GOPI KANTA SEN v. ABDUL GAJi'FUR & ORS. August II. 1967 [K. N. WANCHOO, C. J., V. BHARGAVA AND G. K. MITTER, JJ.] B Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act 1949, as amended by Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act 1953-S. 3 of the Act whether applicable to pre-Act "uits-Deletion of ss. 28 and 29 of o•iginal Act by 1953 amendment- .Effect of deletion on jurisdiction of civil cow-ts.
In June 1948 the appellant insbituted a suit against the firs_t res- :pondent and others for their ejectme!lt from the property in suit On C ~ebruary 28 1949 the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act came into force. The first resi>ondent was not a thika tenant within the definition there- <>f given in the Act. The suit was decreed by the Munsif in March 1949 In November 1949 the appeal filed by the first respondent was dismissed by the first appellate court. He then filed a second appeal 1in the High Court which was heard. in 1954. Before that the Calcutta Thika Tenancy (Amendm.ont) Act, 1953 was passed. Under this Act the first respondent came within the definition of thika D tenant. The High Court remanded the case to the Subordinate Judge for trying the case in the llght of the amended Act. The Subordinate Judge held that the first respondent was a thika tenant and could not be ejected as none of the grounds mentioned in s. 3 of the Act had been established by the appellant. The latter appealed to the High Court and urged that w;th the omission of s. 29 in the 1953 Act Civil Courts became, unable to remit ejectment suits to the Rent Con- troller with the result that the Act as amended could not apply to E pre-Act suits. The High Court however took the view that after the -omission of ss. 28 and 29 from the Act suits for eviction before civil courts became infructuous and, accordingly. dismissed the appeal. 'The appellant w.ith certificate came to this Court. The questions that fell for. consideration were: (i) whether the tenant could take the benefit of s. 3 in a pre-Act suit, (ii) whether in view of the omis- sion of ss. 28 and 29 from the Act the civil! courts had jurisdiction to try such a suit.
HELD: Per Wanchoo C.J. & Mitt-er J. (i) While lt is a genr.ral principle of lav.~ that statutes are not to operate retrospectively so as to defeat vested interests; such operation may be given by express enactment or by necessary implication from the language employed. The language of s. 3 leaves no room for doubt that it is retrospective since it expressly states that notwithstanding anything contained :.n any other law for the time being in force or in any contract, a thika G ·tenant will be liable to eiectment on grounds specified therein and not otherwise. [179 D-E: 180 F-G].
Knight v. Lee, [1893] 1 Q.B. 41 and Beadling v. Goll, 39 Times Law Reporter 31, referred to. Section 3 does not purport to lay down that the'grounds mention- ed therein have got to be stated in the notice of ejectment. All that B the section lays down is that ejectment could not be had unless the -existence of one of the iirounds was proved. Such proof could have been adduced at the trial even if no mention of the grounds had been made before. The appellant not having given such proof the case was rightly decided aga;nst him. [183 C-D].
GOPI KANTA V. ABDUL GAFPUR (Miller, J.) (ii) However ln a pre-Act suit no notice under s. 4 could be in- sisted on as that section was clearly prospective. Section 5 which re- quired proceedings to be filed before the Controller was also clea~lw prospective. (180 H; 181 A; B-H].
(iii) The High Court was wrong ;n holding that suits for the evic- tion of th.ik11 tenants became infructuous before civll courts after the omission of ss. 28 and 29. There being no longer any provision for B transfer of pending suits and appeals, the court hearing the appeal would have to pass a decree for ejectment even if the defendant was a thika tenant after taking into account s. 3. (183 D-F].
c Per Bhargava, J .-Th'.s appeal must be dismissed because the res- pondent was entitled to the benefit of s. 3, It was not necessary to express any opinion whether ·compliance with s. 4 \\'as also requlred or whether it being prospecitve only no such compliance by the appel- lant was needed,- (184 Bl
• CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: 1964. Civil Appeal No. 787 of Appeal from the judgment and decree dated January 5, 1961 of the Calcutta High Court in Appeal from Appellate Decree No. 1012 of 1955.
A. K. Sen and D. N. Mukherjee. for the appellant. Sukumar Ghose, for respondent No. !. The Judgment of WANCHOO, C. J. and MITTER, J. was deliver- ed by MITTER, J. BHARG,,.VA, J. delivered a separate Opinion. Mitter, J.-This is an appeal by a certificate granted by the E High Court at Calcutta from a judgment and decree in Second Appeal passed by that court in January, 1961. The question before us is, whether the respondent No. 1 was entitled to the benefit of the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act, 1949, as amended finally by an Act of 1953.
The facts necessary for the disposal of this appeal are as F follows. On the 18th June 1948, the plaintiff, the appellant before us, instituted Suit No. 292 of 1948 for ejectment of three
persons, namely, Abdul Rahim, Abdul Hamid a.nd Abdul Gaffur, from the property in suit (a parcel of land about 1 cottah 8 chittaks being part of premises No. 6/ I, Shibtola Lane, Entally, Calcutta). In the notice to quit served on the 7th May, I 948 the first two G persons were described as tenants under the plaintiff a.nd the third as a per.son who had purported to purchase the structures on the land and the tenancy right therein. In the plaint itself,. the first two defendants were described as thika tenants. No claim was made for rents or taxes although it was alleged that the same were in arrears. The suit was contested only by the third defendant who filed a written statement in September 1948 contending that the li suit '~as bl\d for non-joinder of parties. The suit was decreed by a Muns1f of Sealdah court, 24-Parganas on March 18, 1949 after the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act of 1949 had come into force on February 28, 1949. The appeal filed therefrom by the third defen- dant was dismissed by the Subordinate .Tt:dge.
Fifth Additional (1968] I s.c.R. Court, Alipore on November 23, 1949. The decree-holder put the A decree in execution and recovered possession of the land on December 18. 1949. The Calcutta Thika Tenancy (Amendment
Ordinance), 1952 was passed on October 21, 1952 introducing various changes in the Act and substituting a new definition of a thika tenant. On March 14, 1953 the Calcutta Thika Tenancy (Amendment Act), 1953 was passed amending the definition of B thika tenant still further and introducing important changes in the Act of 1949. The effect of these provisions ·will be considered later on.
Before the Subordinate Judge, a point was taken that after the coming into force of the Act of 1949, the Rent -Controller alone had jurisdiction in respect of ejectment suits as the defendant· c appellant was a thika tenant. The Subordinate Judge dismissed the plea on the ground that the defendant-appellant had not erected the structures on the land and was not a successor-in-interest of the tenant but only a transferee. Abdul Gaffur preferred a Second Appeal to the High Court and this was heard and disposed of by a single Judge of that court on July 21, 1954, !Ong after the Thika Tenancy Ordinance of 1952 and the Amending Act of 1953 had D · come into force. The learned Judge held that at the time when the appeal-of the defendant was disposed of by the. Subordinate Judge, the rights of the parties were governed by the Thika Tenan· cy Act of 1949 and the definition of a thika tenant in that Act was not such as to afford any protection to the appellant. In view of the amendment of the Act in 1953 however, the learned Judge E felt that the question whether the appellant was entitled to the benefit of that 'Act had to be re-examined and consequently he remanded the matter to the lower appellate court with a direction that there should be a fresh decision of the case after considering the law applicable and taking further evidence if necessary. On remand, the Subordinate Judge, Seventh Court, Alipore rejected the plea of the landlord that the appellant Gaffur could not be F regarded as a thika tenant inter a/la on the ground that he had ·sold his interest by a registered sale deed dated April 12, 1949 to one Subasini. On a consideration of the provisions of the Act and the Ordinance, the Subordinate Judge held that t e appellant, Gaffur, was -not liable to ejectment in the absence of any grounds therefor in the notice to quit in accordance with s. 3 of the Act G as he was a thika tenant within the meaning of the Act as it was finally amended. He also observed that s. 4 of the Act would be · applicable. The landlord went up in appeal once more to the High Court. On this occasion, the main plank of the argument on behalf of the landlord was that with the omission of s. 29 civil courts became unable to remit ejectment suits to the controller with the result that the Act as finally amended could not apply to pre- H Act suits and thika tenants could get no relief under the Act. The learned Judges of the Division Bench of the High Court found themselves unable to accept this argument and held that the only power vested in . civil courts in respect of ejectme_nt suits against GOPI KANTA V. ABDUL GAFFUR (Mitter, J.)
A thika tenants like the present one was to be found in ss. 28 and 29 ol! the original Act and by their omission from the statute "suits for eviction became infructuous before civil courts". In the result, they dismissed the appeal. We . have n_ow to trace the relevant changes in the law made f.rom llme to time and s~e whet!ter the landlord was entitled to eiect Abdul Gaffur notwithstanding the Act as amended from time to time.
The first attempt to give relief to persons described as thika tenants was made by West Bengal Ordinance No. XI of 1948 promulgated on October 26. 1948. The Ordinance had only six sections. Section 2 defined a 'thika tenant' as meaning any person who under the system commonly known as "thika" "thika masik C utbandi", "thika masik", "thika bastu", or under and other like system held land under another person whether under a written lease or otherwise and was, or but for a special contract would be. liable to pay rent at a monthly or any other periodical ra.te, for that land to such other person and had erected any strucltire on such land and. was entitled to use it for residential purposes or for manufacturing or business purposes and included the suc- I> cessors in interest of such person. Section 3 provided that notwith- standing anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, no decree or order for the ejectment of a thika tenant shall
be executed during the continuance in operation of the Ordinance. We need not consider the proviso to the section as we are not concerned with the condition mentioned therein. It is E to be noted that by the definition of thika tenant, a person could only get the protection of the Ordinance if he could establish that he was holding land under any of the systems expressly mention- ed or any other like system.
A comprehensive Act was later passeed i.e., West Bengal Act II of 1949 which, as already noted. came into force on Feb- F ruary 28, 1949. The definition of a thika tenant was modified slightly but the change affected thereby need not be taken account of because t~e !espondent _Gaffur's
position was not improved ther~by. The mc1dents of th1ka tenancy were mentioned in various sect10ns fi:om s. 3 to s. 1) contai?ed in Chapter II of the Act. S. 3 provided that notwl\hstandmg anything contained in any G other law for th~ time being in ~~rce or in any contract, a thika tenant shall. sub)ect to. the provmons of the Act, be liable to CJectmcnt from ~1s holdm!f on one or more of the specified grounds and not otherwise. The six grounds mentioned are: (i) failure to pay a~ arrear of rent due to the landlord in respect of the hold- mg; (n) user of. the land comprised in the holding in a manner when rendered It un~~ for any of the purposes mentioned in cl. H (5) o~ _s. 2 (th~ defimt~on of a thika tenant) or violation of a cond1t10n consistent with the Act by a breach of which he was ~nder the teri:ns of a .. c:ontract between himself and his landlord: liable to be eiect~; (111) refusal. to agree to pay rent at such en- hanced rate as might .be determmed under s. 25; (iv) requirement SUPREllE COURT REPORTS
[1968] l s.c.R. of the land by the landlord for his own occupation or for the It purpose of building on the land or otherwise tleveloping -110 land except during any period limited by a registered lease under which the tenant might be holding; (v) failure on the part of the tenant to use or occupy a major part of the holding for his own residen- tial, manufacturing or business purpose for more than six con- secutive months (omitting the proviso); and (vi) on the expiry of B a registered lease in favour of the tenant. S. 4 provided: "It shall not be competent for a landlord to eject any
thika tenant from his holding unless the landlord has given the thika tenant notice in the manner provided in section 106 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 :- (a) in the case where he wishes to eject the thika
tenant on any of the grounds specified in clauses (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) of section '.l at least one month's notice in writing expiring with the end of a month of the tenancy; and
(b) in the case where he wishes to eject the thika tenant on the ground specified in cla1188 (iv) of section 3 at least three months' notice in writing expiring with the end of a month of the tenancy"
The section has two provisos one of which laid down that no thika tenant shall be ejected from his holding on any of the grounds specified in els. (iv) and (vi of s. 3 except on payment to him or on deposit with the Controller for payment to him such compen- B sation as might be agreed upon or might be determined in the manner prescribed by the Controller.
S. 5 enacted that: – "()) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, a landlord wishing to eject a thika tenant on one or more of the grounds specified
in section 3 shall apply in the prescribed manner to the Controller for an order in ·that behalf and; on receipt of such application, the Controller shall, after giving the thika tenant a notice to show cause within thirty days from the
date of service of the notice why the a{'Plication shall not be allowed and after making an inquiry in the pres- cribed manner either allow the application or reject it aftet recording the reasons for malCing such order …… ". r
The section further provided that no order allowing an applica- tion was to be made unless compensation payable to the tenant was either deposited with the Controller or paid to the tenant. R Chapter IV of the Act, by several sectiom, provided for appeals, reviews etc. _l;Jnder s. 27 any person.~~ by an order of t~e Controller might present an appeal m writing either to the Chief . Judge of the Court of Small Causes in the Presidency town or to OOPI KANTA
11. ABDUL GAUUR (Miltel-, J.) A the District Judge of a district in which the holding was situate. Sub-s. (5) of the section provided for reviews. Section 28 enacted that: c "Where any decree or order for the recovery of possession
of any holding from a thika tenant has been made before the date of commencement of this Act but the possession of such holding has not been recovered from the thika tenant by the execution of such decree or order, ~h~ C:ourt by which the decree or order was made may, 1f 1t 1s of
opinion that the decree or order is not in conformity with any provision of this Act other than sub-section (]) of section S or section '17, rescind or vary the decree or order in such manner as the Court may think fit for the purpose
of giving effect to such provision and a decree or order SO' varied by any Court shall be transferred by such Court to the Controller for execution under this Act as if it were an order made under and in accordance with< the
provisions of this Act". Section 29 ran as follows: – IJ r "The provisions of this Act shall apply to all suits and proceedings, including proceedings in execution, for ejectment of a thika tenant which are pending at the date
of commencement of this Act, and if any such suit or proceeding relates to any matter in respect of which the Controller is competent after the date of such commence- ment to pass orders under this Act, such suit or proceed-
ing shall be transferred to the Controller who shall on such transfer deal with it in accordance with the provi- sions of this Act as if this Act had been in operation on the date of institution of the suit or proceeding:
Provided that in applying the provisions of this Act to any suit or proceeding instituted for the ejectment of a thika tenant so transferred, the provisions regarding notice in section 4 of. this Act shall not apply".
Section 33 provided that on the expiry of the Calcutta Thika Ten- ancy Ordinance, 1948, the provisions of s. 8 of the Bengal General G Clauses Act, 1899 would apply as if it were an enactment then repealed by a West Bengal Act It will be noted from the provi- sions of the Act that it was intended to benefit all thika tenants expressly covered thereby. Unfortunately, the Act did not afford any real protection to persons for whom it was meant because of the peculiar definition of thika tenant in it A series of decisions of the t:alcutta High Court shows that the tenants failed to get B any relief because they could not prove any system either of the kind speci~cally mentioned in s<
2 sub-s. (5) or any other like system. It 1s however clear that the benefit of s< 28 was available only if the decree or order for the recovery of possession had been made before the date of the commencement of the Act but [1968) 1 S.C.B.
possession of such holding had not been recovered from him. A Section 29 on the other hand was made applicable to all poceed- ings including proceedings in execution which were pending at the date of the commencement of the Act. No exception was made under s. 29 to cases where possession of the lmlding had been re- covered from the thika tenant. The consequence was that even if the tenant had Jost possession but any proceeding even arising from B an execution proceeding was pending, the provisions of the Act would be attracted. If any such pending suit or proceeding related to any matter in respect of which the Controller was competent to pass orders, the suit or proceeding would he transferred to the Con- troller who would deal with it in accordance with the provisions of the Act just as if the Act had been in operation on the date of the C ~ommencement of the suit or proceeding. The only qualification was that even if the suit had been filed before the Act but was not disposed of by that date, the landlord had to establish that he was entitled to possession because of the existence of any of the grounds mentioned in s. 3. He was however not to be bound by the provision as to giving a notice under s. 4 which obviously he could not have done because of the passing of the Act after D the filing of his suit. As already stated, the Act failed to achieve its object-see Murari v. Prakash(') and Mohammad Mateen v. Baiinath Bajoria.(') To get over this difficulty, an Ordinance, namely, the Calcutta Thika Tenancy (Amendment) Ordinance,
XV of 1952 was promulgated on October 21. 1952. By s. 2 of this Ordinance, the definition of thika tenant in the Calcutta Thika B Tenancy Act, 1949 was substituted by a new one. namely :
"(5) 'thika tenant' means any person who holds, whether under a written lease or otherwise, land under another person, and is but for a special contract would be liable to pay rent, at a monthly or at any other periodical rate, for that land to that another person and has erected any
structure on such land for a residential. manufacturing or business purpose and includes thQ successor in interest of such person, but does not include a person:- (a) who holds such land under that another person in
perpetuity; or (b) who holds such land under that another person under a registered lease, in which the duration of the lease is expressly stated to be for a period of not less than twelve years; or
(c) who holds such land under that another person and uses or occupies such land as a khartal". '(') A.I-II. 1950 Calcutta 230. 001".I KANTA v. ABDUL GAFFU.11 (Mitter, J.) A Other amendments were made in different sections of the Act. The most important one was however that contained in s. S sub-s. (!) of this section which enatced that-
"Save as provided in sub-section ~). the provisions of the said Act as amended by this Ordinance, shall apply to all cases pending before a Court or Controller on the date of the commencement of this Ordinance".
c l!I Sub-s. (2) of s. 5 provided as follows: – "If, at any time between the commencement of the said Act and of this Ordinance, a decree or order has been passed for the recovery of possession of any land and for
other relief, if any, and delivery of possession has not been given, then on application made in this behalf by the person against whom the decree or order was passed, within three months of the commencement of this Ordi-
nance, the Court which or the Controller who passed the decree or the order shall decide (after hearing the parties and after taking fresh evidence if necessary) whether the person is a thika tenant within the meaning of the said
Act as amended by this Ordinance. If the Court or Con- troller holds that the person is not such a thika tenant.. it. or he shall dismiss the application. If the Court or Controller holds that the person is such a thika tenant.
it or he shall set aside the decree or the order and annul the execution proceedings, if any, and (ii) where the proceedings are before a Court-it shall remit the case to the Controller to be dealt with by him
according to la.w. (iii) where the proceedings are before the Controller.- he shall reopen the case and pass a new order". r Sub-s. (4) provided that the provisions of this section would have effect notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any other law or elsewhere in the said Act as amended by the Ordinance. The second . Explanation to the section provided that the expression "court" would include a court exercising appellate or revisiorial jurisdiction and the expression 'controller' meant the controller G referred to in sub-s. (2) of s. 2 of the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act, 1949 for the time being in force or the person deciding an appeal under s. 27 of the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act, 1949 for th~ time being in force as the case may be.
The effect of this was that a person who before the Ordinate would not come within the pale of the Act because he could not I prove a system came within its. protection because of the amend- ment of the definition of a thika tenant. Sub-s. (I) of s. 5 made the Act, as amended by the Ordinance, applicable to all cases pending before a court or a controller. This was irrespective of the question whether the suit had been filed before the Act or L/P(N)lSCI-13
SUPRllJllll COURT RBPORTS (1968] l s.c.R. after the Act, or whether a decree had been passed before the Act A or thereafter. Sub-s. (2) of s. 5 made a special provision for cases where a decree or order for possession had been made between the commencement of the Act arid of the Ordinance and delivery of possession had not been given to the decree-holder. In such a case it became open to a person covered by the new definition of a thika tenant to make an application within three months of 8 the commencement of the Ordinanee either to the court or to the Controller as the case may be for relief on the basis that the applicant was a thika tenant. Such an application could be made even if the decree for ejectment had become final and order for recovery of possession made but actual delivery of possession had not been given. In such a case, if it was found that the person applyin,g was a thika tenant. the court before whom the proceed- C ings were pending had to remit the case to the controller and if the authority before whom the applica.tion was ma de was a con- troller, he ·had to re-open the case and pass a new order. If the matter was in appeal, the appellate court had to exercise jurisdic- tion under this sub-section, determine whether the tenant was a thika tenant and send the matter to the controller 'if it was found D that the tenant was entitled to the benefit of the Act'. Even if no proceedings were pending in any court, it was open to the t/Jika tenant to apply for relief provided delivery of possession had not been given.
Finally came the Thika Tenancy (Amendment) Act (VI of 1953). It made important changes in the Act itself. It came into B force on March 14, 1953 on which date the Calcutta Thika Tenancy (Amendment) Ordinance, 1952 ceased to operate. Sub- s. (2) of s. 1 provided that the Act was to come into force imme- diately on the Calcutta Thika Tenancy <Amendment) Ordinance, 1952 ceasing to operate:
provided that the provisions of the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act, 1949 as amended by this Act were subject to the provisions of s. 9 to apply and be deemed to have I: always applied to all suits, appeals and proceedings-(a) before any court, or (b) before the Controller. or (c) before a person deciding an appeal under s. 27 of the said Act, on the date of the commencement of the Calcutta T/1ika Tenancy (Amendment) Ordinance, 1952 i.e., 21st October, 1952. Section 2 of the Act amended the definition of 'thika tenant' still further by giving the Q benefit of the Act to persons who lmd erected or acquired by pur- chase or gift any structure on the land for a residential, manufac- turing or business purpose and was to include the successors in interrst of such person.
The word 'successor-in-interest' had not been defined m the Act or in the Ordinance but as words in the Act were under s. 2 K sub-s. (6) to have the same .meaning as those used in the Transfer of Property Act. 1882 and the Bengal Tenancy Act, 1885 it
would, but for the amendment of the definition of a thika tenant, have meant only those persons who inherited from tenants and oon ltANT..\ v • .lBDUL G..\nutl (Milter, J.) .I. not those who acquired by purchase. Sections 3, 4 and 5 intro&iK~ changes with which we are not concerned. Section 8 laid down that ss. 28 and 29 of the Act of l 94CJ shall be omitted. Under s. 9 any proceedings commenced under suJ>.s. (2) of s. 5 of the Cal- cutta Thika Tenancy (Amendment) Ordinance. were to be con- tinued as if such sub-ss. (2), (3) and (4) of that section and' the B Explanation to that· section were jn force.
The net result seems to be that after the Amendment Act of 1953' came into force, the position of a tenant had to be examined in the light of the Act as it finally emerged. SuJ>.s. (2) of s. 1 made the provisions of the 'Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act, 1949 as amended by the Act of 1953, applicable to all suits, o appeals and proceedings pending on 21st October before any court or before the controller or before a person deciding an appeal under s. 27 of the Act. No reference is made in this sub- ieetion to the date when the suit was instituted. Only suits which were pending on 21st October 1952 were to be decided in terms of the Act as finally amended.
The question therefore arises, whether a tenant could claim the benefit of the Act in a. pre-Act D suit. It is a geperal principle of Jaw that statutes are not to operate retrospectively so as to defeat vested rights, but such operation may be given by express enactment or by neces.sary implication from the . language employed.
According to Craies on Statute Law (Sixth Edition) at p. 391: "If it is a necessary implication from the language em- ployed that the legislature intended a particular section to have a retrospective operation, the courts will give it such an operation".
The learned author points out at p. 397 : "It is a weil recognised rule that statutes . should be in- terpreted, if possible, so as to respect vested rights, and such a construction should never be
adopted if the words are open· to another construction ……………. .. For it is not to be presumed that interference with exist- ing rights is intended by the legislature, and 'if a statute be ambiguous the court should lean to the interpreta-
tion which would support existing rights." Again lit page 398, the learned author &tates: "In the absence of anything in an Act to show that it is to have a retrospective operation, it cannot be so cons-
trued as to have the effect of altering the law applicable to a slaim in litigation at the time when the Act is passed, ………… Where, however, the necessary intendment of an Act is to affect pending causes of action,' the 'Court will give fllfect to the intention of' the legislature even though there is no express reference to pending actions".
BUl'BIDIE COURT Rlll'OBTB [1968] 1 s.c.11. Reference may be ma.de to the case of Knight v. Lee(') where A Parke B. in his judgment; aid:- "It seems a strong thing to hold that the legislature
could have meant that a party who under a contract made prior to the Act had as perfect title to recover a sum of money as he had to any of his personal property, should be totally deprived of it without compensation".
This was decided in terms of the Gaming Act, 1845, section 18 of which enacted that- "no suit shall be brought or maintained for recovering any such sum of money" and the question was whether that enactment was retrospective 0 so as to defeat an action already commenced. The Gaming Act, 1922 enacted· that "no action for the recovery of money under the said section (s. 2 of the Gaming Act, 1835) shall be enter- tairi!d by any court". In Beadling v. Goll(') it was held that the section was not retrospective and tha.t the Act did not operate to put an end to pending actions.
According to Halsbury's Laws of England, third edition, Vol. 36, page 413, Art. 627 :- "Unless it is clearly and unambiguously intended to do so, a. statute should not be construed so as to interfere
with or prejudice established private rights under con- tracts or the title to property or so as to deprive a man of his property without his having an opportunity of being heard".
The provisions of the Act of 1949 as finally amended by the Act of 1953 have t.o be examined to show how far they disturb the rights of landlord to recover possession of the property from r a person who would be a thika tenant on 28th February, 1949. Section 3 of the Act which cuts down the right of the landlord to re- cover possession except on the grounds therein specified must be held to apply to all suits even though filed before 28~ Feb- ruary 1949. The language of the section leaves no room for doubt as to this. It expressly states that notwithstanding anything G contained in any other law for the time being in force or in any contract, a thika tenant shall be liable to ejectment on grounds specified and not otherwise. Consequently, a landlord who had filed a suit before the 28th October 1949 but was unable to establish any of the grounds mentioned in s. 3 could not claim to eject his tenant But the provisions of ss. 4 and 5 of the Act are not couched in the same kind of language as $. 3. The Jegis- B lature clearly meant s. 4 to be prospective because according to its language "the landlord who wishes to eject the thika tenant (I) [1893] I Q.B. 41.
(2) 39 Times Low lt<lporter 31. f GOPI KANTA 11. ABDUL GAl!'l'Ull (Mitter, J.) A must give at least one month's notice in writing" or three months' notice as the case may be. A landlord who had already filed the suit before the Act had evinced his intention and the question of his wishing to eject the thika tenant afresh after the Act or giving a notice for the purpose did not arise.
Again' s. 5 lays down in clear terms that a "landlord wishing to eject a thika tenant" on one or more of the grounds specified in s. 3 "shall apply in the prescribed manner to the controller". This is only consistent with the wish of a landlord after the Act has come into force. Before the Act had come into force, the landlord could not possibly know that his suit would be liable to be defeated unless he applied to the controller because there C was no such authority functioning then. The section shows clear- ly that when a landlord wished to eject a thika tenant after the Act had come into force, he had to consider whether any of the grounds in s. 3 was available to him, and if so, he did not have to file a suit blit apply to the controller for an order in that behalf.
The language of ss. 4 and 5 leave no room for doubt that after the coming into force of the Act it was not open to the landlord to file a suit. He could only make an application under s. 5 after giving notice under s. 4. Sections 28 and 29 of the Act which· were omitted as a result of the enactment of the Act of 1953 E bring this out in clear terms. Section 28 was meant to give relief to a thika tenant in a case where a decree or order fot recovery of possession of any holding from a thika tenant had been made before the date of commencement of the Act. It could not apply to the facts of a case like the present where the decree was made after the Act had come into force. Section 29, on the other hand, shows that it was to be applicable to atl suits and proceedings F which were pending at the date of the commencement of the Act of 1949. In other words. it was to apply to any suit or appeal or any proceeding in execution which was pending on 28th Febru- ary, 1949. In any such case, the suit or proceeding wherever it was pending had to be transferred to the controller. The control- ler in his turn had to deal with the matter in accordance with the provisions of the Act of 1949 as if it had been in operation on G the date of the institution of the suit or proceeding which might be before the commencement of the Act; but he was to deal
with all pre-Act suits on the basis that no notice under s. 4 was necessary. If the legislature did not want to impose the bar of s. 4 to pre-Act suits in 1949 it does not stand to reason that the legislature should seek to impose it in the year 1953 to be ope- H rative in all suits pending not on February 28, 1949 but on 21st October. 1952. The logical conclusion is that the
legislature always proceeded on the basis that s .. 4 was prospective. The language of s. 5 being closely similar to that used in s. 4 that section should also be held to be prospective only.
SUPQQ COUllT REPORTS [1968] l S.C.11. We cannot speculate as to why the legisla.ture thought fit A to omit ss. 28 and 29 from the Act of 1949. The effect of omis- sion of s. 28 bas been considered by this Court in Mahadeolal Kanodia v. Administrator-General of West
Bengal(') where it was held that a thika tenant against whom proceedings for exe- cution of the decree for eviction were pending and who bad applied for relief under s. 28 Jost the protection of that section B as a result of the Amending Act of 1953.
The effect of omission of s. 29 is that we must measure the rights of the parties in the appeal before us on the basis. that the section bad never been on the statute book. The situation
which arises as a result thereof is that we must deal with the rights of the parties to a suit filed before the Act of 1949 was en· C acted in terms of such provisions as were clearly applicable thereto. As Abdul Gaffur came under .the definition of a thika tenant by the Amending Act of 1953 we have to proceed on the basis that he was sueh a tenant in 1949 with the result that he could claim the benefit of s. 4 of the Act. As already noted, ss. 4 and 5 could not be made to apply to such a suit which in the view expressed, were prospective and not retrospective. Conse- D quently, the absence of a notice under s. 4 would not stand in the way of the landlord nor couJd bis suit be rejected on the ground that he had not applied to the controller. There being no provision for transfer of the proceedings of the suit to the con- troller, the court had to apply the Act as it found applicable to the facts of the case. It is open to the legislature to impose a bar B or a qualific~tion to the rights of the parties by the use of suit- able words such as "notwithstanding any Jaw to the contrary or in any agreement between the parties". In such a case.. a litigant desiring to have relief in a suit must show that .the bar does not affect his case. For instance, it is open to the legislature to enact that notwithstanding the rights which a
landlord may have I' against a tenant under the ordinary Ja.w of the land, he shall not be entitled to eject the tenant unless he makes out a special ground for eviction,. as has been done by s. 3 in this case. Most of the Rent Control Acts all over India contain similar provi- sions and courts have always held. such provisions applicable to pending proceedings. Whereas before the enactment of the Cal- cutta Thika Tenancy Act, 1949 it Was not necessary for the G landlord either to allege any of the grounds specified in s. 3 or to prove the existence thereof at the hearing of the suit, he had to establish the existence of such a ground when the suit was heard. The ground need not be specified in the plaint, but nevertheless it had to be established in the suit. In this case, the learned Subor- dinate Judge, Seventh Court, Alipore who was directed by the remand order of the Calcutta High Court to take fresh evidence, B if necessary, was not called upon by any of the parties to hear or record fresh evidence. He however directed his attention to the (I) [1960] 3 $.C.J\. G78.
GOP! KANTA ti. .IJIDUL GABUB (Miller, J.) A question as to whether the tenant-appellant was entitled to press into service the provisions of ss. 3 and 4 of the Act. According to him both these sections would apply to the facts of this case. The learned Subordinate Judge seems to have been of t.'le opinion that it was necessary to state some ground under s. 3 on the basis of which the landlord wanted to eject the tenant. Referring to the B notice of ejectment served in this case, he said:
"Not any one of the grounds as enumerated in section 3 was called in aid or could be called in aid". He was not right in his view that the grounds specified in s. 3 could not be called in aid. Section 3 does not purport to lay down CJ
that the grounds mentioned therein had got to be stated in the notice of ejectment. All that the section lays down is that eject· ment· could not be had unless the existence of one of the W?unds was proved. Such proof could have been adduced at the tnal even if no mention of the grounds had been made before. As section 4 of the Act was prospective only, it could not apply to this case. The decision of the Subordinate Judge is however right inasmuch D as the landlord made no attempt to establish any of the grounds for eviction mentioned in s. 3. The decision of the High Court, when the matter was heard for the second time must be upheld on that ground. However, the view expressed by the Calcutta High Court finally hearing the appeal that suits for eviction of tlzika tenants became infructuous before civil courts after the omission :g of s. 29 is not correct. The correct view is that ss. 4 and 5 being prospective and as such inapplicable to pre·Act suits, the land- lord had to establish the existence of one of the grounds specified in s. 3 in order to succeed. There being no provision for transfer of pending suits and appeals, the court hearing the appeal would have to pass a decree for ejectment even if the defendant was a tlzika tenant after taking into acount s. 3'. The tenant could not r however. ask for any compensation for the structures but could only remove them in terms of s. 108(h) of the Transfer of Proper· ty ~ct. For rea~ons. ~e cannot speculate upon, the legislature · 1Jm1t~d the apphcab1hty of the Act only to suits and appeals pendmg on 21st October 1952 and not in February, 1949 i.e. the date of the commencement of the Act of 1949. It may be because G before .the Ordin~nce. of 1952 no one could establish his rights ~s a th1ka tenant in view of the vague definition of "thika tenant" m the Act. of 1949 which led to the decisions of the Calcutta High Court &Jlamst persons who sought to establish their rights as such. The le!l1slature cannot be taken to have imposed a ban on all pre- Act suits by the circuitous process of ss. 4 and 5 of the Act It B could then have said in clear terms that all pre-Act suits shait be stay.ed. Clearly that never was the intention of the legislature as section 29 of the Act of 1949 amply demonstrates.
In the r~sult, !18 the land!~d has not established any of the grounds specified m s. 3 entitlmg him to ejectment, the appeal 18' 8Ul'lQlllll COUllT llllPOBTS [1968] l S.C.L must be dismissed. On the special facts of the case, we make no A order as to costs.
Bllupva, 1~1 agree with the judgment of my brother, Mitter. J. with the eKception that I would like to reserve my opi- mon on the question whether section 4 of the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act, 1949, as amended up to 1953. is prospective or not. On the view that this appeal must be dismissed because the res- B pondent was entitled to the benefit of section 3', it docs not appear to me to be necessary to express any opinion on whether compli- ance with section 4 was also required, or whether it being pros- pective only no such compliance by the appellant was needed. Appeal dismissed.
G.C.