal Case No. 674/97 (now Criminal Case No. 6054/98) and pending the ( :ourt of Chief Judicial Magistrate, Ghaziabad is quashed. A.O.
Appeal allowed. ….