HARi CHAND MADAN GOPAL AND OTHERS v. STATE OF PUNJAB October 6, 1972 [J.M. SHELA1, D. G. PALEKAR, K. K. MATHEW, S. N. DWIVEDI AND Y. V. CHANDRACHUD, JJ.) The Indian Independence (Rights, PropfN'ty and Liabilities) Order, 1947, Cl. 8(3) and Punjab Partition (Comracts) Order, 1947, cl. 2(d)- Scope of-Liability of appellant to respondent regarding contracts entered into lVith tile p.rovince of P1111jah
Prior to pc.rtition-S. 63 Contract Act-Re111ission of a part of the pro111ise hy the pron1issec effcc1ii·e even ll'ithout consideration fron1 the pro111isor·. Sometin1e in 1944 an agreen1ent was entered into bct\\'ecn the appel~ lant and the then Province of Punjab, whereby the appellant agreed to act as a Clearing Agent (Foodgrains) for the sale a:!ld purchase of food. grains on behalf of the Province on payment of a
qommission. The appellant obtained stock of rice from the Rationing Controllers . On August 14, 1947, the Governor·Ge:neral issued, in exercise of his power under s.9(1) (b) of the Indian lndep~ndence Act, 1947, the Indian Independence (Rights, Property and Liabilities) Order,
1947. Clause 8(3) of the Order provided that any contract made o,r> behalf of the Pro- vince of Punjab, if it was not exclusively for the purpose of the Province of East Punjab in India, was <le,111£d to have been made on behalf of the Province of West Punjab in Pakistar"
On the same day, the Govern- or of the Prov(r.ce of Punjab also issued the Punjab Partition (Contracts) Order, 1947. Clause 2(d) of the Governor's Order provided that every C:Ontract entered ink> on behalf of the Governor in accordance with s.175 of the Government of India Act, 1935, shall, in so far as it relates to services to be rendered for-the benefit of areas \vithin the tV.'O new Pro· v\r.ces of East Punjab and West Punjab, be deemed to have been entered into with the t\\"O Provinces as t\vo sepa.ratc contracts having effect respect- ively in relation to the services to be rendered in each of the Provinces. The Governor of Punjab also issued another Order, the Punjab Parti- tio.n (Apportionment of Assets and Liabilities) Order, 1947, for a gene· ral financial settlement between the two new Provinces.
As the two new Provinces did not arrive at any agreement, the Chief Justice of the Fede- ral Court gave his a\vard according to which 60% of the total assets were to go to the Province of West Punjab in Pakistan a.!ld 40% thereof to the Province of East Punjab in India.
With respect to the stock supplied to the appellant, the appellant made certain payments to the respondent, and the responde.rtt, State of Punjab, sued the appellant for the balance.
The appellant, while denying liabi- lity, also contended that the liability if any, WM to the extent of 40% only of the amount due. The trial court substantially decreed the suit.
On appeal, the High Court reduced the amount payable by the appellant to the respondent. In appeal to this Court. HELD : ( 1) It could not be contended by the appellant that the res- pondent had no right to sue on the basis that the rights under the con- tract accrued under cl. 8(3) of the Governor-General's Order, in favour II
c c HARi CHAND V. PUNJAB (Dwivedi, J.) of the Government of West Punjab in Pakistan. It is qi. 2(a) of the Governor's Order that applies to the contract. The clause deals with contracts with continuing obligation'.
In the period when the contract of agency was subsisting it created the relationship of principal and age'!t between the contracting parties, and the relationship imposed mutual obh- gations.
The appellant was bound to render the service of acting '!8 a clearing agent and of purchasing and selling foodgrains for the Province of Punjab. The contract was not a completed contract, but one which
imposed th,e continuing obligation of rendering the service of an agent on the appellant. Therefore, cl. 2(d) of the Governor's Order applied and that clause itself provided for the bifurcation of a· single and indivi- sible contract into two separate contracts. [588C-F;" 591Al (2) The fields of operation of the two Orders, the Governor-Gene- ral's Order and the Governor's Order did not overlap and therefore the question of one prevailing over the other did not arise .. [589GJ (3) Clause 8(3) of the Governor'General's Order dealt with the don· tracts which formed the subject-matter of s.177(1) of the Go~er\:iment of India Act, 1935, that is, with contracts made by or on behalf of the Secretary of State in Council for the purposes of the Province of Punjab before the Government of India Act, 1935, was brought into force. It has nothing to do with the contracts made by or on behalf of the Governor of Punjab under s.175(3), Government of India Act, 1935, after March 1937. Clause 2(d) of the Governor's Order dealt with such contracts made by or on behalf of the Governor under s. 175(3). [589A-GJ State of Tripura v. The Province of East Bengal, [1951] S.C.R. 1,
State of West ]Jengal v. Sh"ikh Serajuddin Batley [1954] S.C.R. 378, Union of India v. Chaman Lal Leena, [1957] S.C.R. 1039, State of West Bengal v. Brindaban Chandra Pramanik, A.LR. 1957 Oal. 44 and Scindic. Steam Navigation Co. Ltd. v. Union of India, [1962] 3 S.C.R. 412. ex- plained.
( 4) (a) The arbitration award which brought about a financial ad- justment between East Punjab and West Punjab did not deal with the liabilities of third parties, like the appella,'T>t, to one or the other of the Provinces. It did not direct that any amount due by a third party could be recovered only to the extent of 40% of his liability. [591F-GJ (b) There was no settlement between the appellant and the respond- ent that the former ·should recover only 40% of the amount due from the appellant. No such settleme:nt could be spelt out from the corres- pondence between the parties. There was only a propo'3l to the appel- lant for settlement of the claims of the respondent and the sellers but the appellant, i"5tead of unconditionally accepting the proposal, made an alternative proposal, with the result that there. was no settlement between the parties. There was no progress beyond he slage of proposal and
counter-proposal. [59JG-H; 592G; 593A-FJ (c) The appellant could not raise the pleas that the respondent had represented to the appellant that it would recover only 40% of the amount debited to the account of the erstwhile Province of Punjab, and hence was estopped from claiming a higher amount because no such plea was raised in the written statemeint: nor was an i··sue framed, nor \Vere argu- ments advanced in the trial court and High Court. The plea was not raised even in the statement of case in this Court. [593F-H; 594C-D] (d) But the minutes of meeting held between the representatives o't the appellant aind the respondent showed that the respondent had de<~ded to claim only 40% of the amount debited lo the account of Province of Punjab ~cfore March 1948.
The respondent could not contend that tl1e decision to recover only 40'/b \\.'l:lS ~ubject to the condition that the appel- lant should pay the scller5. The mi:nutes of the meeting can be split
i~to two parts: (I) limiting the appellants' liability to 40%, •nd (ii) payment of the amounts due to the sellers by the appellant; but the first part is not dependent on the performance ·of the second
part. The letters c.:nd subsequent c;o;:rduct indk\ate that in ~pite of the aosen~ of consent hy the iippellants the respondent was paying the sellers from the amount with it to the credit of the appellant, showing, that instead of
insisting upon payment to the sellers. the ie:pondent was acting accord• ing to :he appellant's propo.al that the sellers should be. paid by the respondent from the money with it to the credit of the appellant. There- fore, the respondent had decided to recover only 40% and no more. It amounted to a remission of a part of the debt due by the app~Jlant under s.63 of the Contract Act, 1872 and it i; not necessary that su~h remi•· eion should be supported by c'onsideration.
Since, admittedly more than 40% of the total liability had already been paid to the respondent, noth- ing w•s due from the nppcllant a:nd hence the appeal should be allowed. [5>-5A·B, O·H; 596A·C, P·H; 597A-B]
CtvrL AP1•nr.1,.~1r. JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. of 1967. . Appeal by certificate from the judgment and decree dated April 1. 1966 of the Punjab High Court at Chandigarh in Regu- lar Fir~t Appeal No. 216 of 1960.
D. V. Patel,. P. C. Bhartari, J. B. Dadachanji, 0. C. Mathur, anci R,1\'inder Narain, for the appellant. c V. M. Tc:rkunde, Harbans Singh and R. N. Sachthey, for the E respondent8.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DwIVEDI, J. The factual framework of this appeal is set spati- cally in the undivid.ed geography of India during the Brifoh period and temporarily during-1944 to June
1947. There are three Jppellants : ( 1 ) Messrs Hari Chand Madan Gopal and Co., (2) Hari Chand and ( 3) Sri Ram. The first appellant is a partnership fim1, of which the. other two appellants are partners. Some time in 1944 there was concluded an agreement between the first appel- !ant and the Government of the Province of Punjab (hereinafter called the Undivided Punjab).
By that agreement, the first appellant agreed to act as a Clearing Agent (Foodgrains) for the sale and purchast' of foodgrains on behalf of the Undivided Pun- jab on payment of a commission.
The first appellant obtained stock of rice from the Rationing Controllers of the districts which H were after the Partition of India in August 194 7 included in the State of East Punjab and are now included h the St1te of Ptmjab. According to the State of Punjab (the plaintiff-respondent) the
HARi CHAND V. PUNJAB (D11'il'edi, J.) A price of the stock supplied by the said Rationing Contru!lcrs was Rs. i2,15,178/4/ll. The stock was supplied in May and June, 1947. The first ~ppellant sold the said stock to persons m Delhi and the United Provinces (now
called Uttar Prad~sh). The plaint admits the receipt of three amounts : ( 1) a sum of Rs. 2,91.817/13/llt, (2) a sum of Rs. 2,67,963/10.'l, collected fronr various purchasers in Delhi and Uttar Pradesh lo whom the first appellant had sold the ~tock, and (3) a sum of Rs. 20,000/- paid by th~ first appellant. The aggregate of receipts th1~s comes to Rs. 5,79,841/8/ t. Deducting the aggregate amount from the total >mn due, there still remains an outstanding of Rs. 6,03,897 I -/9. It is alleged in paragraph 9 of th~ plaint that on Jtily 29, c 1953. the appcJJants admitted their
liability to pay tlfe said amotmt. The third appellant did not enter appearan.:e. The case pro- ceeded e~-parte against him in the trial court. The appellants Nos. 1 and 2 filed their first joint written state- ment on June 15, 1957. They pleaded that all rights and liabili- ties under the r1greement of 1944 have accrued in faycur of the Government of We.st Punjab which forms part of Pakis:an
and the respondent has no right to sue. They also pleaded that in the meeting held on July 28 and 29, 1953 between the reprcsentatiVP,S of the respondent and the first appellant. it was admitted on be- ~ half of the respondent that the first appellant, was liable to pay only 40ic of the total amount.
11 is alleged1 that according to the respondent the 40% of the total liability was Rs. 5,00,085/12 but according to the first appellant it was only Rs. 47,327 /6/9. As the plaintiff has admitted in the
plaint to have received Rs. 5,79,841/8/t. from and on behalf of them, there was in crdit in favour of the fir,_t appellant a sum of Rs. 59,695/12/J. Tbe written statement adds that according to the first appellant the credit amount would be Rs. 86,510/1/3. It is asserted in
the written statement that nothing was due by the appellants. The writteu statement denies that the appellants Nos. 1 and 2 admitted their liability to pay any amount in the meeting held on July 29, 1953.
Tile appellants Nos. 1 and 2 filed another writt~n statement on June 2, 1959. In this written statement they reiterated their pleas in the first written statement. They also added that the
Award of the Chaimian of the Arbitration Tribunal, dated March 17, 1944 determined the ratio of financial adjustment between East Punjab and West Punjab in respect of assets and liabilities of the Undivided Punjab as 40 : 60 and that accordin!!ly the res- pondent was entitled only to 40% of the amount due
by the appe!lants. [1973]'2 S.C.R. The trial courl decreed the suit of the respondent for a sum A of Rs. 5,53,897/-/9. On appeal.the High Court of Punjab reduced the decretal amount to Rs. 3,23,897 /-/9. Not feeling satisfied with the judgment and decree of the High Court the appellants Nos. I and 2 have preferred this appeal.
It is now necessary to set out the legal background against which two of the appellants' arguments need to be examined. On July 18, 19.47, the British Parliament enacted the Indian Inde- pendence Ace, 1947.
Section 1 (2) defines the expression "ap- pointed day" as the 15th of August, 194 7. On the said date there were born two independent Dominions, the Dom.inion of India a11d the Dominion of Pakistan. The Undivided India was partitioned between the two
Dominions. Consequently, the Undivided Punjab was split up into two Provinces, one called the Province of West Punjab and the other the Province of East Punjab. Section 9( 1) (b) enabled the Governor-GencrJl 10 make Orders for dividin;i between the new Dominions, and between the new Provinces 1 ights and liabilities of the Governor-General in Council and the relevant Provinces which were to cease to exist." Sub-section (2) of s. 9 provided that the power conforrcd on the Govcrncr-General by s. 9(1) (b) could, in relation to their res- pective provinces, be exercised also by the Governors of the pro- vinces which would cease to exist on the appointed date.
On August 14, 1947, the Governor-General issued, in exer- cise of his power tinders. 9(l)(b), an Order called the InJian E Independence (Rights, Property and Liabilities) Order, (hereinafter called the Governor-General's Order). It came into force at once. Clause 3 ( 1) of the Order provided that the provi- sions of the Order related to the initial distribution of rights, pro- perty and liabilities consequential on the setting up of the Domi- nions of India and Pakistan. The Order would have effect subject to any award that might be made by the Arbitration Tribunal. Clauses 8 ( 3) is important for our purposes and is reproduced in extenso:
"8 (3) Any contract made on behalf of the Province of the Punjab before the appointed day shall, as from that day- (a) (b) if the contract is for purposes which as from that day are exclusively purposes of the Province of
East Pun jab, be dt:emed to have been made on behalf of that Province instead of the Province of the Punjab, and in any other case be deemed to have been made on behalf of the Province of West Punjab ins-
tead of the Province of the Punjab; —,,., HARi CHAND v. PUNJAB (Dwivedi, /.) and all rights and liabilities which have accrued or may accrue under any such contract shall, to the extent to
which they would have been rights or liabilities of the Province of East Punjab or the Province of West Pun- jab, as the case may be." 8 . On the same day, the Governor of the Undivided Punjab
issued an Order under s. -9 ( 2). The Order is called the Punjab Partition (Contracts) Order, 1947 (hereinafter called the Gov- ernor's Order). The second paragraph in the preamble to the Order recited that "whereas it was necessary to make provision for division between the two new Provinces of the rights and obli- gations of the Governor of the Punjab in respect of contra,t, deed~ .• covenants and all other matters hereinafter r~fcrred to", accordingly the Governor was making the Order. The material part of Clause 😕 ( d) of the Order, which is important for this
case is set out here : "2. With effect from the appointed day every con- tract made, deed executed or covenant entered into, by or on behalf of the Governor of the Punjab in ac- cordance with section 175 of the Government of India
Act, 1935, shall, for all purposes, in so far as it relates to : ( d) ~crvice; to be rendered, in or for the benefit of areas situated, within both the new Provinces, be deemed to have been made, executed or en-
tered into with the West Punjab Province and the East Punjab Province, as two separate con- tracts, deeds or covenants having effect respec- tively only in relation to such services as am to
be 1endered in, or for the benefit, of the West Punjab Province or the East Punjab Province; &nd ………. " The Governor of the Undivided Punjab issued· another Order called the Punjab Partition (Apportionment of Assets and Liabi- lities) Order, 1947. Clause 6 of the Order provided that there G would be a general financial settlement between the two new Provinces, West Punjab and East Punjab in regard to all assets and liabilities of the Undivided Punjab as they stood immediately before thP, appointed day. It further provided that any award of the Arbitrator given under Cl. 3 or Cl. 4 of the Order would be taken into account iP. making general financial settlement. The
two new Provinces did not arrive at any agreement regarding financial settlement. So the Chief Justice of the Federal Court was appointed the Arbitrator. He gave his Award on March 17, 1948. According to the Award, 60% of the total assets were to go to the Province of West Punjab and 40/c thereof to th~ Pro'. vince of East Punjab.
The hr>! agument of counsel for the appeliants is d~' c'iopd in this way: Clause 2(d) of the Governor"s Order deals with a contract with '' continuing obligation and not with a completed contract. The contract of agency between the ;ipµcllants and the Undivided Punjab was a completed -contract. Accordingiy it was not governed by the Governor's Order. It was govcrne-i
Dy cl. }:•:3) of the Governor-General's Order. Clause 2'.di 0t the Governor·s Order dealt with any contract made for "'sen ices to c be rendered". Obviously clause 2(d) dealt with contract.; with
continuing obligations. The written contract in the present case is not on record, but it is admitted that the contract was subsist- ing during May and June, 1947 when the appellants took stock of rice from the Rationing Controllers of the districts which !Jll into the new Province o( East Punjab and are now comprised i11 the Province of Punjab. In the period when the contract of agency was subsisting it created the relationship of principal alld agent between the contracting parties. That relationship imposed mutual obligations on them.
The appellants were bound to render the service of acting as a clearing agent and of purchasing and selling foodgrains for the Undivided Punjab. The s~rvices \\ere to be performed as long as the contract _remained in force. It cannot accordingly be said that the contract between th~ appel- lants and the Undivided Punjab was a completed contract. On the other hand, it was a contract which imposed a continuing obligation of rendering the services of an agent on the appellant~. In the iesult, cl. 2(d) of the Governor's Order would apply to the contract.
The next argument is that Governor-General's Order ~nd the Governor's Order occupied the same field. On the analogy of F s. 107 of the Goverr.ment of India Act, 1935, the fonncr Order would prevail over the latter Order.
Counsel has cited a nwn- ber of cases in support of this· argument. But it is not necessary to refer to them as we are of opinion that the two Orders did not over-lap. They operated in different fields.
Clauses 8 (2), Cl) and ( 4) of the Governor-General's Order dealt with any contract 1 made "on behalf of the Province of West Bengal", "the Province cf Punjab" and th~ "Province of Assam" before the appointed day. Clauses 2, 3, 4 and 7 of the Governor's order dealt with various cont:acts "wade by or on behalf of the Governor oi Pun- jab in accordance \'.·ith s. 175 of the Government of Jndi:1 Act, 1935", or rights &ml obligations of the Governor arising under n those contracts.
The aforesaid difference in the phraseology of ,, the two Orders is purposive. The phrase "on 'behalf of the .Pro- vmce of Punjab" in Cl. 8(3) of the Governor-General's Order HARi CHAND v. PUNJAB (Dwivedi, /.}
A shows that the contracts dealt with in that ckuse were th~ con- tracts which fom1ed the subject-matter of s. 177 ( 1) of the Gov- ernment of India Act, 1935. Section 177 (I) provided that :my contract made before the commencement of Part III of the said Act by er on behalf of the Secretary of State in Council, would from that date, if made for purposes which would after the com- mencement of Part III of the Act be purposes of the Government of 3 Province. have effect as if it had been made "on behalf of that Province" and 1eference in any such contract to the Secretary of State in Council·would be construed accordingly. According c to s.179(1! of that Act, such a contract could be enforced in a suit against the prnvince concerned. So clause 8 (3) of the Gov- ernor-General's Order dealt with contracts made by or on behalf of the Secretary of State in Council for purposes of the Punjab Province before March 1937 when Part III of the Government of India Act, i 935 was brought into force. Clause 8 (3) has noth- ing to do with the contracts made by or on behalf of the Govern- nor of Punjab under s. 175(3) of the Government of India Act, 1935, after March 1937. Clause 2(d) of the Governor's Order dealt with the contracts made by or on behalf of the Governor under s. 17 5 ( 3). It would thus appear that the fields of opera• E tion of clause 8 ( 3) of the Governor-General's Order and cl. 2 ( d) of the Governor's Order were distinct and dikrete. They <lid not overlap and there was no conflict between them.
In the State of Tripura v. The Province of East Be11gal( 1}, this Court construed the phrase "any liability in respect of any ar.tionable wrong other than breach of contract" in cl. ( 1) of the Governor-General's Oriler as including a liability to be restrained by injunction from completing wha~ was a wrongful or unautho- rised act already commenced.
The question that we are called upon to decide in this case was not considered in that case. G Counsel laid &tress on the Court's remark that "a wide and liberal construction, as far as the language used would admit. should be placed upon the terms of the order so as to leave no gap er lacuna in relation to the matters sought to be provided for." It is difficult to understand how this remark help;; the appel!ant> on account of the construction that we are putting on the language H of clause 8(3) of the Governor.General's Order. In the Stat~ of West Bengal v. Shaikh Setajuddin Batley("), the PrO\·incc of (1) [1951! S. C. R. 1.
(2) [1954] S. C, R. 378. Bengal took certain premises on lease on February 6, 194 7. It A agreed to pay a monthly rent of Rs. 1800/-. The purposes for which the lease was entered into were exclusively th!) purposes of West Bengal after August 15, 1947. It was held that the liability to pay the amount was not a "financial obligation" contemplated by cl. 9 of the Governor-General's Order and the Government of B West Bengal was liable under cl. 8(2)(a) of the said Order to pay the rent which had accrued upto August 15, 1947. It does not appear that the Governor of the Province of Bengal had made an order of the nature of the Governor's Order in tho present case. At any rate, the Court was not referred to any such order. C On the contrary, at page 382 of the Report it is said that the Advocate-General of West Bengal fairly and frankly conceded that in the absence of anything else that case would be wholly covered by article 8 ( 2 )(a), but cont<lnded that by virtue of article 8 ( 6) that a11icle was to have effect subject to the provisions of article 9. It is th us clear that the case was decided on the concession D made by the Advocate-General and the question that has arisen before us did not arise there. In Union of India v. Chaman Lal Loona('), the contract was made on behali of the Governor- General in Council and the question arising before us could not arise there.
In State of West Bengal v. Brindaban Chandra Pramanik(2), certain paddy was requisitioned under the Defence of India Rules during the Second World War by the Province of West Bengal. 111e amount of compensation was assessed under rule 75-A of !he Defence of India Rules. That amount was not paid by the Province of Bengal. After partiti1>n a suit was insti- luted against the Province of West Bengal. The High Court of Calcutta held that by virtue of cl.
10(2) of the Governor- General's Order, the Province of West Bengal was liable to pay the amount to the plaintiff whose paddy had been requisitioned. In that case also the High Court was not called upon to decide the question that arises ·before us. In the judgment there is. no G reference to any Order made by the Governor of the Province of Bengal. In Scindia Steam Navigation Co. Ltd. v. Union of
India('), the contract was made by the Governor-General in (1) (1957) S. C.R. 1039. (2) A.I. R. 1957 Cal· 44. (3) [1962] 3 S. C. R. 412. , HARi CHAND I', PUNJAB (Dwivedi, /.) Council. There the questio.n that faces us could not arise. None d the <1foresaid decisions assist the appellants in this case. It is then ;ubmitted that the contract of agency between the appellants and the respondent was a single and indivisible con- tract and could not be split up at the will of the Government for the purpose of imtituting a suit against the
appellants. This argumen~ is completely negatived by cl. 2 ( d) of the Governor's Order. Clause 2 «!) provided that any contract made by the Governor of J'1mj:ib in accordance with s. 175 of the Government of India Act, i 935, in so far as it related, inter alia, to services to b~ rendered "in (•r for the benefit of areas situated within both the new Provinces, would be deemed to have been made, executed or entered into with the West Punjab Province and the East Punjab Pri>vincc. as two separate contracts". Each such separate contract would have effect only in relation to "such services as are to be rendered in or for the benefit of the West Punjab or East Punjab Province".
Obviously cl. 2 ( d) itself provided for the bifurcation (If ri single and indivisible contract into two sepa· rate contracts. L:istly, it is suhmittcd that the Government could recover only 40'1~ .of the. total liability from the appellants.
This argument had been put in ~cveraL.ways. Firstly, it is pointed out that the arbitration award of the Chief Justice of India, dated March 7, 1948 had distributed the total assets of the Undivided Punjab hetwecn the West Punjab and East Punjab in the ratio of 60 : 40. Consequently. the Government can recover from the appellants only 40~·c of the total dues found due by them. As admittedly the Government has recovered more than 40%, nothing remains due by the appellants.
The trial court and the High Court did not accept this argument. We are also unable to accept it. The arbitration award brought about a financial adjustment between the West Punjab mid East Punjab. It did not deal with the liabi- lities of third parties like the appellants to one or the other Pro- vince. rt did not direct that an amount due by a
third party could be recovered only to the extent of 40% of his total liability. According to the award. if more than 40% is recovered from the appellants. the excess over 40% would become pay:1ole by the Government to the West Punjab. Secondly, it is said that by virtue of a settlement between the Government and the appellant~. the former can. recover only 40% .of the amount found due by the latter. The tnal court and the High Court have found that there was no settlement between the parties, and we agree with them. The so-ca1led settlement. is spelt out by the appellants from two letters, dated.January 17, 1951.
One of the letters \~'as'written by rhe Director of Food. Civil Supplies, Punjab to the first appel- lant and the other was a reply to it by the se~ond appellant on 3-L499 Sup. Cl/73
behalf of the first appellant. The subject-matter of lhe Director's letter is "settlement of accounts". The Jetter opens with the state· ment that "the auestion of settlement of claims of Government and all sellers against your agency has been discussed at length'', in the presence of certain Government representatives and Harl Chand, the second appellant. The second paragraph of the letter pertinently states : "lt appears that a settlement of these claims will be possible in the following manner :
(a) This Government should realise only 40% of the amcunt debited to the Joint Punjab account prior to March 1948 and the sellers on whose behalf the amounts have been realised by Gov-
ernment should be paid by the Clearing Agents through the Controller of Food Accounts and the balance amount adjudged by the Committre against the Clearing Agents may be paid by the
Clearing Agents direct." Paragraph 3 requests : "kindly confirm if you are agreeable to •this method of settlement". It is stated that the actual details of the amounts due to the, Government and to the sellers would be •urplied to the <•.ppellants later "on receivi,ng your acceptance as :J.bove".
The second appellant in his reply letter said : "We hereby confirm the arrangements embodied in your letter ….. . subject to the following amendments ………….. ( l) you shall be entitled to a realisation on the basis of 40% out of the amount realised by us on account of rice supplied by Rationing Controllers; (2) after disbursing the balance to sellers for whose supplies the amounts have been realised by you in our account, the balance shall be utilised for the settlement of the claims of other sellers against our agency."
It may be noted that in paragraph 3 of the written statement the appellants had taken the plea that the settlement of January 17, 1951 was •·without prejudice". The phrase "without pre-
judice" suggests that they had accepted the settlement without prejudice to their rights. It is not a pleading that there was a firm settlement between the parties: It is evi'Jent from the
Director's letter that he had only made a proposal to the appel- lants for the settlement of the claims of the Government and sellers. The proposal contained two essential and inseverable
terms. The inference that the letter made a proposal to the appeJ-, !ant is supported by such phrases in the letter as "kindly confirm if you are agreeable to this method of settlement", and "on re- ceiving your acceptance as above". !The inseverable character of the two terms follows from such expressions as "the question of settlement of claims of Government and of sellers against your agency has been discussed,"~'and" a settlement of these claims will c
HAR! CHAND v. PUNJAB (Dwivedi, J.) be possible in the following mann<:r'', Hari Chand's reply letter did not uncondJtionaJly accept the Director's proposal. Instead, he made an alternative proposGl.
According to the Director's letter, the Govenunent could recover ·lu;lo of the amount debited to the Joint P~111j"n account prior to Marci1 1948 : according to Hari Chand's reply the Government could recover 40'/o of
the amounts realised by the appellants on account of rice supplied by the Rationing Controllers. According to the Director's proposal, the appellants should pay the sellers on whose
behalf certain amounts had been realised from purchasers by the Government. They should also pa) the sellers to whom payments were to be made according to the decision of the Dellii Committee.
Hari c Chand, on the other hand, suggested that excess over 40% re- covered by the Government should be paid to the sellers for whom the Government has recovered the amounts and that the balance, if any, should be utilised in paying the remaining sellers. There
is plainly substantial difference between the terms proposed by the Director and the alternative term proposed by H<lri Chand. lt has not been argued that the Government accepted the alter- n:itive proposal of Hari Chand. In the result, we are of opinion, that there was no settlement between the parties. The things did not move beyond the sfage of proposal
and counter·proposal. This inference is supported by three letters sent to the appellants by the Dirnctor. food and Civil Supplies, the Controller of Food Accounts and the Director General, Food and
Civil Supplies, dated September 22. 1951, November 22, 1951 and September l 8. 1952 1cspectivciy In all these letters it is insisted upon that the appellants should settle the claims of the sellers,
The appel- i:mts can derive no advantage from the word "settlem,!nt" in those letters. We are satiofied that the said word has been loosely used therein. Thirdly, it i~ said that as the Government had represented to the appellants that it would recover only 40% of the amount debited to the Joint Punjab account, it is now esropped from claiming any higher amount. This argument cannot be raised at this stage. The p!ca of estoppel was not taken by the appellants G in their two written statements filed on January 15, 1957 and June 2. 1959. No issue was framed on estoppel. No argument lounded on estoppel was advanced by the appellants in the trial court and the HigJ1 Court.
The argument is not rai>ed even in the statement of case filed by the appellants in this Court. As we are not allowing the appellants to raise the plea of cstoppel at.the stage of hearing. it is not necessary to deal with U•1io11 of .fndia and others v. M /s lndo-Afghan Agencies Ltd. (1)
and (I) [1968! 2 S. C.R. 366. [1973) 2 s.c.R. C entµry Svi1111i11g &. Manufacturing Company Ltd. and :motlier v. The Ulhasnagar Municipal Council and another('). Fourthly, it is said th\lt as the Government had decided to claim only 40';.: of the amount debited to the Joint Punjab ac- count before March 1948, the Government cannot now recover more than that nmount.
While dealing with this argument, the trial court said : .. These letters and other letters on the file which have been referr~d to by the learned counsel for the defendants do show that the Government had taken such a decision". How- .:ver, the trial court did not accept the argument that the Govern- ment could not claim more than 40%. It does not appear from the judgment of the High Court that this argument was recanvas- c
scd before it, for the judgment of the High Court does not ex- pressly deal with it. The argument is founded on the proceedings of the meeting he!J on July 28 and 29, 1953 in the office of the 1 Cnntroller, Focd Accounts, at Simla.
In the meeting th~ second appellant and the other partner Sri Ram were present on behalf of the first appcll~nt. The other three persons who attended the ll meeting were the Government representatives. One of them was the Deputy Cont;·oller, Food Accounts. The Deputy Controller, food Accounts, explained the history of the controversy to the meeting.
He said that the Government had been claiming 40% 0f the amount actually debited to the Joint Punjab account be- f•)re March, J 94 ~ and payment by the appellants of the claims of sellers for whom the Governme'nt had recovered
certain amounts from the consignees. Thereafter he stated the case. of the appellants which was set forth in their reply letter of January 17, 1951. Then he stated that AO'.k of the amount actnally debited to the Join: Punjab account came to Rs. 5,85,000/ 12/- according to the Government and Rs. 4,73,271/6/9 according to the appellants.
He admitted that the Government ha;; re- covered two ;ums of Rs. 2,92,102/11/9 and Rs. 2,67,96'.l/10/l from and on behal! of the appellants. Thus the total recovery was admitted to be Rs. 5,59,781/8/-t. Then he said that the net credit in favour of tht Clearing Agents came to Rs. 59,695/12/!} according to the Government and according to the Clearing
Agents it was Rs. 86,510/1/3t. Thereafter he added that they G have "to settle all the accounts of all the sellers on whose behalf the Punjab Government has recovered the money from the con- signees and .the amounts found due to different sellers as per
Delhi Committee proceedings by making cash payment to Gov- ernment cf the amount found short". He ended by saying that the appellants ~.tated that they had settled the amounts of certain seilers and that they promisel:l to settle the accounts of more (I) 1970] 3 S. C.R. 85~.
HAR! CHAND v. PUNJAB (Dwivedi, J.) ,.;Hers by the third week of August, 1953. They were asked by him to bring the payees' receipts with them ,in suppo1t of pay· ments made to sellers.
While examining the implications of the aforesaid minutes of the meeting, it is necessary to bear in mind <three things· One, it is clear trom the letter of the Director General, Food and Civil Supplies, to the Secretary, Government of West Punjab dated March 31, 1948 that the Government of East l'unjab had great sympathy for the pitiable plight of the appellants. The letter say th<.t the Clearing Agents were unable to pay the amounts debited to the Joint account of the Punjab Government before
Ma~ch, l 948, because they had been uprooted from West Punjab where c they had huge property worth 27 lakhs in the shape of mills, agri· cultural lands and other movable and immovable properties, be· cause large amounts were due to them from West Punpb Govern- ment on account of the supply of foodgrains J:>y them, because there were alsn other dues payable to them on account of securi· ties and shares .in wholesale Pacca Ahrties Association and Syndi· cate in West Punjtb and because the commission due to them to the tune of Rs. 7 lakhs by Undivided Punjab was not being paid iO them.
It is said that on account of their financial difticulties the Government had decided that Rs. 12,55,214/6/3 payable by them should be debited to the Joint Account of the Undivided
Punjab and that ail recoveries in respect of those dues relating to the ::ire-partition period and payable at Lahore should be credited to the Joint Account. Second, the Government was not leg:illy liable to pay the sellers from whom the appellants had purchased rice. Shri H. S. Achreja, Secretary to the Governor, has· deposed that there was "no legal liability of the Government to pay sellers, whose goods were supplied to the consignees through the sellers at ShHhdara.
The Syndicate had filed a suit against the Govern- ment. That suit was dismissed." Third, the Government was likely to get mere 40% of the recovery from the appellants. Any recovery in excess of it was likely to benefit West Punjab. So the Government could afford to take a magnanimous decision without the likelihcod of any loss to itself that Ol)ly 40% of the amount debited lo the Joint Punjab Account before March 1948, G should be recovered from the appellants.
Accordmg to counsel for the respondent, the minutes of the m.eetin~ would show that ~he decision to recover only 40% of the atoresa1d amount wa~ sub1ect to the condition that the appellants should pay th_e sellers for whom the Government has already re- covered certam ~mounts from the consignees.
We are diffident to draw that inferrnce from the minutes of the meeting held on Julv 28 and 29, 1953. It is important to notice the difference in the language of the Director's letter dated Janu<try 17, 1951 and the minutes cf the aforesaid meeting.
The language of the for- mer clearly evinces that payment to 'the sellers by the appellants was an essential term of the proposed settlement. The language ot !ht: minutes of the meeting does not show that .payment to the selle'rs was a condition precedent to the lin1itation of recovery to 4o;:;" The minutes of the meeting can be split up in two ;:iarts : ( J ) limiting the appellants' liability to 40%, and (2) payment of the amouQts due to sellers by the appellants. The first part i.s not dependent on the performance of the second part as in the Director's letter of January 17, 1951.
This inference is supported by the subsequent conduct of the Government Ollicers. After January 17, 1951, the Government had sent lcUers Ill. the appellants indicating that paymt:nt to sellers was an esse1:tial tenn of the proposed settlement of January 17, J 951.
A similar letter was never sent to the appellant after July 28-29, J 953. On the other hand, letters of the Director, Food and Civil Supplies, dated April 21, 1954 and May 11, 1954 show that the Government was paying the sellers from the amount with it to the credit of the appellants and asking them to give their consent to such payment.
The Director, Food and Civil Supplies, sent five letters to the appellants on April 21, 1954. They are cxhiliits D-6 to D-11. In each of them he has stated that if no reply were received within a fortnight, it would be pre- :mrned that the 2.ppcllants had agreed to the payment being made to the .sellers mentioned in the letters.
The appellants repl'ed to those five letters on May 3, 1954. They said that u~le.is a detail- ed account of their post-partition dealings was made available to them, it would not be possible to reply to the Director's letters. The Director was requested to send a complete copy of the ac- counts.
In his 1cply letter of May 11, 1954, the Director said that the appellants had already been given details of the accounts in the meeting of July 28 and 29, 1953. He conch1ded by say- ing that if no renly was recci11ed by him up to May 20, 1954, it would lie presumed that tt.ey had no objection to the payment be- ing made to the sellers
and that "this office would proceed to .make payment to the parties concerned." These letters indicate that in spite of the absence of consent by the anpellants, the Gov- ernment was paying sellers from the amount with it to the credit of the appellants. These letters show that instead of insisting upon nayment t0 the sellers by the appellants, the Government was acceptin2 and acting according to the appellants' proposal of January 17, 1951 that the sellers should be paid by the Gov- ernment from the money with it to the credit of the appellants. In view of the foregoing discussion, we are of the view, that the Government had decided to recover only 40% and no more. The Government's decision would amount to remitting a part of the debt due by the appellants. Un<ier s. 63 of the Contract Act. HAR! CHAND v PUNJAB (Dwivedi, J.)
a promisee can 1emit a promise in part. It is not necessary under the Cor.tract Act that such remission should be supported hy con- sideration. If the decision of the Government amounts to remit- ting a part of the debt, as we think, then the Government cannot seek to recover more than 40%. Admittedly more than 40% of the tota: liability has already been paid to the Government. Therefore nothing remains due by the appellants.
Accordingly we allow the appeal and dismiss the suit of the Government. Jn the peculiar circumstances of this cJse, the ap- pellants shall get no costs throughout. V.P.S. Appeal dismissed.