to close and permit his rival, who employs perhaps a dozen members of his family, to remain open, clearly places the former at a grave commercial disadvan- tage. To permit such a distinction might well engender
discontent and in the end react upon the relations between employer and employed." We have, therefore, no hesitation in repelling the attack on the constitutionalit~ of s. 7(1) of the Act.
The appeal fails and is dismised. Appeal dismissed. IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (INDIA) PRIVATE LIMITED v. THE WORKMEN (AND CONNECTED APPEAL) (P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, A. K. SARKAR and K. N.
W ANCHOO, JJ.) Industrial Dispute-Award, if can deprive workmen of pre- existing benefits-Age of retirement-Fixation-Relevant considera- tions-Failure of Tribunal to consider evidence adduced by~parties Duty of Supreme Court.
The workmen of the Imperial Chemical Industries at Bom- bay claimed, firstly, twice the employee's normal rate of pay for the work done on Sundays and holidays and secondly that all employees of the company shall not compulsorily be retired by the company before they attain the age of 60. The company
djsputed the demands on the grounds that it had paid Sunday and holiday work allowance in terms of an earlier award, and as no change of circumstances had taken place since the making of the award a revision was not justified; as for the age of retirement as it had fixed the retirement age at 55 for all its employees throughout India, any revision would have r,epercus- sion in other branches of the company.
The tribunal partly allowed the claim of the workmen and directed the company to give the employees concerned for work done on Sundays and holidays half a day's total salary and dearness allowance ; and for the work done by the employees on Manohar Lal
v. The Stale of Punjab Ayyangar .f. N ovt111ber r 4. [1961] '960 festival holiday, a day's salary and dearness allowance, but the employees would not be entitled to a substituted holiday.
l»1perial Chemical Th T "b 1 · k" h d' · be k d 1 1 d t ie (I d. ) e r1 una 1n ma tng t e 1st1nct1on tween wor one ' ; ~s; 'L. 1 •; on Sundays on the one hand and festival holidays on the other, nva e
'"" ' in effect, placed the workmen in worse position than before the Th• ;;rkmen award with respect to the work done on festival holidays and deprived the workmen of their right to a compensatory weekly off or a substituted holiday, and also of a part of the benefits to which they were entitled under the pre-existing arrangement. Further the Tribunal without taking into consideration the recent trend in Bombay with regard to the age of retirement and an inportant document produced by the workmen in support thereof, which conclusively.showed that in Bombay the age of retirement was almost invariably fixed at 60 and not at 55, fixed the age of retirement at 58 years.
Held, that the Tribunal in making an award could not deprive the workmen of the benefits to which they were entitled to under the pre-existing arrangement and place them in a worse position than before the award when the company did
not want any change in its favour. In the instant case the allowance in respect of the work done by the employees on festival holidays would continue to be in accordance with the practice prevailing before the present dispute arose.
Held, further, that in fixing the age of retirement no hard and fast rule can be laid down. The decision on the question always depends on a proper assessment of the relevant factors and may conceivably vary from case to case.
In industrial adjudication it is generally recognised that where an employer adopts a fair and reasonable pension scheme that would play an important part in fixing the age of retire- ment at a comparatively earlier stage. If a retired employee can legitimately look forward to the prospect of earning a pen- sion then the hardship resulting from early compulsory retire- ment is considerably mitigated: that is why cases where there is a fair and reasonable scheme of pension in vogue would not be comparable or even relevant in dealing with the age of
retirement in a concern where there is no such pension scheme. The recent trend in the Bombay area clearly appears to be to fix the age of retirement at 60. The material facts in the instant case being very similar to the facts in the case of the Dunlop Rubber Co. (India) Ltd. v. Workmen, the age of retire- ment of workmen concerned shoud be raised to 60 from 55.
Held, also, that the Supreme. Court generally does not like to interfere with the decision of a Tribunal, if it is satisfied that the Tribunal has reached its conclusion after considering the relevant evidence adduced before it; bnt if in reaching its con- clusion the Tribunal loses sight of an important document
and fails to take into account evidence adduced before it, it becomes necessary for the Supreme Court to consider whether ' i it should interfere with the discretion exercised by the Tribunal or not.
The Dunlop Rubber Co. (India) Ltd. v. Workmen 15- Ors. [1960] Imperia! Cliemi~al 2 S.C.R. 51 rehed on. Industries (India) W 'll' p · t L d p J St z· .1:. O Private Limited uest, een,
i iams riva e t . v. . . .er ing "" rs., [1960] 1 S.C.R. 348 referred to. Thi ;~rkmen CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION. Civil Appeals Nos. 471 a.nd 472 of 1960. Appeals by Special Leave from the Awa.rd dated the
22nd December, 1959, of the Industrial Tribunal, Bombay, in Reference (I. T. No. 163 of 1959). M. 0. Setalvad, Attorney-Genera.I for India., S. N. Andley, J.B. Dadachanji, Rameskwar Nath a.nd P. L.
Vokra, for the Appellant (In C.A. No. 471 and Respon- dent No. 1 in C. A. No. 1 of 1960). O. L. Dudkia and K. L. Hatki, for the Respondents (In C. A. No. 571 of 60 a.nd Appellants in C. A. No.
472 of 60). 1960. November 14. The Judgment of the Court wa.s delivered by GAJENDRA.GA.DKAB J.-These two cross appeals a.reGajendragadkar J. directed against the decision of the Industrial Tribu-
nal in respect of two of the demands referred to it for adjudication. Five industrial demands were ma.de against the Imperial Chemical Industries (India.) Pri- vate Limited, Bombay (hereafter.called the company),
by its workmen (hereafter called the workmen), and they were referred for industrial adjudication by the Government of Bombay under s. 10(1) of the Indus- trial Disputes Act, 1947 (XIV of 1947). These de-
mands were considered by the Industrial Tribunal in the light of the evidence adduced before it by the res- pective parties and decided on the merits. Two of the demands which a.re the subject matter of the pre-
sent appeals were demands Nos. 3 and 5. By demand No. 3 the workmen claimed that for the work done on Sundays and holidays observed by the company cleri- cal a.swell a.s service staff shall be pa.id twice the
employee's normal rate of pay consisting of ha.sic sa.la.ry, dea.rness allowa.nce a.nd other a.llowances if (1961] i any. Demand No. 5 made by the workmen was that lmperial Chemi,al all ?mploy.ees of the company shall not be c~mpul /ndust>ies (India) sonly retired by the company before they at tam the i Private Limit«t age of 60 except in case of voluntary retirement by the v.
employees concerned. The company is an All India ' The Workmen concern and has its branches at several places in ~ . a –dk India. At its Bombay office 1,400 employees are 1 " 1"' raga "' f. engaged by the company ; out of these 800 employees are concerned with the present dispute; 600 out of
them belong to the clerical cadre whereas the remain- ing 200 belong to the cadre of the subordinate staff. The two demands set out above were disputed by the company. In regard to demand No. 3 the com-
pany stated that it paid Sunday or holiday work allowance in terms of an earlier award known as the Naik Award, and since no change of circumstances had taken place since the making of the said award a
revision in the matter of the said payment was not justified. The company further claimed that the allowance paid by it to its employees was reasonable, fair and adequate. In regard to demand No. 5 the
company pleaded that since 1950 the company had fixed the retirement age at 55 for all its employees throughout India, and that any revision made in that behalf so far as the employees in the present dispute
are concerned would have serious repercussions in the other branches of the company. It was also urged that the age of retirement fixed by the company was fair and reasonable. The company drew attention to
the fact that it pays a generous Provident Fund of 10% contribution from either side which does not exist in many others concerns in Bombay. In regard to demand No. 3 the Tribunal has partly
allowed the claim of the workmen and has directed the company to give to the employees concerned, for work done on Sundays and holidays, half of a day's total salary and dearness allowance (calculated by
dividing the total of the basic wage, special allowance and dearness allowance for the month by 30). In re- gard to the work done by the employees on festival holidays the Tribunal has purported to order that the
allowance in that behalf should be a day's salary and dearness allowance calculated as above, but employees z960 will not be entitled to a substituted holiday. It is this f h d h h ll
d b h k Imperial Chemical part o. t e a.war t at IS c a enge y t e wor men Industries (India) Ill their appeal. Private Limited In regard to demand No. 5 the Tribunal ha.s taken v.
the view that a case had been made out by the work- The Workmen men for the revision of the age of retirement fixed by the company a.nd it ha.s held that it would be rea.- Gajendragadkar J. sona.ble to fix the said age of retirement at 58 instead
of 55. This direction is challenged by the company in its appeal as well as by the workmen in their appeal. The company contends that no change should have been ma.de in the age of retirement, whereas the work-
men urge that the retirement age sh.ould have been fixed at 60 instead of 58. Thus Civil Appeal No. 471 of 1960 filed by the company is concernea only with · the fixation of .the age of retirement, whereas Civil
Appeal No. 472 of 1960 which has been filed by the workmen is concerned with the age of retirement as well a.s the direction issued by the Tribunal in regard to the payment of allowance to the workmen for work
done on festival holidays. In regard to the direction issued by the Tribunal in respect of work done on festival holidays it is obvious that the impugned direction is due to an oversight.
We have already pointed out that whereas the work- men wanted a revision of the practice prevailing in regard to the payment of allowances for work done on Sundays and holidays the company wanted the
status quo to continue. The payment which the com- pany was making in respect of· the said work was in accordance with the Naik Award, and the company's case was that there was no justification for changing
the said practice. It is thus obvious that the company did not want a.ny change in its favour and to the detriment of the workmen. It was apparently not realised by the Tribunal that in making a. distinction
between work done on Sundays on the one hand and work done on festival holidays on the other, and in making two different directions in respect of the said two categories of work, the Tribunal's order in regard
4.5 (1961] '960 to the latter category of work would have the effect Imperial Chemical of placing the workmen in a worse position after the Jndustdes (Jndia)award than before. The relevant direction deprives Private Limited the workmen of their right to a compensatory weekly v.
off or a substituted holiday, and the inevitable conse- The Workmen quence of this direction would be ultimately to deprive G . d–dk 1 the workmen of a part of the benefits to which they a;en raga
ar • • J d d h Th· are ent1t e un er t e pre-ex1stlllg arrangement. 1s position cannot be and has not been seriously disput- ed. Therefore we must uphold the plea raised by Mr. Dudhia. on behalf of the workmen and direct that
in respect of work done on festival holidays the prac- tice prevailing before the present dispute a.rose should continue. Then, as regards the age of retirement, the learned Attorney-Genera.I, for the company, has strenuously
contended that the Tribunal was in error in changing · the age of retirement from 55 to 58. He argues that in dealing with this question two important facts must be borne in mind. The company is an All India
concern, and it is of great importance that the terms and conditions of service prevailing in the several branches of the company all over the country should be stabilised and made uniform as far as is reasonably
possible, and in the matter of retirement the com- pany has achieved uniformity by fixing the age of retirement at 55 since 1950. This arrangement should not be disturbed because it would inevitably upset
the age of retirement, in a.II other branches. He has also relied on the fa.ct that the general terms and conditions of service provided by the company to its employees are very liberal, and he has made special
reference to the Provident Fund which the company has started for the benefit of its employees. Even otherwise, so the argument runs, it cannot be said that it is unreasonable to fix the age of retirement at 55.
In support of these contentions he has relied on the decision of this Court in The Dunl,op Rubber Co. (India) Ltd. v. Workmen('). On the other hand Mr. Dudhia. contends that the decision of this Court in the case of the DunJ,op Com-
pany (') is in fa. vour of the demand ma.de by the (1) [196o] 2 S C.R. 51. 2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT HEPORTS workmen and the Tribunal was in errror in not fixing z96o the age of retirement at 60 applying the principles laid 1 . -, -c,
. 1 f h D lo mperia rHH11lCa down by this Court 1Il the case o t e un 'P Com. Indm;lries (India) pany (1). Besides, he points out that in dealing with Private Limited the question on the merits the Tribunal has unfortu.
v. nately failed to consider one important document filed The Workmc 11 by the workmen along with their statement of the G . d-.-dk claim (Ex. B). This document would conclusively a;en raga
ar · · show that in Bombay the age of retirement is almost invariably fixed at 60 and not at 55. The question about the age of retirement hai; been considered by this Court in the case of Guest, Keen,
Williams Private Ltd. v. P. J. Sterling (2). In that case certain general considerations which may be rele- vant in determining the age of retirement have been dismissed. In the case of the D'unlop Company (1) the
same considerations were repeated, and it was held that the decision of the Tribunal by which the age of retirement was fixed at 60 should not be interfered with. In the latter case some of the considcratoions on
which the learned Attorney-General has relied were present. The employer was an All India concern and the argument that changing tho terms and conditions of service in regard to 'the age of retirement in one
place might unsettle the uniformity and has serious roporcussions in other branches was urged and consi- dered by this Court. It was there pointed out that though the consideration relied upon by the employer
was relevant and material its effect had to be judged in the light of other material and relevant circums- tances, and it was added that one of the important material considerations in this connection would be
that the age of retirement can ho and often is deter- mined on industry-cum-region ha.sis. It was from this point of view that the Court took into account the fact that in Bombay for some time pa.st there has
been a progressive tendency to fix the age of retire- ment at 60, and if consistently with the said tendency the Tribunal fixed the retirement age at 60 in the case of the Dunlop O<Ympany (1) this Court sa.w no
reason to take a different view. In our opinion, in so (1) [1960] 2 S.C.R. 51. (2) [196o] 1 S.C.R. 348. (1961] '960 far as the considerations on which the company relies Imperial Chemical in the prese~t appeal were common to the consi?era. Indust•ies (India) tions urged m the case of the Dunwp Company ( ) the P•ivate Limited decision in the latter case is more in favour of the v.
workmen than of the company. The Workmen It is true that in matters of this kind this Court G . t-dk 1 generally does not like to interfere with the decisions '"1"" '"C" "' : of the Tribunal if it is satisfied that the Tribunal ha.s reached its conclusio'ns after considering the relevant
evidence adduced before it. There is no doubt that in fixing the age of retirement no hard and fa.st rule can be la.id down. The decision on the question would always depend on a. proper assessment of the relevant
factors and may conceivably vary from case to case ; but in the present case it seems to us that Mr. Dudhia is right in contending that in reaching its conclusion· the Tribunal has somehow lost sight of an important
document filed by the workmen a.long with their claim. This document (Ex. B) shows that out of 13 industrial concerns there set out, in regard to 10 the age of retirement has been fixed at 60 either by an
a.ward or by agreement, and that in regard to the remaining 3 there is no age of retirement. The record shows that the facts mentioned in this statement were not disputed before the Tribune.I. Indeed in most of
the cases reference is made to an award, and it was presumably realised by the company that the awards in those respective cases had in fa.ct fixed the age of retirement at 60. This document has not been con-
sidered at a.II by the Tribunal in dealing with the question a.bout the age of retirement, and that gives strength to tho argument of Mr. Dudbia that this Court ought to reconsider the merits of the dispute for
itself. It appears that the company filed a. list (Ex. C-1) in support of its case that the age of retirement had been fixed at 55 in 14 industrial concerns; and in reply to this list the workmen filed their own expla-
nation (Ex. U-1). This explanation shows that in some of the cases a.n industrial dispute was actually pending adjudication or demands ha.d been made by tho employees to raise the age of retirement. In
<•> [•96ol 2 s.c.R. s•· regard to 4 Oil Companies specified by the company in r960 its list (Ex. C-1) it appears that a.U of them have a. 1 . 1 Ch . 1 d b di k b mperia em1w pension scheme, and that un ou te y ma es a su · Indust•ies (lndia) stantial difference. It is generally recognised in ind us- Private Limited
trial adjudication that where a.n employer adopts a. v. fair and reasonable pension scheme that would play The Workmen an important part in fixing the age of retirement at a k . I
t If t' d .._ l GaJendragad ar ]. comparative y ear ier s age. a re ire ~mp oyee can legitimately look forward to the prospect of earn- ing a. pension then the hardship resulting from early
compulsory retirement is considerably mitigated; that is why cases where there is a fair and reasonable scheme of pension in vogue would not be comparable or even relevant in dealing with the age of retirement
in a. concern where there is no such pension scheme. In regard to Godrej and Boyce there was a dispute between the parties a.s to the real age of retirement fixed by the employer; similarly there was a dispute
a.bout the age of retirement in Brooke Bond (India} Private Limited. The learned Tribunal considered the evidence supplied by the two documents Ex. C-1 and Ex. U-1 and held that having regard to all the
relevant circumstances it would not be unreasonable to fix the retiring age at 58 in the present case. It is true that in dealing with this question the Tribunal has commenced its discussion with the observation
that in a. number of concerns the retirement age is 60, and that there had been for some time a. trend to increase the retirement age from 55 to upwards ; but the tone and trend of the discussion leave no room for
doubt that the Tribunal failed to take into account the evidence supplied by the workmen in their docu- ment Ex. B filed a.long with their claim. This evid- ence strongly suggests almost a. uniform tendency in
Bombay to fix the age of retirement at 60 and not 55. If the Tribunal had considered this evidence and given reasons why it did not justify the workmen's claim for fixing the age of retirement a.t 60 it would
have been another matter. Since the a.ward does not refer to this document and gives no reasons why the trend disclosed by the document should not be adopt- ed in the present case it has become necessary for this
Court to consider that question for itself. Th~ learned Attorney-Genera.I contends that the [1961] i96o industrial concerns to which the said document Ex. B · .-Ch . 1refers are not comparable to the company, and so no
lmf)mal emica • h Id b h d h d d" l 1 ,t fries (India) importance s ou e at tac e to t e tren 1sc osed ;,~;.,, Limited by the said document. 'Ve a.re not impressed by this v. ·;argument. One has merely to look at the industrial
Th• IVoTkmen 'concerns specified in the list filed by the company to · realise that if the said concerns are comparable in the Gajend,agaak.,.J. present proceedings there. is no reason why the con- cerns specified in Ex. B should be rejected as not
comparable.- ·Besides; in the case of the Dunlop Com- pany('), as in the present case, the dispute was and is between clerical and the subordinate staff and their employer, so that some of the conditions which may
be relevant in fixing the age of retirement of factory workers may not necessarily apply. As this Court pointed out in the case of the Dunlop Company(') the recent trend in the Bombay area. clearly appears to
be to fix the age of retirement at 60. That being . so we see no reason why the age of retirement of the workmen in the present appeal should not be similar- ly fixed. As we have already observed, if the Tribunal
had considered· the uniform trend disclosed by Ex. B .. and had stated its reasons for not giving effect to that . trend it would have been another matter; we would then have considered· whether. we should. interfere
with the discretion exercised by the Tribunal or not. The. Tribunal however does not appear to have con- sidered this evidence. On the whole we are satisfied that· Mr. Dudhia. is. right ·in contending ·that . tho
material facts in this case are very similiar to the · facts in the case of the Dunlop Company('). That being so, we think that the age of retirement in the case of the workmen concerned in the present appeal
should be raised to 60 from 55. • The result is Civil Appeal No. 471of1960 filed by the company fails and is dismissed, .whereas Civil Appeal No.472of1960 filed by the workmen is allow.
· ed, and the directions of the award under appeal are modified. The workmen will be entitled to their costs from the company. Appeal No. 471 dismissed. Appeal No. 472 allowed. (1) [196o] 2 S.C.R. 51 •.