INDUKAKKAR v. HARYANA STATE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD. AND ANR. DECEMBER 2, 1998 [S.8. MAJMUDAR AND K.T. THOMAS, JJ.] Industrial Development-Industrial plot-Allotment-Agreement between Corporation and allottee that allottee would establish an industrial unit on the plot within the time given failing which Corporation entitled to C resume the plot-Default by al/ottee-Corporation making resumption order- Suit by allottee-Meanwhile allottee transferring his rights to another person-Held, the condition was a valid one-It was binding on allottee- Transferee had no locus to question order of resumption-No absolute interest created in favour of allottee-Condition of agreement not having been fulfilled D by allottee, Corporation was entitled to ~esume-Contract Act, 1882-Ss. 11 and 31.
Assignment-Assignment of rights or liabilities under a contract- lndustrial plot allotted to allottee under an agreement that he would establish industrial unit on it within specified period-Allottee failing to fulfil the E condition-Plot assumed by Corporation-Allottee transferring his right to another person-Held, transferee cannot compel the Corporation to recognise him as the allottee.
An industrial plot was allotted to Mis. 'YK' (the allottee). An agreement was executed on 6th August. 1979 between the respondent-Corporation and F the allottee. Clause 7 of the agreement stipulated that the allottee would start on the allotted site construction of building for setting up an industry within 11 period of six months and complete the construction within two years from the date of issue of the allotment letter. It was further stipulated that the allottee would complete the erection and installation of machinery and commence production within a period of three years from the date of allotment G of the plot failing which the plot would be liable to be resumed by the Corporation. Later, a registered deed of conveyance was executed by the Corporation in favour of the allottee. On 6.1.1984 the Corporation issued a notice to the allottee calling upon him to show cause why the plot should not be resumed, as the allottee failed to establish the industrial unit on the said H A plot till the end of 1983.
The allottee sent a reply to the Corporation but the latter did not find it satisfactory and resumed the plot on 16.3.1984. The allottee filed a civil suit for declaration that the order of resumption was illegal and void. It was contended by the allottee that clause 7 of the agreement was unenforceable in view of Section 11 of Transfer of Property B Act, 1882. During the pendency of the suit the petitioner got a registered sale deed from the allottee of its rights in respect of the said plot and got herself imp leaded as plaintiff No. 2 in the suit. The trial court decreed the suit and declared the resumption order as manifestly illegal and beyond jurisdiction. But, the first appellate court reversed the decree and dismissed C the suit holding that the Corporation was within its power to resume and the resumption was made in accordance with the terms of the allotment. The second appeal of the petitioner was dismissed by the High Court. Aggrieved, the petitioner filed the present petition.
It was contended for the petitioner that the Corporation had no power D of resumption inasmuch as it had failed to prove that there was any binding clause in the deed of conveyance which empowered the Corporation to do so. It was alternatively contended that the allottee could not be said to have contravened any condition regarding construction of building on the plot since the allottee had already commenced constructing an edifice thereon. Dismissing the petition, this Court
HELD : I. I. The High Court has rightly held that the petitioner has no locus standi to question the validity of the order of resumption. (286-H] 1.2. The petitioner cannot escape from the position that he is to abide F by the terms and conditions of the agreement admitted to have been executed between the parties. The allottee did not take any steps towards implementation of the proposed industrial unit. So the petitioner who is only a transferee of the allottee cannot claim any other right which even the allottee did not have. [283-A; 284-F-GJ
2.1. The condition that the industrial unit shall be established within a specified period failing which the interest shall cease, is valid condition. Clause 7 of the agreement between the parties is, therefore, valid and is binding on the parties thereto. (285-E]
2.2. Section 11 of Transfer of Property Act, 1882 rests on a principle l.D.C. LTD. that any condition which is repugnant to the interest created is void and A when property is transferred absolutely it must be done with all its legal incidents. In the instant case, the deed of conveyance did not create any absolute interest in favour of the allottee in respect of the plot conveyed. That apart, Section 31 provides that "on a transfer of property an interest therein may be created with the condition superadded that it shall cease to exist in B case a specified uncertain event shall happen, or in case a specified uncertain event shall not happen. (285-B-C]
3.1. Assignment by act of parties may cause assignment of rights or of liabilities under a contract. As a rule a party to a contract cannot transfer his liabilities under the contract without consent of the other party. This rule C applies both at the Common Law and in equity. Where a contract involves mutual rights and obligation an assignee of a right cannot enforce that right without fulfilling the co-relative obligations. (286-A-B)
Khardah Company Ltd. v. Raymon & Co. India Ltd., AIR (1962) SC D 1810, followed. 3.2. In the instant case, the agreement was entered into between the Corporation and the allottee as a sequel to t'te request made by the allottee to give him an industrial plot for the purpose of setting up an industry. Corporation reciprocated to the request on being satisfied that the allottee E was able to carry out the obligations so as to accomplish the purpose of allotment. The Corporation entered into the agreement only on the assurance given by the latter that he shall set up an industrial unit within the specified period. It is a matter of confidence which the Corporation acquired in the promise made by the allottee that the latter would perform such obligations. F If the allottee evacuates from the scene after inducting someone else into the plot without consent of the Corporation it is not legally permissible for the inductee to compel the Corporation to recognise him as the allottee. (286-E-GI
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Special Leave Petition (C) 0 No. 8368 of 1998. From the-Judgment and Order dated 26.2.98 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in R.S.A.No. 302 of 1998.
R.F. Nariman and Manoj Swarup for the Petitioner. Ravindra Bana for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by THOMAS, J. Petitioner who virtually purchased a litigation has now reached the Supreme Court seeking special leave to appeal against a judgment B by which the High Court of Punjab and Haryana has dismissed a Second Appeal. The suit was filed by M/s York Printers and during its pendency the present petitioner bought the rights which the original plaintiff had in the subject-matter of the suit for a consideration of rupees forty thousand. Petitioner got himself impleaded as additional plaintiff and from then on it was C the petitioner who fought the litigation, as the original plaintiff has vacated from the scene.
Mis York Printers filed the suit on the following facts: On 28. 7 .1977 a plot of land admeasuring approximately 450 Sq. metres D has been allotted to Mis York Printers (which will hereinafter be referred to as the allottee) as per a letter of allotment issued by Haryana State Industrial Development Corporation Limited "(Corporation" for short). The said plot is situated within the industrial complex at Dundahera in Gurgaon District (Haryana). The price for such allotment was tentatively fixed as R~.13,455 and E the allottee was put in possession thereof. On completion of remittance of the entire amount payable by the allottee a registered Deed of Conveyance was executed on I 0.12.1982 by the Corporation in favour of the allottee. In fact the said plot was transferred by Haryana Urban Development Authority (HUDA its acronym) in favour of the Corporation for facilitating the objects and purposes of Haryana Urban Development (Disposal of Land and F Buildings) Regulation 1978.
As the allottee failed to establish the industrial unit till the end of 1983 a notice was issued by the Corporation on 6.1.1984 calling upon the allottee to show cause why the plot should not be resumed .. In the reply which G allottee sent to the Corporation certain reasons were highlighted for showing why It coul<t not complete construction of the building for the proposed industrial unit. But the Corporation was not satisfied with the reply and hence on 16.3.1984 the Corporation resumed the plot.
The allottee thereafter made representation to the Corporation for , H revocation of the resumption order. According to the allottee the construction l.D.C. LTD. [THOMAS, J.)
work was actually commenced but its progress was hampered on account of A power supply not being made available by Haryana State Electricity Board for more than two years, besides the difficulty regarding availability of water. However, the Corporation was unwilling to revoke the resumption order and hence the representations made by the allottee were rejected. On 3.8.1985 the allottee filed the civil suit for a declaration that the order of resumption is illegal and void and also for certain other consequential reliefs. During pendency of the suit the petitioner got a registered sale deed from the Allottee on 27.12.1989 of his rights in respe.:t of the plot in question and got herself impleaded as second plaintiff in the suit. c
Trial court decreed the suit and declared the resumption order as "manifestly illegal and beyond jurisdiction". But the first appellate court reversed the decree and dismissed the suit holding that tl)e Corporation was well within its power to resume and that the resumption was made in accordance with the terms of allotment. The first appellate court further found that the D petitioner has no locus standi' as the sale in her favour was, hit by Section 52 of the Transfer of Property Act.
In the Second Appeal petitioner assailed the said fmdings before the High Court. Learned who heard the appeal agreed with the contention of the petitioner that Section 52 of the Transfer of Property Act is not a bar against E transferring property pendente lite. However, learned Judge has observed the following:
"The question in this case is not in regard to validity of the sale of plot to second plaintiff by the allottee, but the question is whether F second plaintiff has any locus standi to question the order of resumption which had been passed against the allottee. Jn my view second plaintiff has no locus standi to question the validity of order resuming the plot. There have been no privity of contract between second plaintiff and HSIDC. Contract was between allottee and HSIDC G and the same was subject to fulfilment of certain terms and conditions by the allottee. Since the allottee failed to abide by the terms and conditions of allotment, plot was rightly resumed by HSIDC. On resumption of plot, it became the absolute property of HSIDC and allottee had been left with no right, title or interest in the property which he could transfer to second plaintiff."
The High Court further noted that the plot which could fetch only a bid amount of Rs.10,000 per square meter has subsequently registered an escalation reaching its price up to Rupees forty five lakhs. Accordingly the High Court held that petitioner purchased the plot for speculative purposes and hence, "no indulgence of any kind can be shown by the court to a claim which is not bona fide, nor can the court come to the aid of a person trying to resile B from the express obligation undertaken by him with the State or its agencies". Learned counsel for the respondent did not make any endeavour to show that Section 52 of the Transfer of Property Act (for short T.P. Act) is a bar to the petitioner to purchase the subject-matter of the suit, presumably C because the bar contained therein is intended not to affect the rights of any other party thereto under any decree or order which may be made therein, except under the authority of the court and on such terms as it may impose. Learned courisel for the petitioner contended that the Corporation has no power of resumption inasmuch as the Corporation has failed to prove that D there is any binding clause in the Deed of Conveyance which empowers the Corporation to do so. Alternatively, it was contended that the allottee cannot be said to have controverted any condition regarding construction of building on the plot since the allottee has already commenced constructing an edifice thereon. A further argument advanced is that inability of the allottee to E establish the industrial unit was due to causes beyond his control and, therefore, the Corporation was duty bound to grant more time to the allottee. The prefatory portion of the Deed of Conveyance which was executed on 10.12.1982 between the Corporation and the allottee contains the following statements:
"Whereas the site hereinafter described and intended to be hereby conveyed is owned by the vendor in full proprietary rights. Whereas the vendor has sanctioned the sale of the said site to the transferee in pursuance of its application dated 17 January, 1977. The said site situated in the industrial area was to be used for the purpose of industry only, the terms and conditions relating to the said sale were settled in the agreement to sell. This agreement was executed on 6th August, 1979 between the parties."
The proforma of the agreement is produced as Annexure P42. Petitioner J.D.C. LTD. [THOMAS, J.] cannot escape from the position that he is to abide by the terms and conditions A of the agreement admitted to have been executed between the parties. If that agreement was not in accordance with the proforma it is for the petitioner to show tha: there was some other agreement which is different from it. However, petitioner has not even chosen to adduce any evidence in that line. Hence, we have no difficulty to believe that the agreement was executed in the said B proforma. Clause 7 of the aforesaid agreement reads thus:
"That the allottee shall start on the said site construction of the building for setting up the aforesaid industry within a period of 6 months and complete the construction thereof within two years from the date of issue of the allotment letter, the plans of which shall be C in accordance with the rules made and with the directions given from time to time by the Town and Country Planning and Urban Estates Department in respect and approved by the Director, Town Country Planning Department or any other office duly authorized by him in this behalf. Further the allottee shall complete the erection and installation D of machinery and commence production within a period of 3 years from the date of allotment of plot failing which the plot be liable to be resumed by the corporation.
Provided that the time under this clause may be extended by t~e M.D., HSIDC Ltd. in case the failure to complete the building and E commencement or production by the stipulated date was due to reasons beyond the control of the allottee.
The Corporation shall also have the right to call for periodical reports every six months from the allottee starting from one year after the date of delivery about the progress in implementation of the project and F if after hearing the allottee in the opinion of the M.D. the progress is found to be unsatisfactory he may order the plot resumed." On 6. I. I 984 the Corporation issued a notice to the allottee calling upon him to show cause why the plot should not be resumed as per clause 7 of G the agreement. It is useful to extend the contents of the said notice as under: "You were allotted plot no. 70 in the Industrial complex at Udyog Vihar Phase-I on 28.7.77. It is indeed disheartening to note that you have not taken any step towards the implementation of your proposed industrial unit thereby defeating the basic purpose of allotment in H your favour. Retaining an industrial plot without any finn programme is against the tenets of iildustrialisation. Your inaction deprives a . genuine entrepreneurs of an opportunity to set up his unit. We are, therefore, constrained to issue a show cause notice to you as to why your plot should not be resumed under clause 7 of our agreement. Your explanation should reach this office positively within 30 days of the date of issue of their letter failing which your plot would stand automatically resumed and no further correspondence will be entertained on this subject."
Allottee who received notice sent a reply to it in which a plea was made C for helping the allottee to set up the industrial plant. The allottee has practically admitted that it had to abandon the scheme for establishment of a plant – A reproduction of the reply will show the clear stand of the allottee. "We thankfully acknowledge the receipt of your letter No.6218 dated 6.1.1984 and wish to infonn you that even after our repeated efforts the power connection is not installed in our constructed premises. We had to abandon our scheme of shifting our workers and plants to Delhi since no drinking water supplies are provided in the area. However, we have managed the total investments from our sources in land, buildings, machines, etc. and functioning of our unit shall depend on supplies of power and water. Will you please help us in the setting up of the plant. We have met your Shri R.K. Kaushik and Mr. B.S. Ojha high-lighting the problems of water and power. He assured us for prompt action. Please advise us what to do and what are you going to do for us. Please acknowledge the receipt considering the fact that we have already obtained the Conveyance Deed of the said plot." It is, therefore, clear from the said reply that allottee did not dispute that it has not taken any steps towards implementation of the proposed industrial unit. So the petitioner who is only a transferee of the allottee cannot claim any other right which even the allottee did not have.
However, the allottee has contended before the trial court that clause 7 of the Agreement is unenforceable in view of Section 11 of the TP Act. But that contention was repelled according to us rightly, because the Deed of Conveyance had not created any absolute interest in favour of the allottee in respect of the plot conveyed. For a transferee to deal with interest in the H property transferred "as if there were no such direction" regarding the particular J.D.C. LTD. [THOMAS, J.]
manner of enjoyment of the property, the Instrument of transfer should evidence A that an absolute interest in favour of the transferee has been created. This is clearly discernible from Section 11 of the TP Act. The Section rests on a principle that any condition which is repugnant to the interest created is void and when property is transferred absolutely it must be done with all its legal incidents. That apart, Section 31 of the TP Act is enough to meet the aforesaid B contention. The Section provides that on a transfer of property an interest therein may be created with the condition superadded that it shall cease to exist in case a specified uncertain event shall happen, or in case a specified uncertain event shall not happen. Illustration (b) to the Section makes the position clear, and it reads:
"A transfers a farm to B, provided that, if B shall not go to England within three years after the date of the transfer :his interest in the farm shall cease. B does not go to England within the term prescribed. His interest in the farm ceases."
c All that Section 32 of the Transfer of Property Act provides is that "in D order that a condition that an interest shall cease to exist may be valid, it is necessary, that the event to which it relates be one which could legally constitute the condition of the creation of an interest". If the condition is invalid it cannot be set up as a condition precedent for crystallization of the interest created . The condition that the industrial unit shall be established E within a specified period failing which the interest shall cease, is a valid condition. Clause 7 of the Agreement between the parties is, therefore, valid and is binding on the parties thereto.
According to the High Court, the petitioner, who claims to be the assignee of the allottee, has no locus standi to question the validity of the F order of resumption. Learned counsel for the petitioner has seriously assailed the said view of the high Court. He contended that having found that Section 52 of the TP Act is not a bar the High Court should have further found that there is no other bar against assignment of the plot in favour of the petitioner and hence the petitioner could step into the shoes of the allottee and claim G whatever that the allottee could have claimed.
In fact, the question is not whether there is any legal bar for the allottee to make assignment of the plot. The real question is whether the assignee has a legal right to claim performance of any part from the allottor. Answer of the said question depends upon the terms of allotment. Assignment by act H A of parties may cause assignment of rights or of liabilities under a contract. As a rule a party to a contract cannot transfer his liabilities under the contract without consent of the other party. This rule applies both at the Common Law and in equity (vide para 337 of Halsburys Laws of England, fourth Edition, part 9). Where a contract involves mutual rights and obligations an assignee B of a right cannot enforce that right without fulfilling the co-relative obligations. The aforesaid principle has been recognized by a Constitution Bench of this Court in Khardah Company Ltd. v. Raymon and Co. India (Pvt) Ltd. AIR [1962) SC 1810. T.L. Venkataramiah, J who spoke forthe Bench has observed thus:
"The law on the subject is well settled and might be stated in simple terms. An assignment of a contract might result by transfer either of the rights or of the obligations thereunder. But there is a well recognised distinction between these two classes of assignments. As a rule obligations under a contract cannot be assigned except with the consent of the promisee, and when such consent is given, it is really a novation resulting in substitution of liabilities. On the other hand rights under a contract are assignable unless the contract is personal in its nature or the rights are incapable of assignment either under the law or under an agreement between the parties."
Here the Agreement was entered into between the Corporation and the allottee as a sequel to the request made by the allcittee to give him an industrial plot for the purpose of setting up an industry. Corporation reciprocated to the request on being satisfied that the allottee was able to carry out the obligations so as to accomplish the purpose of allotment. The assurance given by the allottee that he shall start construction of the building F for setting up the industry within a period of six months and complete the construction thereof within two years from the date of issue of allotment letter was verified and found acceptable to the Corporation and then only the Corporation has chosen to enter into the agreement with the allottee. It is a matter of confidence which the Corporation acquired in the promise made by G the allottee that the latter would perform such obligations. If the allottee evacuates from the scene after inducting someone else into the plot without consent of the Corporation it is not legally permissible for the inductee to compel the Corporation to recognize him as the allottee.
Viewing the assignment from the aforesaid angle we are in agreement H with the conclusion of the High Court that petitioner has no locus standi to l.D.C. LTD. [THOMAS, J.]
question the validity of the order of resumption. Hence, the impugned judgment A is unassailable as from that angle also. The Special Leave Petition is accordingly dismissed. RP. Petition dismissed.