H. VENKATACHALA IYENGAR versus B. N. THIMMAJAMMA & OTHERS

.1.958 November IJ. H. VENKATACHALA IYENGAR v. B. N. THIMMAJAMMA & OTHERS (VENKATARAMA AIYAR, P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR and A. K. SARKAR, JJ.) Will-Mode of proof-Pnus-Suspicious circumstances-Re-

moval of such suspicion, if part of the initial burden on the propo- under-Indian Evidence Act, r872 (I of r87z), ss. 45, 47, 67, 68- Indian Succession Act, r9z5 (XXXIX of r9z5), ss. 59, 63.

The mode of proving a will does not ordinarily differ from that of proving any other document except as to the special requirement of attestation prescribed in the case of a will by s. 63 of the Indian Succession Act. Proof in either case cannot be mathematically precise and certain and so the test should be one of satisfaction of a prudent mind in such matters. The onus must be on the propounder and in absence of suspicious circum- stances. surrounding the execution of the will, proof of testamen- tary capacity and signature of the testator as required by law may be sufficient to discharge the onus.

Where, however, there are suspicious circumstances, the onus would be on the propounder to explain them to the satis- faction of the Court before the will can be accepted as genuine. If the caveator alleges undue influence, fraud or coercion the onus will be on him to prove the same. Where there are no such pleas but the circumstances give rise to such doubts, it is for the propounder to satisfy the conscience of the Court.

What are suspicious circumstances must be judged in the facts and circumstances of each particular case. If the propounder takes a prominent part in the execution of the will which confers substantial benefits on him, that itself is a suspicious circum- stance attending the execution of the will and in appreciating the evidence in such a case, the court should proceed with an open but nevertheless vigilant and cautious mind.

Barmes v. Hinkson, (1946) 50 C.W.N. 895, Fulton v. Andrew, (1875) L.R. 7 H.L. 448, Barry v. Bullin, [1838] 2 Moo. P.C. 480, V allasamy Servai v. Sivaraman Servai, (1929) L.R. 57 I.A. 96 and Sarai Kumar Bibi v. Sakhi Chand, (1928) L. R. 56 I. A. 62, refer- red to.

Case-law discussed. In the instant case the appellant, as the sole executor to a will, brought the suit out of which the appeal arises, for a decla- ration that the testatrix was the owner of certain properties and was as such entitled to dispose of them by the will and asked for consequential reliefs purporting to give effect to the be'!uests made by her. It appeared from the evidence that the appellant took a prominent, if not a decisive, part in the execution of the will, which contained substantial bequests in favour of his sons. I958

But there was no evidence to show that the draft was ever approved by the testatrix or that the will was fully read out to H. Venkatachala her and she knew its contents. The trial court decreed the suit Iyengar

but the High Court dismissed the same. v. Held, that the High Court was right in setting aside the B. N. Thimma- finding of the trial court that the will had been duly and validly jamma

executed. and Others Held further, that the trial court was in error in holding that the proof of signature in the instant case could raise a presumption as to the testator's knowledge of the contents of the will.

Surcndra Nath Chattcrji v. ]almavi Charan M11khcrji, (1928) l.L.R. 56 Cal. 390, explained and approved. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 18 of 1955. Appeal from the judgment and decree dated March

20, 1951, of the Mysore High Court in R.A. No. 155 of 1947-48, arising out of the judgment and decree dated December 19, 1947, of the Court of Sub-Judge, Mysore, in 0. S. Suit No. 44 of 1946-47.

S. I{. Venkataranga Iyengar and K. Keshava Iyengar, for the appellant. A. V. Viswanatha Sastri and K. R. Choudhry, for responde11t No. I. 1958. November 13. The Judgment of the Court

was delivered by GAJENDRAGADKAlt, J.-This appeal arises from a Gajendragadkar ]. suit brought by the appellant in the court of the Sub- ordinate Judge, Mysore, as the sole executor of the

will alleged to have been executed by one Laksh- mamma on August 22, 1945, (Ex. A). In this suit the appPll<mt claimed a declaration that the said Laksh- mamma was the owner of the properties mentioned in

the schedule a.ttached to the plaint and as such was entitled to dispose of them by a will ; and he asked for consequential reliefs purporting to give effect to the bequests made by the said will. The schedule attached

to the plaint describes the properties covered by the will under five items. First three items in the schedule refer respectively to 5, 4 and 4 agricultural lands at Hampapura village, whereas the fourth item includes

[1959] Supp. r95B 9 lands at Arjunahalli village and the last item is a H. Vrnkata,hal<t v acant site in Hamp apura vidllage. Acc(lrding to th e Iyenga• p aint, under the wil respon ent 1 was entit ed on y

v. to a life interest in items 1 and 2 and that on her B. N. Thimma- death the said items would vest in respondents 2 to 4 jamma and respondent 5 respectively. Since respondent 1 and Othm

was in possession of all the five items, the appellant Gajcndrngadka' /.claimed a decree for possession against respondent 1 in · respect of items 3, 4 and 5 and a declaration that res-

pondent 1 was to have only a life interest in items 1 and 2. By his plaint the appellant also claimed to recover Rs. 2,100 which had been collected by respon- dent 1 by way of income from the suit lands and a

further prayer was made for the payment of current mesne profits by respondent 1. Before referring to the pleadings of the parties it would be relevant to mention the material facts in

regard to their relationship which are not· in dispute. One Annaji Iyengar who died in July 1903 left behind him his adopted son, the appellant, and two daughters Gundarnma alias Ranganayakamma who is still alive

and Lakshmamma alias Achamma who is alleged to have executed the will in suit and died thereafter on September 26, 1945, at Mandya. Respondents 2 to 4 are the sons of the appellant. Lakshmamma :was

martied to Sadagopalachar who died in December 1908. The couple had· three children, a son named Narayana Iyengar who died on January 14, 1944, without any issue and left behind him his widow res-

pondent 1 ; and the two remaining children of Laksh- mamma were daughters Thirumalamma and Yadugir- amma. Both of them are dead. Thirumalamma was married to one G. Parthasarathy Iyengar by whom

she had a son of weak intellect, who died pending litigation, and three daughters Neelu, Jaye. a.nd Padmini. Y adugiramma wa.s married to Kalbaga.l Garudachar and by him she ha.d a. son Na.rasimha

Iyengar, respondent 5, and daughter Lilly. Ka.Iba.gal Garudachar had a son S. G. Ka.Iba.gal (hereinafter des- cribed as Junior Kalbagal) from his first wife. Jaya was married to Kalbagal Junior. The claim made by

the appellant under the will is resisted by respondent I. (1) S.C.R. Respondents 2 to 5 have not appeared in the proceed- z95B in gs. H. Venkatachala According to the case set out by the appellant in

Iyengar his plaint Annaji Iyengar had made a gift of proper- v. ties, items 1 and 2, in favour jointly of Lakshmamma B. N. Thimma- and Sadagopalachar under a registered deed of gift on

a!:~n;,,:,s February 16, 1902 (Ex. D). It was also alleged that the said Annaji Iyengar had executed a will on Augustt;ajendragadl1ar ]. 31, 1901, (Ex. B2(a)) under which he had bequeathed

in favour of Lakshmamma and Sadagopalachar hypo- thecation bonds to the extent of Rs. 10,320 as gift with the express stipulation that the survivor of the legatees should take the whole of the bequest by survivorship.

The appellant alleged that Sadagopalachar was a man of very moderate means and had given up his petty job in the registration department in order to manage the properties received by him and his wife from

Annaji Iyengar. During the course .of the manage- ment Sadagopalachar used the cash of Rs. 10,320 received by bequest under the will of Annaji Iyengar to buy some immoveable properties including items 3

and 4. Since Sadagopalachar pre-deceased his wife Lakshmamma, all his rights in the properties acquired under the gift deed as well as those subsequently purchased deyolved on Lakshmamma alone by survi-

vorship. That is how she became the absolute owner of the said properties. Alternatively it was alleged by the appellant that even if survivorship did not apply and so her son Narayana Iyengar acquired interest to

half the share in the properties covered by the gift deed, he had during his lifetime sold away consider- able properties of his father and mother much above the value of his half share and in consequence the

remaining properties which represent Lakshmamma's half share became her absolute properties. On this alternative ground the absolute title of Lakshmamma with regard to all the properties in suit wa11 set up.

The appellant thus claimed that Lakshmamma was entitled to make a will and asked for a declaration in that behalf and consequential reliefs so as to give effect to the terms and dispositions of the will. Accord-

ing to the appellant the will propounded by him was [1959] Supp. the last testament of Lakshmamma and it had been H. Venk:achala exo.cuted by h~r voluntarily an.d of her own free will Iycagar

wlule she was ma sound and disposing state of mind. v. Respondent I disputed the appellant's claim. She B. N. Thimma- denied that Annaji Iyengar had made a will on 1d"';~~· August 31, 1901, or that Lakshmamma and Sadagopa-

lachar had received the moveables of the value of Gajcndragadkar J. Rs. 10,320 under it. According to her, the gift deed (Ex. D) did not provide for devolution of interest by survivorship; she pleaded that Lakshmamma had

transferred all her interests in the properties comprised in the gift. deed in favour of her husband Sadagopala- char who then became their sole owner. Respondent I did not admit that the properties subsequently pur-

clrnsed by Sadagopalachar including items 3 to 5 were purchased with any monies bequeathed to him and his wife by Annaji Iyengar; according to her, Sadago- palachar had U1ade these purchases with his own

fonds. Hespondent l's case was that, after the death of his father Sadagopalachar, her husband Narayana Iyengar became the absolute owner of all the proper- ties and so Lakshmamma was not competent in law to

make a will in respect of any of them. She further alleged that the will set up by the appellant was not genuine or valid and that at the material time Laksh- mamma was not in a sound and disposing state of

mind. She contended that the will had been brought into existence through the machinations of the appellant and she disputed the appellant's right to bring the present suit. On these pleadings the learned trial judge framed

fifteen issues. He found that the will executed by Ann:iji Iyengar on August 31, 1901, was genuine and ntlid; and that the rule of survh-orship was applic- able :is between the legatees inter se in respect of the

properties conveyed by the said will. It was, however, held that the rule of survivorship did not apply to the properties gifted to Sadagopalachar and Lakshmamma under Annaji's deed of gift (Ex. D) which was held to

be genuine and valid. In regard to the properties subsequently purchased by Sadagopalachar the learn- ed judge said that " in fairness to the parties he would (1) S.C.R. like to hold that various survey numbers in items 3

x95a and 4 had been purchased by Sadagopalachar out of H Venkatachala the joint income from the properties bequeathed to · Iyengar him and his wife by Annaji as also from the proper-

v. ties and through income which he got at a partition B. N. Thimma- between himself and his coparceners " (Ex. F). 'The jamma purchases made by Narayana Iyengar were held to and Others

have been made out of the income of the properties of Gajendragadkar 1. his father and of his mother. The learned judge rejected the plaintiff's case that Narayana Iyengar had disposed of his properties equivalent to his right

under the gift deed of Annaji (Ex. D) and held that he was the owner of the properties which had vested in his father. In the result, according to the learned judge, Lakshmamma had a half share in all the pro-

perties in suit and so she was competent to make the will in respect of the said share. The learned judge then considered the question as to the execution of the will set up by the appellant and came to the conclu-

sion that the will (Ex. A) was genuine and valid to the extent of the share belonging to the testatrix. The learned judge also found that the suit was maintain- able, was not barred by time and had been properly

filed. As a result of these findings the learned judge declared that Lakshmamma was the full owner of half the share in the scheduled properties and that respon- dent 1 under the will had only a life interest in respect

of the said half share in items 1 and 2. As a con- sequence of this declaration the decree passed by the learned judge directed respondent 1 to put the appel- lant in possession of Lakshmamma's half share in

items 3, 4 and 5; it also ordered respondent 1 to pay to the appellant a sum of Rs. 1,050 out of the past mesne profits recovered by her. An enquiry into future mesne profits was also directed under 0. XX, r. 12. In

view of the fact that the appellant had succeeded only in regard to half the properties in suit the decree asked the parties to bear their own costs. Against this decree respondent 1 preferred an appeal

in the High Court of Mysore; and the appellant filed cross objections. The High Court held that'the appel- lant had not established that when Lakshmamma was alleged to ha. ve executed the will she was in a. sound

II. V•nkatachala and disposing state of mind or that it was her will in Iy<ngar the sense that it represented her intentions. Accord- v. ing to the High Court, in the light of this finding " it

n. N. Tlmnrna- might be unnecessary to consider the other issues in • jamma the case". Even so the High Court proceeded to and Othm indicate its conclusions on two of such issues. It held

Gaj•ndr-;g-;;dkar 1. that the appellant had entirely failed to prove that the money for the purchase of items 3, 4 and 5 came out of any bequest under Annaji's will (Ex. B2(a)) or the

incomes from the properties covered by the gift deed (Ex. D) and so in its opinion Lakshmamma could not claim any share in the said properties. On the other hand, the High Court indicated that it was inclined to

accept the plea raised by respondent 1 that Laksh- mamma had transferred all her interest in the pro- perties comprised in the said deed of gift in favour of her husband Sadagopalachar ; and-~ince in its opinion

" Lakshmamma. at no time appears to have claimed that she had any interest in those properties, there was considerable force in the argument urged by respon- dent 1 that Lakshmamma must have relinquished her

interest.in the said properties and waived her rights in .favour of her husband". The High Court thought that the lea.rued trial judge had not fully considered a.II the material bearing on this point and so was in

error in holding that at the relevant date Laksh- ma.mma had a subsisting interest in ha.If the share even in the suit properties, items 1 and 2. Having thus indicated its decision on the two issues the High Court

has observed that even if it had found in favour of the appellant on these two points it would not have been of any help to him because his case must inevitably fail when it is held that the will set up by him was not

proved to be the la.st will and testament of Laksh- mamma.. In the result the appeal preferred by respon- dent 1 was allowed, the cross-objections filed by the appellant were rejected and his suit was dismissed. In

the circumstances of the case the High Court made no orders as to costs. The appellant then applied for and obtained a certificate from the High Court that the decision under appeal is one of reversal and it involves a claim

z958 respecting properties of the value of not less than H Venkatachala Rs. 20,000. In pursuance of this certificate the High · Iyengar Court ordered that the appeal to this Court should be

v. admitted ; and so this appeal has come to this Court. B. N. Thimma- Since the main contention raised by the appellant is Jamm" and Others directed against the finding of the High Court that the

_ will in question is not proved to be the ]a.st wi11 and Gajendriigadkar J. testament of Lakshmamma, it would be necessary to refer to the broad features, and dispositions, of the will and the evidence adduced by the appellant to prove its

execution. At the material time Lakshmamma was about 64 yea.rs of age. She usually resided at Hampa- pur; but about a month before the execution of the will she had gone to Mandya to attend the marriage in the

house of Junior Kalbagal. After the marriage was over she would normally have returned to Hampapur but she fell ill and had to extend her stay with Junior Kalbagal. The appellant's case is that she had told him that she

wanted to execute a will and had given him instruc- tions in that behalf. This talk had taken place be- tween her and the appellant about a year before the execution of the will. The appellant, however, did not

find time to get the will written. When Lakshmamrna fell ill at Mandya the appellant had gone to visit her and she pressed the appellant to prepare the draft of her will in accordance with her instructions. So the

appellant prepared a draft at Mysore a day prior to the execution of the will. He then went to Mandya by the morning train on August 22, 1945, and the will was got written about 11 or 11-30 a.m. The appellant

had the draft in his hand from which he dictated to the scribe Chokkanna (P. W. 3) who wrote the will. After the will was written the scribe took it to the adjoining room where Lakshmamma was lying in bed.

The will was then read out to her and was signed by her in five places (Exs. A-1 to A-5). Subsequently it was attested by two witnesses Krishnamurthy Rao (P. W. 1) and Narasimha Iyengar (P. W. 2). Some

time later during the course of the day the Sub-Regis- trar came to the house of Junior Ka.Iba.gal and in his r958 presence the will (Ex. A) was duly registered. On the same day at about the same time Lakshmamma

Ji. Venkatachala Iy•ngar executed a power of attorney in favour of the appellant v. (Ex. EE) and this document was also duly attested B. N. Thinuna· aml. registered. The appellant has examined himself jamma

(P. W. 7), the two attesting witnesses (P. W. I and P. and Others . W. 2), the scribe (P. W. 3) and Junior Kalbagal (P. GajendMgadl.ar J. W .. 4) in support of his case that the will was duly and validly executed by Lakshmamma.

The will is a fairly long document and its English translation spreads over eight printed pages. Though the dispositions in the will have occupied a small por- tion of the document it contains elaborate arguments

in support of the a verment of the testatrix that she was entitled to make a will in respect of all the pro- perties mentioned in the will. The will begins with the recital about the illness of the testatrix and says " as

I have felt in my mind that it is necessary to mention here certain matters clearly so that there may not be any kind of obstacles and obstruction at the instance of any in respect of my purposes coming into effect

after iny death I have got them written in detail." Then, the will refers to the gift deed executed by Annaji jointly in favour of the testatrix and her hus- band Sadagopalachar as well as to Annaji's will under

which hypothecation bonds of the value of Rs. 10,000 were bequeathed to both of them. The will then refers to the fact that Sadagopalachar was poss~ssed of only a house and a carriage shed and owned no other

ancestral property. Even the said house was of" very ancient times and was· in a dilapidated condition". According to the will Sadagopalachar held a small government job which he resigned in order to live in

Hampapur and to look after the property obtained by gift from Annaji. " It was my opinion ", says the will, "that he was probably fooking after my share of the property in addition to his own and was improv-

ing the same. It is but natural to think in this manner mutually in respect of husband an<l wife". Then the will refers to the subsequent purchase of certain lands and avers that the amounts received by

the couple from Annaji were utilised for the 8aid purchase. The will then refers to the death of Sada.go- x95a Pala.char in 1908 and describes the management of the Ji. V cnl<alachala

properties during the lifetime of N arayana Iyengar the Iyengar son of the testatrix. It says that during Narayanan's v. minority the testatrix sold some properties at the B. N. Thimma-

advice and with the help of her Brother-in-law jamrm• Srinivasa Iyengar for debts "without considering and Others whether it was my s~1are or my husband's share"; she G«jendr:g-;;-dkar' J. also sold gold and diamond ornaments to meet the

urgent needs of thu family. After Narayanan became a – major he began to manage the property in consulta- tion v;;ith Srinivasa Iyengar. Narayanan wanted to build tt house for residence in Mysore and so he sold

some wet lands situated at Sarvamanya Gaudhanahalli village. Narayanan had no issue and so he spent generously at the time of the marriage of the three daughters of his younger sister Thirumalamma. Besi-

des he got ornaments prepared moderately for all of them and purchased and gave them as pin money some wet lands situated at Arjunahalli village. Narayanan purchased and gave some wet lands at the

same village to the son of his second younger sister Kalbagal N arasimha Iyengar and to Singamma and Lalithamma. Then the will refers to certain purchases made by Narayanan and adds that the purchase of

the said lands nominally stands in his name though the right to the property vested in the testatrix. The will then states that Narayanan had no issue and so he treated his younger sister's children as his own, attend-

ed to their education, marriage and other auspicious functions with great zeal. Having disposed of his properties for the benefit of the said ch'i.ldren Nara- yanan considered that since he was the only son of the

testatrix her share of the property was sufficient for the maintenance of himself and his wife and so he had no worry on that account. In other words, the will alleges that as a result of the alienations made by Narayanan

he ceased to have any share in the properties that remained and in consequence the said properties belong- ed exclusively and solely to the testatrix. Then the will refers to the insuranc.e amount of l{s. 4,000 which

was paid to respondent 1 on Naraya.nan's death; and in regard to Narayanan's illness which ultimately resulted in his death the will adds that the testatrix Venl~atachala Iyengar l;terself had provided separate money for his medicinal

v. and family expenses an_d that she had given Naraya- 8.N. Thimma- nan Rs. 3,000 which had been deposited with her jamma Brother-in-law and the Reserve Bank share of Rs. 500 and Others

to enable him to purchase a house at Mysore. The Gajendragadkar '·will then refers to respondent in ~rms of affection and • states that the testatrix was makmg a bequest for life of items 1 and 2 in her favour in order that she may

lead her life without any difficulty.. "Except me", says the will, "no one has any right whatever to the scheduled properties. They should go only to ·those for w horn it is intended here according to my desire

after my death but there is no reason whatsoever for their going to my agnates or any others. I am at full liberty to make dispositions hereby according to my desire". After making these elaborate averments the will

proceeds to make dispositions of items 1 to 5. Items 1 and 2 are given to respondent for life. "She shall have no right such as hypothecation, sale, gift, ex- change, etc., of the said properties nor has she any

right whatever to create liability in any way in favour of others". After her death respondents 2 to 4 are given item 1 and item 2 is bequeathed to respondent 5. Respondent 5 is described as an heir by the testa-

trix after her death and has been authorised to per- form all her ceremonies. Item 3 is bequeathed to respondent 5 and item 4 to respondents 2, 3 and 4. Out of the 15 acres of land included in item 4, the '

bequest in regard to 9 acres is burdened with a charge in favour of certain legacies and charities mentioned in the will. The recipients of the legacies who are the relatives of the testatrix are named, and the charities

are also specifically mentioned. Rs. 500 each have to be paid to her eldest daughter's third daughter Padminiamma, to her eldest daughter's son Thirumala- char and to Sudhakalyani, the daughter of her eldest

daughter's second daughter Jaya and to Nagendra, son of Ncclamma, the eldest daughter of her eldest daughter. Besides, Rs. 1,000 had to be used for (1) S.C.R. conducting service in the Sannadi of Lakshmi-

I958 narayanaswamy at Ha.mpapur on the respective dates H Venkatacha/a of death of her husband, her son and herself. A sum · Iyengar of Rs. 500 has to be endowed for the Nandadipa

v. service in the name of Narayanan in the Sanna.di ·of B.N. Thimma- Thirupati Venkataramana.swami, and Rs. 500 for jamma similar service in the name of Sadagopalacha.r in the and Others

Sannadi of Qhanna.keshava.swe.mi, Belur, the place of Gaj•"";;;dkar 1 the family in Hassan District. An amount of Rs. 1,000 has to be utilised for scholarship to poor students. In

all Rs. 5,000 have to be spent for these legacies and charities. The will directs that if respondents 2 to 4 fail to make these payments within three yea.rs after the death of the testatrix the appellant who is appointed

the executor under the will should, after the expiry of the said three years, sell for reasonable price the lands charged in that behalf and should pay the full amount realised by such sale to carry out the aforesaid charit-

able works and to give effect to the legacies mention- ed in the will. The will then avers that after her death the document would remain with the appellant and it adds that the testatrix has not executed any prior will

but that in case any such will has been executed by her the same stood cancelled by the execution of the present will. The will then repeats the averment about the title of the testatrix and states that when

Narayana Iyengar was aiive he had sold a.bout 17 a.ores of land situate at Ad.1J.gur and other places for purchasing lands at Arjuna.ha.Hi village for his sisters' children and so the testatrix had full liberty to make

a disposition in respect of the scheduled properties which were her own. The will also adds that though the said properties stand in the name of her son and rent notes in respect of them a.re similarly executed in

favour of her son that does not affect her title to the said properties in any way. These a.re the broad features, and dispositions, of the will in question. We would now indicate briefly the evidence led by

the appellant on the question a.bout the valid execu- tion of the will. We have already mentioned that the two attesting witnesses, the scribe and the appellant himself have given evidence in support of the will.

'958 Mr. Krishnamurthy Rao (P. W. 1) was a medical H. Venkatochala officer to the Mysore Sugar Company, Mandya, and he Iyenga, knew the Junior Kulbagal who was working as a Cane v.

Superintendent in the said factory. This witness was B. N. Thimma- called by Kalbagal to attest the will and so he went to jamma his house and saw that Lakshmamma was lying in 'her

••d Othm bed since she had an attack of paralysis on her left Gajend>agadha' J. side. According to the witness her uiind was clear and he attested the will after ascertaining from her

that the document had received her approval. '.l.'he witness was cross-examined in regard to his statement that he had treated Lakshmamma and it was brought out in his answers that though she may have been

under his treatment for about a week he could not say if her name found a place in the hospital register. He, however, added that even patients who are treated in their houses would be mentioned in the hospital regis-

ter if they come and take medicine from the hospital. The witness admitted that the will was not written in his presence and that it was already written before he went to attest it. When the witness was asked about

the details of his signature on the will he gave ans- wers which showed that he did not have any clear recollection as to what happened on that date. First he stated that he had put one signature but ultimately

admitted that he had signed twice, once w bile he at- tested the will and also when the Sub-Registrar regis- tered it in his presence. It fact some of his answers suggest that the witness did not even remember that

he was present when the Sub-Registrar arrived and registered the document. The witness stated that the will was read in his presence but he did not know if the whole was read or only a few portions of it.

The next attesting witness is Narasimha Iyengar (P. W. 2). He was employed in Mandya Sugar Com- pany Distillery. According to him the will was writ- ten in his presence and Lakshmamma put her signa-

ture on it also in his presence. In cross-examination, however, it appeared that his statement that he was present when the will was written may not be accurate. He did not know whether there was

any draft already prepared and he saw none. According to him, after the will was written the appel- r9JB lant read out the will to Lakshmamma but according to the appellant the will was read out by the scribe. H. Ve..Aataeliala Iyengar

He stated that after the wiU was attested both he and v. P. W. I left the place but it is clear that P. W. I was n. N. Himma- present at the time of registration. The witness even

jamma did not know whether Lakshmamma had any attack and Others of paralysis. The evidence ofthe scribe'(P. W. 3) andG . d-dk of the appellant (P. W. 7) clearly negatived Mr. lyen-

a1"' raga ar gar's statement that he was present at the time the will was written. The evidence of both the scribe and the appellant unmistakably filhows that Mr. Iyengar was not present when the will was written.

Chokkanna (P. W. 3) the scribe is a relative of Kulbagal. The mother of Chokkanna and Kulbagal's mother are sisters. He has written the will. According to him Lakshmamma stated that she wanted to

execute a will and that she would agree to what the appellant would get written. The witness stated that the will was written according to the dictation of the appellant in the presence of Lakshmamma.. The

appellant had a draft with him. Except the appellant, Lakshmamma and the scribe none else was present when the will was written. The attesting witnesses came after the will was written. The witness then

read the will to Lakshmamma. who consented to the recitals and signed it. It may he pointed out that the account given by the scribe in respect ·of the writing of the will is somewhat different from the acc.\)llnt

given by the appellant. The appellant has. stated that the will was written in one room and, Laksh- mamma wa.s lying in the adjoining room an,ci it was after the will was written that the scribe went into

the adjoining room and read the will to her so that the statement of the scribe that the will was written in t.he presence of Lakshmamma is not supported by the appellant. In fact the appellant•s statement is cor-

roborated by the evidence of Junior Kulbagal in this matter. Mr. Kalbagal (P.W. 4) does not seem to know about t,lw intention of the testatrix to execute the will. It was w h~n plaintiff asked him to. get some attesting

witnesses that he came to know that a will was going H. Venhatachala to be .executed. He then went and brought P. W. 1 and P. W. 2 for attestation. This witness admitted that Lakshmamma was ill and was unable to get up

Iyengar v. B. N. Thimma- and leave her bed. He heard about her intention to jamma execute the will about 9 a.m. in the morning. He was •nd Others not present when the will was written. He was, how-

Gajend.-::C-:;dkar 1. ever, present when the will was read out by the scribe to Lakshmamma. His father Kalbagal Garudachar and his wife Jaya were also present. The witness then stated that the appellant brought the Sub-Regis-

trar at about 5-30 p. m. and the Sub-Registrar regi- stered the will. It would, however, appear from the application (Ex. VI) made to the Sub-Registrar invit- ing him to come to Kalbagal's house to register the

will that it was not the appellant but the witness himself who had brought the Sub-Registrar. The last witness in support of the will is the appel- lant himself, (P.W. 7). He has spoken to the instruc-

tions received by him from Lakshmamma a year before the date of the execution of the will and he has stated that he prepared a draft at Mysore a day before the will was executed and that the will was written by

the scribe as he dictated the contents from the said draft. He had told Lakshmamma about what the draft contained but he admitted that the draft was not read out to her. The witness has then referred

to the fact that the will was read out by the scribe to Lakshmamma and she consented to it, whereupon it was signed ·by her and subsequently attested by the two attesting witnesses. Then the witness refers to

the registration of the document at about 5-30 p.m. On the morning of the day when the will was executed the witness was told by Lakshmamma that she would execute a power of attorney though the witness had

not asked for it_ A power of attorney was accordingly prepared and duly executed and registered. That in brief is the evidence on which the appellant relies. It would be convenient at this stage to refer briefly

to the reasons given by the courts below in support of their respective findings. The learned trial judge put the onus of proving the will on the appellant but he observed that " the proof that is necessary to

r9ss establish a will is not an absolute or a conclusive H v -k- h 1 U:7h . d . l h f ld en alac a a one. n at is require is on y sue proo as won Iyengar satisfy a prudent man". v.

The learned judge then considered the evidence of B. N: Thimma- the two attesting witnesses and the scribe and observ- · 1dam0m 11a an I er.< ed that" there can abso ute y be no doubt that P.W. 3

_ wrote Ex. A at the time when it is said to have beenGajendragadkar J. written ". He was of the opinion that the evidence of the scribe fully corroborates the evidence of P. W. I

and P. W. 2. The learned judge then mentioned the fact that P. W. 4 who supported the appellant is no other than the husband of Lakshmamma's grand- daughter. The evidence of the appellant himself was

considered by the learned judge and his conclusion was that " it had to be taken that Ex. A is a will executed by Lakshmamma and the signatures, Exs. A-1 to A-5 are those ofLakshmamma ". The argument

urged by respondent I that Lakshmamma could not have understood the contents of Ex. A was rejected by the learned judge and he observed that" when it is proved that Exs. A-1 to A-5 are signatures of Laksh-

mamma and that she executed Ex. A, it is to be pre- sumed that the testatrix had the knowledge of the contents of the will". In the end the learned judge thus recorded his finding: "In view of the evidence

and the presumption referred to above I think we deed not have any hesitation in holding that Laksh- mamma executed Ex. A having fully understood the nature of Ex. A and the recitals made therein".

The High Court, on · the other hand, has taken a contrary view. The High Court thought that the evidence adduced by the appellant to prove the exe- cution of the will was not satisfactory. It then, exa-

mined the said evidence in some detail, criticised the discrepancies appearing in the said evidence, consider- ed the probabilities and concluded that, on the whole, the said evidence would not justify the finding that the

will had been duly executed by the testatrix. The High Court also thought that the appellant's version about the instructions given by Lakshmamma to him •958 in the matter of the execution of the will was highly

improbable ; and, according to the High Court, the H. Ve11hatacllala whole evidence of the appellant appeared to be un- Iye"!gar v. satisfactory. The High Court then considered the

B. N. Himm•· question of onus and observed that since the appellant's jamm• sons had received a substantial benefit under the will and Oihers, and since he had ta.ken a leading pa.rt in its execution,

G . d-,. J the onus was heavy on him to remove the suspicions •J•• raga ""' d' h f h d d a.tten mg t e execution o t e ocument an to esta- blish that Lakshma.mma. had really understood its

contents, had approved of them and had put her signatures on it when she was in a. sound and d ispos- ing state of mind. It appears that the High Court also felt that the dispositions ma.de by the will were

unnatural and improbable ; in particular it took the view that since the appellant had come into the family of Anna.ji by adoption it was very unlikely that his sons should have received such a substantial benefit

under the will. In fact the judgment of the High Court appears to indicate that the High Court was inclined to hold that the testatrix may not have been in a sound and disposing state of mind at the material

time. It is on these findings that the High Court reached its final conclusion that the appellant had fail- ed to prove the due and valid execution of the will. What is the true legal position in the matter of proof

of wills ? It is well-known that the proof of wills presents a recurring topic for decision in courts and there are a large number of judicial pronouncements on the subject. The party propounding a will or other-

wise making a claim under a will is no doubt seeking to prove a document and, in deciding how it is to be proved, we must inevitably refer to the statutory pro- visions which govern the proof of doctiments. Sections

67 and 68 of the Evidence Act are relevant for this purpose. Under s. 67, if a document is alleged to be signed by any person, the signature of the said person must be proved to be in his handwriting, and for

proving such a handwriting under ss. 45 and 47 of the Act the opinions of experts and of persons acquainted with the handwriting of the person concerned are made relevant. Section 68 deals with

the proof of . the execution of the document i95B requil'ed by law to be attested; and it provides H Venkatachala that such a document shall not be used as evidence · Iyengar until one attesting witness at least has been called

v. for the purpose of proving its execution. These JJ. N. I"himma- provisions prescribe the requirements and the nature Jmnnu• of proof which must be satisfied by the party who and Others

relies, on a document in a court of law. Similarly, Gajendragadkor 1 ss. 59 and 63 of the Indian Succession Act are also relevant. Section 59 provides that every person of sound mind, not being a minor, may dispose of his

property by will and the three illustrations to this sec- tion indicate what is meant by the expression " a person of sound mind " in the context. Section 63 requires that the testator shall sign or affix his mark

to the will or it shall be signed by some other person in his presence and by his direction and that the signature or mark shall be so made that it shall appear that it was intended thereby to give effect to the writing as a

will. This section also requires that the will shall be attested by two or more witnesses as prescribed. Thus "the q·uestion as to whether the will set up by the pro- pounder is proved to be the last will of the testator

has to be decided in the light of these provisions. Has the testator signed the will ? Did he understand the nature and effect of the dispositions in the will ? Did he put his signature to the will knowing what it con-

tained ? Stated broadly it is the decision of these ques- tions which determines the nature of the finding on the question of the proof of wills. It would prima facie be true to say that the will has to be proved like any

other document except as to the special requirements of attestation prescribed by s. 63 of the Indian Succes- sion Act. As in the case of proof of other documents so in the case . of proof of wills it would be idle to

expect pl'Oof with mathematical certainty. The test to be applied would be the usual test of the satisfac- tion of the prudent mind in such matters. However, there is one important feature which

distinguishes wills from other documents. Unlike other documents the will speaks from the death of the testator, and so, when it is propounded or produced [1959] Supp. before a court, the testator who has already departed

the world cannot say whether it is his will or not; and II. Venkatachalo IY••c•r this aspect naturally introduces an element of solem- v. nity in the decision of the question as to whether. the

B. N. Thimm•- document propounded is proved to be the last will and jamma testament of the departed testator. Even so, in deal. and Others ing with the proof of wills the court will start on the

Gajendragadkar J. same enquiry as in the case of the proof of documents. The propounder would be called upon to show by satisfactory evidence that the will was signed by the testator, that the testator at the relevant time was in

a sound and disposing state of mind, that he under- stood the nature and effect of the dispositions and put his signature to the document of his own free will. Ordinarily when the evidence adduced in support of

the – will is disinterested, satisfactory and sufficient to prove the sound and disposing state of the testator'& mind and his signature as required by law, courts would be justified in making a finding in favour of the

propounder. In other words, the onus on the pro- pounder can be taken to be discharged on proof of the essential facts just indicated. There may, however, be cases in which the execu-

tion of the will may be surrounded by suspicious circumstances. The all<>ged signature of the testator may be very shaky and doubtful and evidence in support of the propounder's case that the signature in

question is the signature of the testator may not remove the doubt created by the appearance of the signature ; the condition of the testator's mind may appear to be very feeble and debilitated; and evidence

adduced may not succeed in removing the legitimate doubt as to the mental capacity of the testator; the dispositions made in the will may appear to be unna- tural, improbable or unfair in the light of relevant

circumstances; or, the will may otherwise indicate that the said dispositions may not be the result of the testator's free will and mind. In such cases the court would naturally expect that all legitimate suspicions

should be completely removed before the document is accepted as the last will of the testator. The presence of such suspicious circumstances naturally tends to make the initial onus very heavy; and, unless it is

r958 satisfactorily discharged, courts would be reluctant to H Vcnkat<1chala treat the document as the last will of the testator. It · Iyengar is true that, if a caveat is filed alleging the exercise of v.

undue influence, fraud or coercion in respect of the B. N. nimma- execution of the will propounded, such pleas may have jan"na to be proved by the caveators; but, even without such

and Others Pleas circumstances may raise a doubt as to whetherG . 1- 1, "l'~nc rcig"' ''"' the testator was acting of his own free will m execut- ing the will, and in such circumstances, it would be a

part of the initial onus to remove any such legitimate doubts in the matter. Apart from the suspicious circumstances to which we have just referred, in some cases the wills pro- pounded disclose another infirmity. Propoundcrs them-

selves take a prominent part in the execution of the wills which confer on them substantial benefits. If it is shown that the propounder has taken a prominent pa.rt in the execution of the will and has received sub-

stantial benefit under it, that itself is generally treated as a suspicious circumstance attending the execution of the will and the propounder is required to remove the said suspicion by clear and satisfactory evidence.

It is in connection with wills that present such suspi- cious circumstances that decisions of English courts often mention the test of the satisfaction of judicial conscience. It may be that the reference to judicial

conscience in this -connection is a heritage from similar observations ma.de by ecclesiastical courts in England when they exercised jurisdiction with reference to wills; but any objection to the use of the word 'con-

science' in this context would, in our opinion, be purely technical and academic, if not pedantic. The test merely emphasizes that, in determining the question as to whether an instrument produced before the court

is the last will of the testator, the court is deciding a solemn question and it must be fully satisfied that it had been validly executed by the testator who is no longer alive. It is obvious that for deciding material questions of

fa.ct which arise in applications for probate or in act- ions on wills, no hard and f~st or inflexible rules can 191' be laid down for the appreciation of the evidence. It H. V••k•tach•I• may, however, be stated generally that a propounder iy .. c••

of the will has to prove the due and valid execution of v.. the will and that if there are any suspicious circum- B. N: Thimma- stances surrounding the execution of the will the propo-

';~"',.· under must remove the said suspicions from the mind 1 "' of the court by cogent and satisfactory evidence. It is Gaj,,.dragadkar '1. hardly necessary to add that the result of the appli- cation of these two general and broad principles would

always depend upon the facts and· circumstances of each case and on the nature and quality of the evid- ence adduced by the parties. It is quite true that, as observed by Lord Du Parcq in Barmes v. Hinkson(')

" where a will is charged with suspicion, the rules en- join a reasonable scepticism, not an obdurate persist- ence in disbelief. They do not demand from the judge, even in circumstances of grave suspicion, a

resolute and impenetrable incredulity. He is never required to close his mind to the truth". It would sound platitudinous to say so, but it is nevertheless true that in discovering truth even in such cases the

. judicial mind must always be open though vigilant, cautious and circumspect. It i8 in the light of these general considerations that we must decide whether the appellant is justified in

contending that the finding of the High Court against him on the question of the valid execution of the will is justified or not. It may be conceded in favour of the appellant that his allegation that Lakshmamma

has put her signatures on the will at five places is prov- ed; that no doubt is a point in his favour. It may also be taken as proved that respondent l has fail- ed to prove that Lakshmamma was unconscious

at the time when the will is alleged to have been executed. It is true ahe was an old woman of 64 years and had been ailing for some time before the will was executed. She was not able to get up and

leave the bed. In fact she could sit up in bed with some difficulty and was so weak that she had to pass stools in bed. However, the appellant is entitled to argue that, on the evideuce, the souud and disposing

(1) (1946) 50 C.W.N. 895. (1) S.C.R. state of mind of Lakshma.mma. is proved. Mr Iyengar, z95B for the appellant., has strongly urged before us that, H. Venkataclia/a since these facts are established, the court must pre-

Iyengar sume the valid execution of the will and in support of his v. contention he has invited our attention to the relevant 11. N. Thim•na- statements on the point in the text books dealing with

Jamma the subject. Jarman on "Wills,, (1) says that "the and Othm general rule is 'that the onus probandi. lies in every case Gajmdr-:;g-;;dkar ]. upon the party propounding a will and he must

satisfy the conscience of the court that the instrument so propounded is the last will of a free and capable testator '. " He adds that, " if a will is rational on the face of it, and appears to be duly executed, it is

presumed, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, to be valid." Similarly, Williams on "Executors and Administrators " (2) has observed that, " generally speaking, where there is proof of signature, everything

else is implied till the contrary is proved ; and evidence of the will having been read over to the testator or of instructions having been given is not necessary." On the other hand, Mr. Viswanatha Sastri,

for respondent No. 1, contends that the statements on which the appellant has relied refer to wills which are free from any suspicions and they cann0t be invoked where the execution of the. will is surrounded by suspi-

cious circumstances. In this connection, it may be pertinent to point out that, in the same text books, we find another rule specifically mentioned. " Although the rule of Roman Law", it is observed in \Villiams,

" that " Qui se scripsil haeredem " could take no bene- fit under a. will does not p1·evail in the law of England, yet, wher:e the person who prepares the instrument, or conducts its execution, is himself benefited by its dis-

positions, that is a circumstance which ought generally to excite the suspicion of the court, and calls on it to be vigilant and zealous in examining the evidence in support of the instrument in favour of which it ought

not to pronounce, unless the suspicion is removed, a.nd (I) Jarman on" Wills"-Vol. r, 8th Ed., p. 50. (2) Williams on "Executors and Administrators "-Vol. 1, 13th Ed., p. 92. z95B

it is judicially satisfied tha.t the pa.per does express the H. v enkatachala true will of the deceased " (1 ). Iyeng•• It wou!d, therefore, be necessary at this stage to v. decide whether a.n execution of the will in the present

B. N. Thimma- case is surrounded by any suspicious circumst.a.nces. j•••m• Does the will appear to be on the whole a.n improba- ••d Others ble, unnatural and unfair instrument as held by the

Gajend•agadka• J. High Court? That is the first question which falls to be considered. We have already indicated that the preamble to the will contai.ns many argumentative recitals. Indeed it would not be unjust to say that the

preamble purports to meet by anticipation the main objections which were likely to be raised to the com- petence of La.kshmamma. to make a will in regard to the properties covered by it. The preamble in great

detail makes out a case that the properties received by the testatrix and her husband under the gift deed (Ex. D) devolved upon her by survivorship after her husband's death, a plea which has not been accepted

even by the trial court. It also seeks to prove that the subsequent purchases made by her husband were in law the joint acquisitions of her husband and her- self, a point on which the two courts below have·

differed. It sets out in detail the theory that the son of the testatrix has lost his right, title and interest in the properties which devolved on him after his father's death because he had alienated more than his share in

the said properties during his lifetime; and it even suggests_ that during . his illness and to help him to build a house in Mysore the testatrix had advanced him money from her separate funds, pleas which have

not been accepted by either court below. It seems to us that the elaborate and well considered recitals which have been deliberately introduced in the pre- amble cannot possibly be the result of corresponding

instructions given by the testatrix to the appellant for preparing the draft of her will. In the context these recitals sound artificial and unnatural and some of them at any rate a.re untrue. The draftsman of the

will has tried to be overwise and that itself is a. very seridus infirmity in the appellant's case that the (1) \Villiams on "Executors and Administrators", Vol. 1, 13th Ed., p. 93.

instrument represents the la.st will and testament of th.e testatrix. Tak~ for instance the stat~nnent in the H. Venhatacht.Za will that the testatrix had advanced Rs. 3,000 to her

Iyengar son to enable him to purchase a house at Mysore. By v. itself this is not a matter of very great importance; B. N. Thimm11- but this detail has been introduced in the will in order

jamma to make out a strong case that all the properties men- and Others tioned in the will were the separate properties of the Gajendragadkin 1. testatrix and so it would be relevant to consider what

the appellant himself has to say about this recital. In regard to the Rs. 3,000 in cross-examination the appel- lant has stated that Mr. B. G. Ramakrishna. Iyengar had sent this amount to the husband of respondent. I

in 1942 or so. It was sent by cheque on Mysore Bank. The appellant then added that the husband of respon- dent 1 had deposited this amount with B. G. Rama- krishna lyengar's father-in-law after selling Goudana-

halli lands with intent to purchase lands at Mysore; so that the claim made in the will that the testatrix had given this amount to her son out of her separate funds is inaccurate. The manner in which the several

recitals have been made in the will amounts to a sus- picious circumstance which must be satisfactorily ex- plained by the appellant.. The next circumstance which calls for an explana-

tion is the exclusion of the grand-children of the test- ta.trix from any substantial legacies under the will. It is true that a bequest of Rs. 500 each is given to them but that can hardly be regarded as fair or just to these

children. It was, however, urged by Mr. Iyengar before us that Nara.yana Iyengar had, during his life- time, given lands to his sister's daughters. He_had also spent considerable amounts on the occasion of

their marriages and had given them each valuable ornaments. In this connection, he referred us to cer- tain documents exhibited under Ex. ' G ' and attempt- ed to show that the lands given to his sisters'

daughters were of the value of Rs. 1,500 to Rs. 2,000 each. Apart from the fact that the value of these lands is not clearly proved nor a.re the circumstances under which they came to be gifted to the donees, we

do not think it would be possible to accept the argu- ment that even with these gifts the testatrix woold not, H. Vtnkatacl1ala f have thought o making more substant.ial bequests tb

Jyetigar v. he1· grand-chil<lren. It is not suggested that the rela- B. N. TAimma- tions between the testatrix and these grand-children jam111a were not cor<lial an<l affectionate and so it woul<l be

aml Olhm reasonable to assume that they would have been tl~e Gajnulr~gadknr J. obj~cts of .her bounties in a more liberal measure in ordmary circumstances. There is one more point which must be consiriered

in this connection. As we have already mentioned the appellant's sons have received substantial bounties under the will. Are these bequests probable and natu- ral ? It must be remembered that the appellant came

into the family of Annaji by adoption long after the testatrix was married. The record does not show that the testatrix was on such affectionate terms with the appellant that she would have preferred to make a

bequest to his sons rather than to her own grand- children. Indeed the appellant admitted that, at the relevant time, he was in straightened circumstances and was indebted to the extent of nearly Rs. 30,000;

and it does not appear that when he was faced with financial difficulties of this magnitude he asked for or obtained any assistance from his adoptive sister. That is wi)y the bequests to the appellant's sons also

amount to a suspicious ci.rcumstance which must be clearly explained by the appellant. We cannot easily reject the a.rgument urged on behalf of respondent. I that the bequests have been ma.de in the names of the

a.ppcllant's sons because, if they had been ma.de in his own name, the properties bequeathed would have been attached and sold a.t the instance of his numerous creditors. We do not propose to measure precisely the

value of the properties bequea.thed to the a.ppella.nt's sons. It would be enough to say that the said bequests are by no mea.ns insignifica.nt or unsubsta.ntia.l. There- fore, we are unable to see how the appella.nt can

successfullv cha.llenge the finding of the High Court· that some 0of the broa.d fea.tures of the will appear to be improbable and unfair; a.nd if that be so, the appellant will have to remove the suspicions arising

(1) S.C.1-t. SUPREME COUI-tT REPORTS from these features before he can persuade the court to accept the instrument as t.he last will and testament H. Venk<11achal1J of the testatrix.

Iyengar In this connection it is necessary to bear in mind v. that the appellant whose sons have received the said n. N. Thimma- jam1na bequests has admittedly taken a very prominent part

and 0 ,,,.,. in bringing about the execution of the will. He has .L- prepat•ec\ the draft and it was at his dictation that the Gajendrag"d'"" J. scribe wrote the will. Indeed on the important ques-

tion as to when and how instructions were given by the testatrix and whether or not in preparing the draft those instructions have been faithfully carried out, the only evidence adduced in the case is that of the

appellant and no one else. Thus, the very important, if not the decisive, part played by the appellant in the execution of the will cannot at all be disputed in the present case. Mr. Iyengar, for the appellant, strenuously contend-

ed that, in deciding whether the suspicions a.ttendi'ng the execution of the will have been removed or not, it would be necessary to remember that the whole of the relevant evidence is all one way and there is no

evidence in rebuttal led by respondent 1. His argu. ment is that the evidence adduced by the appellant is satisfactory and the conclusion of the trial court which was well-founded need not have been reversed by the

High Court. In support of this argument, Mr. Iyen- gar referred us to several judicial decisions and suggest- ed that we should consider the evidence in the light of these decisions.

According to him, these decisions would afford us considerable assistance and guidance in appreciating the evidence in the present case. That is why we would now briefly refor to some of the deci-

sions cited before us. According to the decisions in Fulton v. Andrew (1), "those who take a benefit under a will, and have been instrumental in preparing or obtaining it, have thrown upon them the onus of showing the righteous-

ness of the transaction ". " There is however no unyielding rule of law (especially where the ingredient of fraud enters into the case) that, when it has been (I) \1875) L.R. 7 H. L. 448.

proved that a testator, competent in mind, has had H. v,nkatachala a will read over to him, and has thereupon executed ly.nga' it, all further enquiry is shut out". In this case, the

v. Lord Chancellor, Lord Cafrns, has cited with approval B. N. Thim•ua- the well-known observations of Baron l'arke in the jamum case of Barry v. Butlin (1). The two rules of law set

and Others out by Baron Parke are: " first, that the onus probandi Gajendragadkar 1. Iies in every case upon the party propounding a will; and he must satisfy the conscience of the court that

the instrument so propounded is the last will of a free and capable testator"; "the second is, that, if a party wl"ites or prepares a will under which he takes a benefit, that is a circumstance that ought generally

'to excite the suspicion of the court and calls upon it to be vigilant and zealous in examining the evidence in support of the instrument in .favour of which it ought not to pronounce unless the suspicion is remov-

ed, and it is judicially satisfied that the paper pro- pounded does express the true will of the deceased ". It is hardly necessary to add that the statement of these two rules has now attained the status of a classic

on the subject and it is cited by all text books on wills. The will propounded in this case waa directed to be tried at the Assizes by the Court of Probate. It was tried on six issues. The first four issues referred to the sound and disposing state of the testator's mind and

the fifth to his knowledge and approval of the con- tents of the will. The sixth was whether the testator knew and approved of the residuary clause; and by this last clause the propounders of the will were made

tllC' residuary legatees and were appointed executors. Evidence waR led at the trial and the judge asked the opinion of the jurors on every one of the issues. The jurors found in fiwom of the propounders on the first

ffre issues and in fa,·our of the opponents on the sixth. It appears that no leave to set aside the ver- dict and enter judgment for the propounders notwith- standing the verdict on the sixth issue was reserved;

but when the case came before the Court of Probate a rule was obtained to set aside the verdict generally and have a new trial or to set aside the verdict on the (x) [1838) 2 Moo. P.C. 480, f82.

sixth issue for misdirection. It was in dealing with the i95B merits of the finding on the sixth issue that the true H Vcnkatachala legal position came to be considered by the House of · Iyengar Lords. The result of the decision was that the rule

v. obtained for a new trial was discharged, the order of B. N. Thimma- the Court of Probate of the whole wili was reversed jamma and the matter was remitted to the Court of Probate

and Others to do what was right with regard to the qualified pro- Gajcndragadkar J bate of the will. The same principle was emphasized by the Privy Council in, Vellasawmy Servai v. Sivaraman Servai (1),

where it was held that, where a will is propounded by the chief beneficiary under it, who has taken a lea.ding part in giving instructions for its preparation and in procuring its execution, probate should not be granted

unless the evidence removes suspicion and clearly proves that the testator approved the will. In Sarat Kumari Bibi v. Sakhi Chand (2), the Privy Council made it clear that "the principle which re-

quires the propounder to remove suspicions from the mind of the Court is not confined only to cases where the propounder takes part in the execution of the will and receives benefit under it. There may be other

suspicious circumstances attending on the execution of the will and even in such cases it is the duty of the propounder to remove all clouds and satisfy the con- science of the court that the instrument propounded

is the last will of the testator." This view is sup- ported by the observations made hy Lindley and Davey, L. JJ., iu Tyrrell v. Painton (3). "The rule in Barry v. Butlin (4), Fulton v. Andrew (5) and Brown v.

Fisher("), said Lindley, L. J., "is not in my miud confined to the single case in which the will is prepar- ed by or on the instructions of the person taking large benefits under it but extends to all cases in which

circumstances exist which excite the suspicions of the court." In Rash Mohini Das,i v. Umesh Ohunder Biswas (7) (1) (1929) L.R 57 LA. 96. (2) (1928) L.R. 56 I.A. 62. (3) [1894] 1'. 151, 157, 159·

(4) [1838] 2 Moo. P. C. 480, 482. (5) (1875) L.R. 7 H. L. 448. (6) (1890) 63 L.T, 465. (7) (1898) L.R. 25 I.A. 109. SUPREME COUHT REPORTS [1959] Supp. r958 it appeared that though the will was fairly simple

and not very long the making of it was from first lo H. Venkalachala 1 h d · f I"h h d ast t e omg o ·" etter, t e manager an trusted Iyengar l d v. adviser of the al ege testator. No previous or inde-

B. N. Thimn"'- pendent intention of making a will was shown and tho jamma evidence that the testator understood the business in ••d Others which his adviser engaged him was not sufficient to

Gajendrngadka• ;. justify the grant of probate. In this case the applica- tion for probate made by the widow of Mo him Ch under Biswas was opposed on the ground that the testator was not in a sound and disposing state of mind at the

material time and ho could ·not have understood the nature and effect of its contents. The will had been admitted to the probate by the District J ndge but the High Convt had reversed the said order. In confirm-

ing the view of the High Court the Privy Council made the observations to which we have just referred. The. case of Shama Charn K undu v. Khettromoni Dasi ('), on the other hand, was the case of a will the

execution of which was held to be not snrrnnnded by any. suspicious circumstances. Sha.ma Cham, the propounder of the will, claimed to be the adopted son of the testator. He and three others were appointed

executors of the will. The testator left no natural son hut two daughters and his widow. By his will the adopted son obtained substantial benefit. The probate of the will with the exception of the last paragraph

was granted to Sha.ma Cham by the trial judge; but, on appeal the application for probate was dismissed by the High Court on the ground that the suspicions at· tending on the execution of the will had not been satis-

factorily removed by Shama Charn. The matter was then taken before the Privy Council; and their Lord- ships held that, since the adoption of Shama Charn was proved, the fact that- he took part in the execu-

tion of the will and obtained benefit under it cannot be regarded as a suspicious circumstance so as to attract the rule laid down by Lindley, L. J., in Tyrrell v. Pa·in- ton (2).

In Bai Gungabai v. Bhugwandas Valji ("), the Privy Council had to deal with a will which was admitted to probate by the first court, but 011 <i.ppcal (1) (1899) l.L.R. 27 Cal. 5H.

(2) [1894] p. 151, 157, 159· (3) (1905) 1.L.R. 29 Born. 530. (1) S.C.R. the order was varied by excluding therefrom certain I958 passages which referred to the deed.poll executed on H. Venkatachala the same day by the testator and to the remuneration

Iyengar of the solicitor who prepared the will a1id was appoint- v. ed an executor and trustee thereof. The Privy Council B. N. Thimma- held that "the onus was on the solicitor to satisfy

jamma the court that the passages omitted expressed the true and Others will of thde decease~ and tha:t _the chourt s~dould b~ di_li- Ga.Jrndragadl1ar J. gent an zealous m examuung t e ev1 ence m its

support, but that on a consideration of the whole of the evidence (as to which no rule of law prescribed the particular kind required) and of the circumstances of the case the onus was discharged". In dealing

with the question as to whether the testator was aware that the passages excluded by the appeal court from the probate formed part of the instrument, the Privy Council examined the evidence bearing on the

point and the probabilities. In conclusion their Lord- ships differed from the view of the appeal court that there had been a complete failure of the proof that the deed-poll correctly represented the intentions of

the testator or that he understood or approved of its contents and so they thought that there were no grounds for excluding from the probate the passages in the will which referred to that deed. They, however,

obHerved that it would no doubt have been more prudent and business-like to have obtained the services of some independent witnesses who might have been trusted to see that the testator fully understood what

he was doing and to have secured independent evid- ence that clause 26 in particular was called to the testator's attention. Even so, their Lordships expres- sly added that in coming to the conclusion which they

had done they must not be understood as throwing the slightest doubt on the principles laid down in Fitlton v. Andrew (1) and other similar cases referred to in the argument. In Perera v. Perera (2) it was held that when the

testator is of sound mind when he gives instructions for a will but at the time of signature accepts the hlstru- ment drawn in pursuance thereof without being able (1) (1875) L.R. 7 H.L. 448.

(2) [1901] A.C. 354. r95B to follow its provisions, he must be deemed to be of H. Venhatachala sound mind when it is executed. The will of Perera Iyengar with which the court was concerned in this case was

v. signed with a cross by the testator in the presence of n. N. Thimma- five witnesses present at the same time who duly jamma subscribed the will in the presence of the testator.

and Others __ The Notary Public was also among the persons present · Gajendragadkar ;. but he did not attest the will. No objection was taken in the court of first instance on this ground, but, in

the court of appeal, the said objection was raised and it was held that the will was invalid on the ground that though the Notary Public was present he had not attested the.instrument. The case was then taken to

the Supreme Court in its collective capacity on review preparatory to an appeal to Her Majesty. The Sup- reme Court reversed the judgment under appeal and then proceeded to determine the case on the merits.

The court held by a majority decision that the testator was of sound and disposing state of mind and restored the order of the primary judge. Against this decision there was an appeal. In this case, the evidence about

the instructions given by the testator was very clear ; and there was not the slightest reason for disbelieving the statement of Gooneratne that he had drawn the will faithfullv in accordance with the details of instruc- tions given to him. The will prepared from the said

instructions seemed to be fair and just disposition of the testator's ptoperty. There was no concealment about the preparation of the will. The instructions were given on June l and it was in the evening of

June 4 that the will was brought to the testator for execution. It is on these facts that it was held, follow- ing the observations of Sir James Hannen in Parker v. Felgate (') that if a person has given instructions to

a solicitor to make a will and the solicitor prepares it in accordance with those instructions, all that is neces- sary to make it a good will if executed by the testator is that he should be able to think thus far:

~· If I gave my solicitor instructions to prepare a will making certain dispositions about my property I have no doubt that he has given effect to my intention and I (I) [1883] 8 P.D. I71.

accept the document which is put before me as carry- z958 ing it out". We would again like to emphasize that Ti. Venkatachala the evidence about the instructions was very clear and

Iyengar definite in this case and it was also clearly established v. that the will which was just and fair was executed 11. N. Thimma- faithfully in accordimce with the said instructions

jamma given by the testator. In such a case whether or not and Others the will should be admitted to probate would depend Gajend,:;;-;,u,., 1. upon the opinion which the court may form about the

relevant evidence adduced in support of the . will. It would be difficult to deduce any principle from this decision and to seek to apply it to other cases without reference to their facts.

The la.st case to which reference must be made is the decision of the Privy Council in Barmes v. Hinkson (1) It appears that, in this case, the testator George Harmes died in the city of Regina on April 4, 1941.

Two days later Mr. Hinkson brought to the manager of the Canada Permanent Trust Company at its office in Regina a document which purported to be the will of the said Hannes. It was dated April 3, 1941,

and named the Trust Company as executor. Under the will Mr. Hinkson by a devise and bequest of the residue was to benefit to a sum of more than £ 50,000. Mr. Hinkson was by profession a barrister and solici-

tor and had drawn the will with no witness present until after the body of the document was complete. Then two nurses were called in to witness its due execution. The learned judge of the Surrogate Court,

after a lengthy trial affirmed the will and decreed probate in solemn form. On appeal, by a majority decision the order of the trial court was reversed. Then there was a further appeal to the Supreme Court

of Canada. It was heard by five learned judges. By a majority (Hudson, J., alone dissenting) the appeal was allowed and the decree of the Surrogate Court was restored. Against this decision the appellant obtained

special leave to appeal to His Majesty-in-Council and it was urged on his behalf that, since the document was charged with suspicion from the outset, probate (r) (1946) 50 C.W.N. 895.

should not have been granted to the respondent Hinkson. The Privy Council did not accept this con- 11. Ve1d(atacluiln ly•nga' tention and dismissed the appeal. It was in dealing v.

with the appellant's contention about the suspicions 11. N. Tliim,,,a· surrounding the execution of the will that Lord Dn jannna and Others Parcq made the observations which we have already

quoted. Prima facie the facts on which the appellant Gaj,ndrngadka' ). relied were strong enough; but the question which according to their Lordships fell to be decided in the appeal was whether the learned trial judge's decision

on the facts was erroneous and so manifestly errone- ous that an appellate court ought to set it aside. Their Lordships then refencd with approval to the principles which had been frequently enunciated as to

the respect which the appellate court ought to pay to the opinion which a Judge who has watched and listened to the witness has formed as to their credibi- lity (Powell v. Streatham J'rlanor Nursing Home (1)).

Their Lordships then brietly referred to the evidence led in the case and observetl that it was impossible for them judging only from the printed page to decide between the various opinions of Mr. Hinkson's charac-

ter which its perusal mtty leave open for acceptance by different minds. ln the result they came to the conclusion in agreement with the Supreme Court that the trial court's decision on the facts must stand. It·

would thus be noticed that the decision of the Privy Council proceeded more on the basis that there wa.s no justification for interfering with a finding of fact recorded by the trial judge particularly when the said

finding rested on his appreciation of the evidence given by several witnesses before him. In this con- nection it is significant to note that the allegation of the appellant that Mr. Hinkson httd exercised undue

influence on the testator was repelled by the Privy Council with the observation that their acceptance of the judge's findings of fact leaves them no alternative but to reject it. Thns this decision merely serves to

illustrate the importance which the Privy Council attached to the finding of fact recorded by the trittl conrt in this case. (I) [<935] A.C. 243. (1) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPOitTS

It is in the light of these decisions that the appellant wants us to consider the evidence which he has ad- duced in the present case. It would be convenient to H. Vcnt"'tachala lyengu.r

begin ~ith the appellant's story about the instructions v. given by the testatrix for preparing the will. In the H. N. Thimma- plaint the appellant has referred to the sudden illness

jamina of the testatrix at Mandya and it is alleged that when and Others she took ill the testatrix sent for him with the obvious G . d-·- k f k' d' h ClJen ragad ar ]. mtent10n o ma mg arrangements regar mg

er pro- perties. Accordingly when he met her at Mandya she explained all her intentions to him in the matter of disposing all her properties and her rights thereto. In other words, the case made out in the plaint clearly

and specifically is that when the testatrix was ill at Mandya she sent for the appellant and gave him in- structions for preparing a draft of her will. However, when the appellant gave evidence he made a material

improvement in his story. According to his evidence, the appella.nt had received inst.ruetions from the testa- trix a year before the will was actually drafted. It was then that the testatrix had given him the gift

deed (Ex. D) and asked hipi to prepare the draft. Consistently with this new version the appellant has added in his evidence that when he met her at Mandya during her illness she reminded him that she had ask-

ed him to make a will for quite some time and she insisted that the draft. should be prepared without a.ny delay. In our opinion, the evidence given by the ap- pellant on this point is clearly an after-thought and

his story that he had received previous instructions cannot be accepted as true. Besides, it is somewhat remarkable that, on both the occasions when the testa- trix talked to the appellant and gave instructions to

him, no one else was preseut; and so the proof of this part of the appellant's case rests solely on his own testimony. If the testatrix had really thought of making a will for over a year before it was actually

executed, it is unlikely that she would not have talk- ed about it to other relatives including Kalbagal with whom she was actually staying at the material time. Then it would be necessary to enquire whether the

z958 draft which the appellant prepared was consistent with the instructions alleged to have been given by H. Venkataehala Iyengar the testatrix. The draft, however, has not been pro-

duced in the case on the plea that it had been destroy- B. N. Thimma- ed; nor is it specifically stated by the appellant that jamma this draft was read out fully to the testatrix before he

and Olhers dictated the contents of the will to the scribe. Thus Gajendragadkar J. even the interested testimony of the appellant does not show that he obtained approval of the draft from

the testatrix after reading it out fully to her clause by clause. It is common ground that Mandya where the testatrix was lying ill is a place where the assist- ance of local lawyers would have been easily avail-

able; and in ordinary course the testatrix would have talked to Kalbagal and the appellant and they WOIJld have secured the assistance of the lawyers for drafting the will; but that is not what the appellant did.· He

went to Mysore and if his evidence is to be believed he prepar~d the draft without any legal assistance. Having regard to the nature of the recitals contained in the will it is not easy to accept this part of the

appellant's case. Besides, as we have already indi- cated, we find great difficulty in believing that the elaborate recitals could have been the result of the instructions given by the testatrix herself.

It is in the light of these circumstances that the direct evidence about the execution of the will has to be considered. The evidence of P. \V. 1 is really in- conclusive on the point about the execution of the

will. A part from the fact that he had no clear re- collection as to what happened on the day when he attested the will, this witness has frankly stated that he could not state definitely whether the whole of the

document was read over to the testatrix before he put the attesting signature; and it was naturally of very great importance in this case to produce satisfactory evidence that the will was read out to the testatrix

and she understood the nature and effect of its con- tents. On this point even if P. \V. 1 is believed it does not help the appellant's case. The evidence of P.W. 2 cannot carry much weight because his main

story that he was present at the time when the will was written is wholly inconsistent with the evidence of r953 P. Ws. 3, 4 and 7. 'l'hat leaves the evidence of the H. venkatachala

scribe and the appellant himself. The scribe (P.W. 3) Iyengar is a near relation of Kalbagal and even he does not v. at all support the appellant's case about previous B. N: Thimma-

instruction because, according to him, the testatrix a:;~;~:,. said that she would agree to whatever the appellant would get written. 'fhe relevant evidence of this Gajendragadkar J. witness is clearly inconsistent with the appellant's

case about previous instructions· and so it would be difficult to treat the evidence of this witness as suffi- cient to prove that the testatrix fully understood the nature pf the recitals in the preamble and the effect

of the dispositions before she put her signature to the will. The evidence of the appellant (P. W. 7) cannot obviously be useful because it is the evidence of an interested witness and is besides not very satisfactory.

On behalf of the appellant it was urged before us by Mr. Iyengar that the evidence of Kalbagal (P. W. 4) is disinterested and so it should be believed. That also appears to be the view taken by the trial court.

In our opinion, however, it would not be right or correct to describe Kalbagal as wholly disinterested. Respondent No. 5 who is the step-brother of Kalbagal and who stays with him in the same house along with

their father has admittedly received substantial bene- fit under the will. If an undivided brother of P.W. 4 has received this benefit it would not be accurate to say that the witness is wholly disinterested. Besides,

it appears from the evidence of Kalbagal that he knew nothing about the execution of the will until the appellant asked him to get some attesting wit- nesses for the will. This evidence does not strike us

as natural or probable; but apart from it, even Kal- bagal's evidence does not show satisfactorily that the will was read out to the testatrix so as to enable her to understand its full effect before it was . signed by

her. 'l'hat is the whole of the evidence led by the appellant on the question of the execution of the will. On this evidence we are not prepared to hold that the High Court was in error in coming to the conclusion

that it was not shown that the testatrix fully understood the contents of the will and put her H. V•nkatachala signature on the instrument intending that the recitals Iyengar and the dispositions in the will should be her recitals

v. and dispositions. B. N. Thimma- In this connection we would like to add that the jamma learned trial judge appears to have misdirected himself and~!!.."" in law inasmuch as he thought that the proof of the

Gajend..agadka. J. signature of the testatrix on the will raised a presump- tion that the will had b~en executed by her. In support of this view the learned judge has referred to the deci-

sion of the Calcutta High Court in Surendra Nath Chatterji v. Jahnavi Charn Mukerji ('). In this case no doubt the Calcutta High Court has held that on the proof of the signature of the deceased or his 11.cknow.

ledgment that he has signed the will he will be presum- ed to have known the provisions of the instrument he has signed; but Mr. Justice B. B. Ghose, in his judg. ment, has also added that the said presumption is

liable to be rebutted by proof of suspicious circum- stances and that undoubtedly is the true legal position. What circumstances would be regarded as suspicious cannot be precisely defined or exhaustively enume.

rated. That inevitably would be a question of fact in each case. Unfortunately the learned trial judge did not properly assess the effect of suspicious circum- stances in the present case to which we have already

referred and that has introduced a serious infirmity in his final conclusion. Incidentally we may also refer to the fact that the appellant obtained a power of attorney from the testatrix on the same day ; and

that has given rise to the argument that the appellant was keen on taking possession and management of the properties under his control even before the death of the testatrix. There is also another circumstance

which may be mentioned and that is that the Sub. Registrar, in whose presence the document was regis- tered on the same day, has not. been examined though he was alive at the date of the trial. On

these facts then we are inclined to hold that the High Court was justified in reversing the findiug of the trial court on the question of the due and valid execu- tion of the will.

(1) (1928) I.L.R. 56 Cal. 390. Before we part with this case, however, we would i958 like to add that the High Court was not justified in H. Venkatachala r<>cording it:> findings on two other issues in the

Iyengar present appeal. As we have already indicated, the v. High Court itself has observed that, once it was held B. N. Thimma- that the will had not been proved by the appellant,

jamma no other issue survived for decision. Even so, the High and Others Court has expressed its conclusions in favour of res- Gnjendrngndt"'r ]. poudent I on the question about the character of the

subsequent a.cl1uisitions of items 3, 4 and 5 and about the subsisting title of the testatrix in respect of all the properties covered by the will. Having regard to the relationship between the parties it is difficult to under- sta!ld how mere entries in the revenue record made

in the name of Sadagopalachar or the long possession of Sadagopalachar and, after his death, of Narayana Iye11gii.r can prove the transfer of Lakshmamma's title or its extinction by adverse possession respec-

tively. It is appa.rent that, in recording these conclu. sions, t.110 High Court has not fully or properly con- sidered all the relevant evidence; and consequently, the reasons given by it are open to serious challenge

on the merits. Indeed Mr. Viswanatha Sastri did not appear to be inclined to support the said findings. We do not, however, propose to decide these questions on the merits because in view of our conclusion on

the principal issue it is unnecessary to consider any other points. \Ve would, therefore, like to make it cleM that the said two issues are not decided in the present proceedings and may have to be considered

afresh between the parties if and when they arise. The result is the appeal fails and must be dismissed but there will be no order as to costs in this Court. Appeal dismissed.