Raja Bahadur /(. C. Deo Bhanj v. Raghunath ilfisra and Others Imam]. December I9. any corrupt practice under s. 123 had been established in the case and the election of the appellant could not
be set aside on the only ground on which his election had been set aside by the High Court. The appeal is accordingly allowed with costs and the election peti- tion of respondent No. l is dismissed.
Appeal allowed. GUMMALAPURA TAGGINA MATADA KOTTURUSWAMI v. SETRA VEERA VV A AND OTHERS (JAFER IMAM, S. K. DAs and J. L. KAPUR, JJ.) Hindu Law-Widow in possession of husband's property-
Adopted son getting into possession-Adoption invaUd-Wheti}er widow is in constructive possession-•• Property possessed by a female Hindu", Meaning of-Hindu Succession Act, r956 (30 of r956), s. I4.
Sub-section (1) of s. 14 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, provided : "Any property possessed by a female Hindu, whether acquired before or after the commencement of this Act, shall be held by her as full owner thereof and not as a limited owner." A suit instituted by the nearest reversioner of K for a
declaration that the adoption made by K's widow was invalid, was dismissed and during the pendency of the appeal filed against the decree dismissing the suit, the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, came into force. At the hearing of the appeal the respon- dent raised the preliminary objection that even if the adoption were held to be invalid, the appellant's suit must fail in view oi the provisions of s. 14 of the Act under which K's widow, who was a party to the suit and the appeal, would be entitled to a full ownership of her husband's properties; while it was urged for the appellant that s. 14 of the Act did not apply to the facts of the case because the properties were not in the possession of K's widow, but were only with the 11dopted son at the time the Act came into force.
Held, that the word "possession" in s. 14 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, is, used in the widest connotation and it may be either actual or constructive or iq any form recognised by law.
Gostha Behari v. Haridas Samanta, A.LR. 1957 Cal. 557, approved. In the present case, if the adoption was invalid K's widow Kottmuswami. would be the full owner of K's estate, and even if it be assumed v.
that the adopted son was in actual possession <ilf the estate, his Vuravva possession was merely permissive and K's widow must be regard- ed as being in constru<>tive possession of it through him. Accord- ingly, s. 14 was applicable and as K's widow became a full owner of her husband's estate, the appellant's suit was not main- tainable.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 120 of 1955. Appeal from the judgment and decree dated March 25, HJ49, of the Madras High Court in Appeal No. 55 of 194:6, arfaing out of the judgment and decree dated
November 26, 1945, of the Court of the District Judge of Bellary in Original Suit No. 39of1943. A. V. Viswanatha Sastri and K. R. Ohaudhury for B. K. B. Naidu, for the appellant. K. N. Rajagopala Sastri and M. S. K. Sastri, for tho
respondents. 1958. December 19. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by IMAM, J.-This 3.ppeal is before us on a certificate granted by the High Court as according tu that Court
a substantial question of law arose in the case which was dtated by it to be " Is the adoption of the seooad defendant invalid, as the approval or consent of the five trustees mentioned in paragraph 14 of the will of
Kari Veerappa, Exbt. l?-2(a) was not obtained; and is the authority to adopt at an end if any one of those five persons did not accept the trusteeship or died before the adoption or refui>ed to give their.approval".
In view of certain 1ha.tters about to be stated, the question of law as propounded by the High Court does not require to be considered. Kari Veerappa was the last male owner of the estate
mentioned in his will, Exbt. P-2(a), which he executed on October 10, 1920. Under this will he authorised his wife Setra. Veeravva., first defendant, to adopt a son for ·the purpose of continuation of his family as
lrnam J. K ottsu uswan1i v. Veeravv!l lma111 ]. he had no issue. The authority to adopt was in the following terms : "I have given her permission to adopt as many times as would be necessary, should the previous
adoption be unsuccessful. But Veeravva must adopt only a boy approved by the respectable persons appointed by me in paragraph 14; should Veeravva die before making any adoption, the persons becoming
trustees should arrange for the adoption of a boy for the continuation of my family in accordance with my kulachara (family usage)". At this stage it is unnecessary to refer to the other
provisions of the will of Kari Veerappa. This gentle- man died on October 23, 1920. After his death, his widow made two attempts to adopt a son in accord- ance with bis will. The first attempt was in 1939
which did not accomplish the purpose of the will as the person alleged to have been adopted died. The validity of this adoption was being questioned, but as the boy said to have been adopted had died, efforts to
dispute the adoption did not materialise. Veeravva thereafter, on October II, 1942, adopted second defen- dant, Sesalvada Kotra Basayya. Two documents in this connection are on the record.
The first document is Exbt. D-25 dated the 18th of September, 1942, which was a registered agreement to adopt the second defendant. The second document is also a. registered document, which is described a.s the deed of adoption
and is dated June 23, 1943. This clearly states that on October II, 1942, Veeravva had adopted the 2nd defendant. Reference was also made in this document to the agreement of September 18, 1942. The appel-
lant claiming to be the nearest reversioner of Kari Veerappa filed the present suit asking for a declaration that the adoption of the second defendant by Veer- a vva was invalid and not binding on the appellant or
the other reversioners to the estate of the late Kari Veerappa. The suit filed by the appellant was heard by the District Judge of Bellary who dismissed it. The a.ppellant appealed to the High Court of Madras. His
appeal was dismissed and the decision of the District …. Judge was substantially affirmed. The High Court did not allow compensatory costs granted by the District Judge, nor did it agree with his finding that
the appellant had failed to prove the relationship he had propounded and that he was not a reversioner at all, far less the nearest reversioner. In the opinion of the High Court, the appellant was a relative and a
reversioner, though he had not pl'oved that he was the neal'est l'eversioner alive at the time the appeal was heal'd and that he need not prove this until he actually sought to recover possession of ihe property
after Veeravva's death. When this appeal came on for hearing the learned Advocate for the respondents took a preliminary objection that the suit filed hy the plaintiff must in any event fail, having regard to the provisions of s. 14
of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 (30 of 1956), here- inafter referred to as the Act. Hence the present appeal arising out of that suit must also fail. lt was contended on behalf of the respondents that either
there was a valid adoption or there was not. If there was a valid adoption and the decisions of the High Court and the District Judge on this question were correct, then obviously the suit of the appellant
must be dismissed. If, on the other hand, it was found that the adoption of the second defendant by Veern.vva was either invalid or, in fact, had not taken place, then under the provisions of s. 14 of the Act,
Veeravva became the full owner of her husband's estate and was not a limited owner thereof. Conse- quently, the appellant's suit was not maintainable. In view of this submission we are of the opinion that
the point raised by way of preliminary objection must first be considered and decided. It is well settled that an appellate court is entitled to take into considera- tion any change in the law (vide the case of Lach-
meshwar Prasad Shukul v. Keshwar Lal Chaudhuri (1). Section 14 of the Act states:- " 14(1) Any property possessed by a female Hindu, whether acquired before or after the commence-
ment of this Act, shall be held by her as full owner thereof and not as a limited owner. (1) (1940] F.C.R 84. I\ ol/urnswa"'l v. C' eeravua [mam ]. h·oJlutuswatni v. Veeravva Imam].
Explanation.-In this sub.section, "property" includes both movable and immovable property acquired by a female Hindu by inheritance or devise, or at a partition, or in lieu of maintenance or arrears
of maintenance, or by gift from any person, whether a. relative or not, before, at or 11ofter her marriage, or by her own skill or exertion, or by purchase or by pre- scription, or in any other manner whatsoever, and also
any such property held by her as stridhana immedi- ately before the commencement of this Act. (2) Nothing contained in sub-section (1) shall apply to any property acquired by way of gift or
under a will or any other instrument or under a deeree or order of a civil court or under an award where' the terms of the gift, will or other instrument or the decree, order· or award prescribe a restricted estate in such
property." On behalf of the appellant it. was urged that s. 14 of the Act did not apply to the facts of the present case because the estate of Veerappa was not in posses- sion of his widow Veeravva but was in possession of
the second defendant at the time the Act came into force and, secondly, because under sub-s. (2) of s. 14 Vreravva got a restric:Led esl,>tte nnder the will Exbt. P-2(a) arnl the agreement to adopt, Exbt. D-25. It
was submitted that the widow's power of n,doption did not depend on her ownership of the estate of her hus- band. That power in the present case was derived under the Hindu law eithf'r from the anthority ·con-
ferred by her husband or the consent of his agnates. The Act <lid not enlarge her power of adoption and did not render an invalid adoption made by her immune from attack by the reversioners during her
life time. The aet of Veeravva in the present case was to bring in a stranger. The appellant as a rever- sioner was, therefore, entitled during the life time of Veeravva to bring the present suit to obtain a declara-
tion that the adoption of the second defendant was invalid. ·The question raised by the preliminary objection taken by the respondents must be considered on the assumption that the adoption of the second defendant
wa.s invalid. The provisions of s. 14 of the Act would not a.rise for consideration, if the second defendant had been validly adopted. It is necessary, therefore, to determine whether the provisions of s. 14 apply to
the facts of the present case. It was strongly urged on b0half of the appellant that the words "any propert,y possessed by a female Hindu" in s. 14 of the Act referred to actual posses-
sion of the property whether the property was ac- quired before or after the Act came into force. This wa.s a condition precedent to the applicability of the provisions of s. 14 to the present case. Since the Act
·~came into force on Juue 17, 1956, and the decision of the High Court was given on March 25, 1955, the question as to who was in actual possession of the estate of Veerappa did not arise for consitleration on
the case of the appellant set out in his plaint. The appellant should accordingly be given an opportunity to have a finding recorded on this question after the t.aking of evidence in that respect. On behalf of the
respondepts it was urged that the. words "any pro- perty possessed by a female Hindu " did not refer merely to actual physica.l possession only bnt to ownership and possession in law as well.
It was further urged on behalf of the rospondents that even if it be assumed that the words " possessed by a female Hindu" mean actua.I possession then, in the present case, it had been proved that Veeravva
was in actual possession of the estate of Veerappa when the Act came into force. It could not be disput- ed that on the death of V cerappa, Veera.vva came into possession of his estate and that she remained in
possession at least until 1942 when the adoption of the second defendant is said to have taken place. But even on the adoption of the second defendant, the agreement to adopt dated September 18, 1942, stated
that Veeravva was to remain in possession of her husband's estate during her life time in spite of the adoption. In the written sttt.tement filed by Veeravva and the second defendant it was clearly stated in para. 6
thereof that Veeravva. came into possession of her husband's property and that she recovered possession Kofluruswami v. Ve1ravvo Imam J. Kolfuru.~wami v. Vaetavva Imam _/. of the property covered by the decree in 0. S. 20
of 1921 on the file of the Subordinate Judge's Court, Bellary, and that she had been in sole possession of the said property up-to-date and that although she had adopted the second defendant on October 11, 1942,
it was subject to retention of the enjoyment, possession and management by her of her husband's property during her life time. An affidavit had been filed in this Court by the second defendant in which he has
clearly admitted that Veeravva is still in possession of his adoptive father's estate in pursuance of the agree- ment of Septem her 18, 1942. This was an admissi·on against his own interest by the second defendant
which he was not likely to make unless it was a fact that Veeravva was in possession of the estate since her husband's death up to the present. In answer to the affidavit of the second defendant and Veeravva that
she was in actual possession, the appellant had failed to file an affidavit with any clear assertion that to his knowledge Veeravva was not in possession. The affidavit filed by the appellant was in the nature of
submissions made to the Court rather than an affida- vit in which facts to his knowledge were asserted. In para. 2 he had made the significant statement "I understand that the possession of the suit properties
has been and is now, in truth and in fact, with the alleged adopted son, the second petitioner. He is in possession of these properties and is dealing with them." He did not disclose how he came to under-
stand this. He certainly did not assert that all that was stated in para. 2 was to his knowledge. As an alternative, the appellant in para. 4 of his affidavit had submitted "If I succeed in proving that the
adoption is not true and valid, the petitionets cannot turn round and say that the possession of the first petitioner is that of a widow of an intestate and in- voke the provisions of s. 14 of the Succession Act."
He had further submitted in this paragraph that, even on the case of the respondents set out in their petition · for adding additional grounds, Veeravva's estate was divested by the adoption, and as she came into
possession by reason of the ante-adoption agreement (1) S.C.R. Exbt. D-25, s. 14 of the Act was not applicable. It seems to us that if it were permissible to decide the question of Veeravva.'s possession on only the affida-
vits before us, we would find no difficulty in holding that she was in possession of her husband's estate when the Act came into force. It is to be remembered, howev!:'.r, that this question has arisen now and the
appellitnt has had no real opportunity to establish his assertion that the second defendant is in actual posses- sion and not Veeravva. It is necessary therefore to consider the true scope and effect of the provisions of
sub-s. (1) of s. 14 of the Act. If the words " possessed by a female Hindu " occurring therein refer only to actual physical possession, it may be necessary to call for a finding on the question of such possession ; if,
on the contrary, these words have a wide connotation and include constructive possession or possession in law, the preliminary objection can be determined on the footing that Veeravva was in such possession at
the relevant time. The provisions of s. 14 of the Act have been the sub. ject of scrutiny and interpretation by variou::1 High Courts. In the case of Rama Ayodhya Missir v. Raghu-
nath M issir (1) and in the case of Mt. J anki K uer v. Chhathu Prasad (2) the Patna High Court took the view that the effect of ss. 14 and 15 of the Act was that a reversioner recognised as such under the Hindu law
was no more a reversioner, as a female Hindu possess- ing any property, whether acquired before or after the commencement of the Act, held not a limited estate but an absolute estate therein, and after the coming
into force of the Act, he had no right of reversion or any kind of spes successionis. The High Courts of Calcutta, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh have taken a view which does not support the view express-
ed by the Patna High Court in the aforesaid cases. The High Court of Madhya Pradesh in the case of Mt. Lukai v. Niranjan (3) dissented from the decisions of the Patna High Court in the above-mentioned
cases. Indeed, the Patna High Court in the case of (1) A.LR. 1957 Pat. 480. (2) A.l.R. 1957 Pat. 674. (3) A.LR. 1958 Madh. Pra. 160. Kotlu,..uswami v. v11,avva Imam J. Kottu1u~u·ami
,._ Imam j. Harak Singh v. Kailash Singh(') overruled its pre- vious deciRions referred to above, and rightly pointed out that the object of the Act was to improve the legal sta1,us of Hindu women, enlarging their limited inter-
est in property inherited or held by them to an abso- lute interest, provided they were in possession of the property when the Act came into force and, therefore, in a position to take ad vantage of its l.ienefidlft.l pro- visionA; but the Act was not intended to benefit
alienees who with their eyes open purchased the pro- perty from the limited owners without justifying necessity before the Act came into force and at a time when the vendors had only a limited interest of Hindu
women. In the case before us, the edsential question for con- sideration is as to how the words " any property possessed by a female Hindu, whether aquired before or after the commencement of this Act " in s. 14 of
the Act should be interpreted. Section 14 refers to property which was either acquired before or after the commencement of the Act and that such property should be possessed by a female Hindu. lleferenco to
property acquired before the commencement of the Act certainly makes the provisions of the section re- trospective, but even in such a case the propert.y must be possessed by a female Hindu at the time the Act
came into force in order to make the provisions of the section applicable. There is no question in the present case that Veera vva acquired the property of her deceased husband before the commencement of the
Act. In order that the provisions of s. 14 may apply to the present case it will have to be further establish- ed that the property was possessed by her at the time the Act came into force. It was the case of the appel-
lant that the estate of Veerappa was in actual posses- sion of the second defendant and not Veeravva at the relevant time. On behalf of the respondent it was urged that the words "possessed by " had a wider
meaning than actual physical possession, although physical possession may be included in. the expression. (1) A.I.R. 1958 Pat. 581. (1) S.C.R. In the case of Gaddam Venkayamma v. Gadda.m Vee-
rayya (11 Viswanatha Sastri, J., with whom Sa.tyanara- yana Raju, J., agreed, expressed the opinion that " the word' possessed' in s. 14 refers to possession on the date when the Act came into force. Of course, posses-
sion referred to in s. 14 need not be actual physical possession or personal occupation of the property by the Hindu female but may be possession in law. The possession of a licensee, lessee or a mortgagee from the
female owner or the possession of a guardian or a trustee or an agent of the female owner would be her possession for the purpose of s. 14. The word " possess- ed " is used in s. 14 in a broad sense and in the con-
text possesRion means the state of owning or having in one's hands or power. It includes possession by receipt of rents and profits." The learned Judges ex- pressed the view tha.t even if a trespasser were in
possession of the land belonging to a female owner, it might conceivably be regarded as being in possession of the female owner, provided the trespasser had not perfected his title.
We do not think that it is neces- sary in the present case to go to the extent to which the learned Judges went. It is sufficient to say that "possessed" in s. 14 is used in a broad sense and in
the context means the state of owning or having in one's hand or power. In the case of Gostha Behari v. Haridas Samanta (2), P. N. Mookherjee, J., expressed his opinion as to the meaning of the words " any pro-
perty possessed by a female Hindu" in the following words:- "The opening words in " property possessed by a female Hindu" obviously mean that to come within the purview of the section the property must be in
possession of the female concerned at the date of the commencement of the Act. They clearly contemplate the female's possession when the Act came into force. That possession might have been either actual or con-
structive or in any form recognised by law, but unless the female Hindu, whose limited estate in the disputed property is claimed to have been transformed into (1) A.LR. 1957 Andh, Pra. 280.
(2) A.LR. 1957 Cal. 557, 559. Kotturuswami v. ve~ravva Imam]. Kotturuswami v. Veeravva Imam j. [1959] Supp. absolute estate under this particular section, was at least in such possession, taking the word " possession "
in its widest connotation, when the Act came into force, the section would not apply". In our opinion, the view expressed above is the correct view as to how the words " any property possessed by
a female Hindu " should be interpreted. In the pre· sent case if the adoption was invalid, the full owner ofVeerappa's estate was his widow Veeravva and even if it be assumed that the second defendant was
in actual possession of the estate his possession· was merely permissive and Veeravva must be regarded as being in constructive possession of it through the second defendant. In this situation, at the time when
the Act came into force, the property of Veerappa must be regarded in law as being possessed by Veeravva. It was suggested that according to the will of Veerappa, Exbt. P-2(a), in the properties mentioned in
para. 4 of that will, V eera vva got only a restricted estate. The provisions of para. 4 of the will, however, make it clear that they would come into force only if the trustees mentioned in the will and Veeravva
should disagree. No material was shown to us that, in fact, the trustees and Veeravva had disagreed and that the provisions of para. 4 were given effect to. Paragraph 12 of the will also showed that if the
adoption was invalid, the property devolved on Veeravva as in intestacy. It is clear, therefore, that the provisions of para. 4 are of no assistance to the appellant in applying the provisions of sub-s. (2) of
s. 14 of the Act. Reference was also made to the con- tents of the agreement, Exbt. D-25, dated September 18, 1942, in this connection. It is clear, however, that by this agreement no estate was conferred on Vee-
ravva and she did not thereby acquire any estate, much less a restricted estate. All that this document stated was that there was an agreement between the guardians of the boy to be adopted and V eera vva
that even if the boy is adopted, Veeravva would re- main in possession and enjoyment of her husband's estate during her life time. In our opinion, there is (1) S.C.R. no material on the record by which it can reasonably
be said that the provisions of sub-s. (2) of s. 14 of the Act applied to the present case. It was urged that the act of Veeravva in adopting the second defendant was to bring in a stranger and
this action of hers could be questioned by a reversioner, as any aVenation made by her, during her life time. Reference was made to s. 42 of the Specific Relief Act, Illustration (f). In our opinion, this is of no avail to
the appellant, because Illustration (f) obviously refers to a Hindu widow's estate and has no reference to a full owner. The right of a reversioner as one of the heirs under s. 42, Specific Relief Act, is limited to the
question of preserving the estate of a limited owner for the benefit of the entire body of reversioners; hut as against a full owner, the reversioner has no such right. In our opinion, under the Act Veeravva becom-
ing a full owner of her husband's estate, the suit could not succeed and the appeal must accordingly fail. In our opinion, the appellant's suit was not main- tainable~ having regard to the provisions of s. 14 of
the Act, even if it be assumed that there was no valid adoption of the second defendant. The appeal accord- ingly fails and is dismissed with costs. Appeal dismissed. Kolturuswami
v. Veeravva Imam]. THE ASIATIC STEAM NAVIGATION CO., LTD. x959 January u. SUB-LT. ARABINDA CHAKRA V ARTI (SYED JAFER IMAM, S. K. DAS and J. L. KAPUR, JJ.) Shipping-Collision-Negligence-" Standing on"
vessel- " Giving way" vessel-Rights and duties-Nautical assessors- Advice not binding on Court-Merchant Shipping Act, I894 (57 & 58 Viet. c. 60) Regulations of I9IO, Arts. 2I, 23, 25, 27, 29. On December 13, 1940, in the afternoon, a cargo ship, N,
left Madras harbour bound for Calcutta heading for the open sea. She was being navigated in a swept channel outside the