JAGAT SINGH KISHOR SINGH DARBAR ETC. v. THE STATE OF GUJARAT February 6, 1979 [P. s. KAILASAM, D. A. DESAI AND A. D. KosiiAL, JJ.] Bon1bay PJ'ei•ention. of Gan1bli11g Act, 1887-S. 3(ii)-Scope of-Direct ,.relation lVitlz use of the premises or with instrument of gaming-If necessary to bring the place withln the scope of the definition-Mere probability or expectation of profit-If snfficient-Presun1ption under s. 1-When raised. The term "common gaming house" has been defined in s. 3 of the Bombay i:'Prevention of Gambling Act, 1887. Under cl. (i) of the section a house or -pklce in which any of six different types of gaming enun1erated therein takes place or in which instruments of gaming are kept or used for such gaming would fall within the definition.
Clause (ii) of that section states that in the ·-case of any other form of gaming (a) any house, room or place whatsoever in which any instn1ments of gaming \J.'fe kept or used (b) for the profit or gain.of the person owning, occupying, using or keeping such house, etc., (c) by way of charge for the use of such house, roon1 or instrument or otherwise holvsoever, would be a common gaming house.
Certain instruments of gaming were seized by the po1ice from the premises -of appellant no. 1 in both the appeals. He was convicted for keeping a common gaming house while the other appe11ants we:re convicted of an offence under s. 5 of the Act.
On appeal, rejecting the appellants' contention that a mere expectation or probability of profit arising from gaming, without establishing a direct rela- tion with the use of the premises or v-:ith instruments of gaming, would not ·be sufficient to bring the p1ace within the scope of the definition, the High :Court held that the purpose of occupying or using the premises must be such profit or gain as meant a probability or expectation of profit or gain and not necessarily a certainty of it.
The argument urged before the High Court was reiterated in appeal before this Court. Dismissing the appeals, c HEID : 1. The expression "or otherwise hO'-''Soever" is of the widest
·Omplitude and cannot be restricted to the words immediately preceding it, namely, "for profit or gain. . . . by way of charge for the use of the pre- · mises." [37F] 2. For proving that a particular house, room or place was
a common ·gaming house, it would be sufficient if it was shown that the house was one in which instruments of gaming were kept or were used for the profit ·or gain of the person keeping or using such place, that is, where . the person
"keeping or using the house knew that profit or gain would in all probability result from the use of the instruments of gaming. Profit or gain may not ·actually result from such use. Even the hope of making a profit out of the c
SUPRJ/ME COURT REPORTS gambling would be sufficient to satisfy the definition. In a given case the· occupier of a house may allow it to be used by the public for gambling and he himself may take part in it in the hope of making profit although he may not necessarily make it every time.
Such a hope would be sufficient to make the house a common gaming house and the occupier liable for keeping such a house. At the same time the prosecution must establish that the purpose of keeping or using the instrun1ents was profit or gain, which may be done either by showing that the owner was charging for use of the instruments of gaming or for the use of the house, room or place or in any other manner that may be possible having regard ·to the nature of the gan1e carried on. [38E, 39E-Fl
3. The profit or gain and the other requirements mentioned in cl. (ii) of the definition are a matter of peremptory presumption which has to be raised by the court as soon as seizure of instruments of gaming from the place is prorcd. Section 7 which allows a presumption to be raised against the accus- ed, provides that seizure Of instruments of gaming from the premises shall be evidence, until the contrary was proved, that they were used as a common – gaming house and the persons found therein were present for the purpose of gaming, although no gaming was actually s'een.
In the instant case there is no evidence in rebuttal of the presumption. [40F-GJ CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal Nos. 126- 127 of 1972. (From the Judgment and Order dt. 21-4-72 of the Gnjarat High Collrt in Criminal Revision App!n. Nos. 490-491 of 1971).
S. K. Dholakia and R. Ramachandran for the appellants. S. P. Nayar and M. N. Shroff for the respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by KosHAL, J. By this judgment we shall dispose of Criminal Appeals Nos. 126 and 127 of 1972 both of which have been instituted on· certificates granted under Article 134 (1 )( c) of the Constitution of India by the High Court of Gujarat against the judgment dated April 21, 1972 of a Division Bench of that Court upholding the conviction of each of the appellants under section 4 or section 5 of the Bombay Pr"vention of Gambling Act 1887 (hereinafter referred to as the
Bombay Act) and a sentence of imprisonment coupled with fine. 2. Appeal No. 126 of 1972 has been filed by eight persons. Appellant No. 1 has been convicted of an offence under section 4 of the Bombay Act for keeping a common gaming house, while his seven co-appellants were found guilty of an offence under section 5 of that Act. In Criminal Appeal No. 127 of 1972, appellant No. 1 is the same person who figures as appellant No. 1 in the former appeal and the conviction recorded against him is one for an offence under section 4 or, in the alternative, under section 5 of the Bombay Act. His two co-appellants have earned a conviction under. the section last mentioned .. I' '
,._ JAGAT SINGH v. GUJARAT (Koshal, J.) 3. The two appeals have arisen from Criminal Revisions Nos. 490 and 491 of 1971 both of which were dismissed by the High Court through the impugned judgment. In Appeal No. 126 of 1972, appel- Ja;1t No. 1 was said to be keeping or using house No. 1408 situate in Ward No. 1 of Himatnagar town as a common gaming house
and appellants Nos. 2 and 3 were said to have been employed by him for carrying on in that house the business of betting on Worli Matka figures. On a search by the police, appellants Nos. 2 to 8 were found present in the house from which numerous betting slips and boards indicating the opening and closing figures of Worli Malka betting were recovered.
A personal search of appellants Nos. 2 and 3 yielded col1l1~erfoils of the said slips. The allegations against the three appellants in criminal appeal No. 127 of 1972 were that all of them were found present for the purpose of gaming in the said house which was, as already stated, being run by appellant No. 1 as a common gaming house.
4. The only contention raised on behalf of the appellants before the High Court was that the said house had not been proved to be a "common gaming house" within the meaning of tbe definition of that expression occurring in section 3 of the Bombay Act. That definition runs i:hus:
'111 this Act, "common gaming-house" means- ( i) in the case of gaming- ( a) on the market price of cotton, opium or other commodity or on the digits of the number used is stating such price, or
(b) on the amount of variation in the market price of any such commodity or on the digits of the number used in stating the amount of such variation, or ( c) on the market price of any stock or share or on
the digits of the number used in stating such price, ~r ( d) on the occurrence or non-occurrence of rain or other natural event, or ( e) on the quantity of rainfall or on the digits of the
number used in stating such quantity, or c (f) on the pictures, digits or fignres of one or more playing cards or other documents or objects bearing numbers, or on the total of such digits
.B c [1979] 3 s:c.R. or figures, or on the basis of the occurrence or non-occurrence of any uncertain future event, or on the result of any draw, or on the basis of the sequence or any permutation or combination of
such pictures, digits, figures, numbers, events or draws, any house, room or place whatsoever in which such gaming takes place or in which instruments of gaming are kept or used for such gaming :
(ii) in the case of any other form of gaming, any house, room or place whatsoever in which any instruments of gaming are kept or used for the profit or gain of the person owning, occupying, using or keeping such
house, room or place by way of charge for the use of such house, room or place or instrument or other- wise howsoever." Clause (i) of the definition is obviously inapplicable to the cases in hand and the plea of the prosecution has throughout been that the house in question squarely falls within clause (ii) thereof. This plea was challenged before the High Court on behalf of the appellants with the contention that the house abovementioned had not been shown to be kept for use "for the profit or gain of the person owning, occupying …….. " because, according to their learned counsel, the profit or gain mentioned in the definition must have a direct relation with the use of the premises or with the instruments of gaming and a mere expectation or probability of profit arising from gaming itself would not be sufficient to bring the place within the definition of a common gaming house. The High Court noted that there was a clear distinction between the language employed in the two clauses· of the definition so that while the element of profit or gain of the person owning or occupy- ing the premises in question was immaterial under clause (i), it was an essential requirement of clause (ii) which deals with forms of gaming not covered by sub-clauses (a) to (f) of clause (i). The High Court therefore analysed the provisions of clause (ii)• and formed the opinion that the expression "or otherwise howsoever" occurring therein had the widest amplitude and did not take its colour from the immediately pre- ceding portion of the clause which employs the words "by way of charge for the use of such house, room or place or instrument". Discussing the matter further the High Court was of the opinion that the uqnirement of the expression "for the profit and gain of the person owning, occupying …….. " was that the purpose of occupying or using the premises must be such profit or gain as meant a probability –y·
t ' JAGAT SINGH v. GUJARAT (Koshal, J.) or expectation of p.rofit or gain and not necessarily a certainty of it and that the expression would embrace even a case where the keeper of the premises expected to gain by the process of gaming itself. In coming to this conclusion, the High Court relied upon two Division Bench judgments of the Bombay High Court reported in Emperor v. Daltatraya Shankar Paranjpe and another(') and Emperor v. Chiman- lal Sankalchand(2) and rejected as untenable an opinion to the con- trary expressed in some Allahabad cases and a single Bench decision of the Bombay High Court in State v. Vardilal Natuchand, (Criminal Appeal No. 551 of 1964 decided on the 14th of January 1965). 5. The argument raised before the High Court on behalf of the appellants has been reiterated before us by their learned counsel, Shri S. K. Dholakia, but on a consideration of the
definition extracted above, we cannot agree with him. It is common ground between the parties that the present case is not covered by clause (i) of the defi- nition, ~o that what has to be considered is the language of clause (ii) thereof.
For the applicability of the clause last mentioned, the follow- ing co"liitions have to be fulfilled :- (1) Instruments of gaming must be kept or used in the premises in question.
(2) The keeping or· using of the instruments aforesaid must be for the profit or gain of the person owning, occupying, using or keeping such premises. (3) Such profit or gain may be by way of charge for the
use of the premises or of the instruments or in any other manner whatsoever. We fully agree with the High Court that the expression "or other- wise howsoever" is of the widest amplitude and cannot be restricted in its scope by the words immediately preceding it which Jay down that the profit or gain may be by way of charge for the use of the pre- mises.
In this connection we may usefully quote from the judgment of Shah, Acting C.J., who delivered the judgment of the Division Bene!. in Emperor v. Dattatraya Shankar Paran;pe, (Supra). "It is essential for the prosecution under this definition to establish that instruments of gaming were kept or used in the house, room or place for profit or gain of the person
owning, occupying, using or keeping the house, room or place. It may be done by establishing that the persori did so either by a charge for use of the instruments of gaming or of the house, room or place, or otherwise howsoever. The <n 25 Bombay Law Reporter 1089 ~ A.I.R. 1924 Bombay 184
(2) 47 Bombay Law Reporter 75 ~ A.I.R. 1945 Bombay 305. · c II :38 (1979] 3 s.c.a. expression "otherwise howsoever" appears to be very com- prehensive, and does not suggest any limitation, such as is contended on behalf of the accused."
…………………….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "We have heard an interesting argument on the question as to how far the words justify the somewhat restricted mean- ing which has been put upon the definition by the learned
Judge of the Allahabad High Court; and after a careful consideration cf the arguments urged on either side, and with great respect to the learned Judges, I have come to the conclusion that the words of the definition which we have to construe here would not have their full meaning if we were to accept the narrow construction.
I do not think that on a proper construction of the definition the prosecution can be restricted for the purpose of proving that a particular honse, room or place is a common gaming house, to the twp
alternatives mentioned in the case of Lachchi Ram v. Emperor('). It is sufficient if the house is one in which instruments of gaming are kept or used for the profit or gain of the person keeping or using such place, i.e., where the person keeping or using the house knows that profit or gain will in all probability resnlt from the use of the instruments of gaming.
The profit or gain may not actnally result from such use. But if profit or gain is the probable and expected result of the game itself and if that is the purpose of keeping or using the instrnments, it would be .sufficient,
in my opinion, to bring the case within the scope of the definition. At the same time it is clear that the prosecution must esta- blish that the purpose is profit or gain. This may be done
either by showing that the owner was charging for use of the instruments of gaming or for the use of the house, room or place, or in any other manner that may be possible under the circumstances of the case, having regard to the nature of the game carried on in that house."
The opinion of Shah, Acting C.J., was noted with approval in Emperor v. Chimanlal Sankalchand (supra), the reasoning adopted in which may be reproduced with advantage: fJ "Lachchi Ram's case was considered by a Division Bench
of this Court in Emperor v. Dattatraya (1923) 25 Bombay (I) A.I.R. 1922 All. 61. . —r ,. f y JAGAT SINGH v. GUJARAT (Koshal, J.) Law Reporter (1089) and was dissented from. It was held
that to constitute a common gaming house it was sufficient if it was one in which instruments of gamrng were kept or used for the profit or gain of the person keeping or using such place, i.e., where the person keeping or using the house knew that profit or gain would in all probability result from the use of the instruments of gaming.
The profit or gain may not actually result from such use. But if profit or gain is the probable and expected result of the game itself and if that is (he purpose of keeping or using the instruments, it would be sufficient to bring the case within the scope of the ·definition.
"It is argued by Mr. Pochaji on behalf of the accused that even in that case it was observed that 'the prosecution must establish that the purpose was profit or gain and tha1 that might be done either by showing that the owner was
·charging for the use of the instruments of gaming or for the use of the room or place or in any other manner.' The words 'or in any othea- manner,' (which were used there instead of the words appearing at the end of the definition' ·•or otherwise howsoever') cannot be regarded as restricting ·the profit or gain of the owner or occupier of the house to profit or gain in a manner ejusdem genea-is with what pre- ·cedes those words, and hence even the hope of making a
profit out of the gambling itself is suflicient to satisfy the -requirement of the definition of common gaming house. It may happen that the occupier of a house may allow it to be used by the public for gambling and he. himself may take
part in it in the hope of making a profit, although he may not necessarily make it every time. Such a hope is sufficient to make the house a common gaming house and the occupier liable for keeping such a house."
We fully agree with the interpretation of the definition of the te.rm "'common gaming house" occurring in section 3 of the Bombay Act as propounded in the two Bombay authorities cited above, as also iii the impugned judgment, that interpretation being in conformity with ihe unambiguous language employed by the legislature.
The opinion 'lo the contrary expressed in Lachchi Ram's case (supra) and in either decisions is found to be incorrect. 6. The learned counsel for the appellants concedes that if the
interpretation placed on clause (ii) of the definition by the impugned judgment be upheld, t}le conviction of the appellants in the two appeals c c [1979] 3 s.c.R •. is well-founded.
However, we ma}' state that there. is anothe.r go~' reason for up holding the conviction and that flows from the presump- tion which has to be raised under section 7 of the Bombay Act which> states:
"When, any instrument of gaming has been seized in any house, room of place entered under section 6 or about the person of any one found therein, and in the case of any other thing so seized if the conrt is satisfied that the Police Officer who entered snch house, room or place had reason-
able grounds for suspecting that the thing so seized was an instrument of gaming, the seizur() of such instrument or thin,g shall be evidence, until the contrary is proved, that such house, room or place is used as a common gaming-house
and the persons found therein were then present for th~ pur- pose of gaming, although no! gaming was actually seen by the Magistrnte or the Police Officer or by any person acting under the authority of either of them:
Provided that the aforesaid presumption shall be made, notwithstanding any defect in th~ warrant or order in pnrc suance of which the house, room or place was eniered under section 6, if the Court considers the defect not to be a
material one.'' It is not disputed that instruments of gaming were seized from the premises in question in both the appeals. That circumstances, accord- ing to the section, "shall be evidence, until the contrary is proved, that such house, room or place is used as a comon gaming-l1ouse and the persons found therein
were present for the purpose of gaming, although no gaming was actually seen ………. " . The profit or gain mentioned in clause (ii) of the definition and also the other re- quirements of tliat clause are a matter of peremptory presumption which has to be raised by the court as soon as the seizure of instru- ments of gaming from the place in question is proved, as is the case here.
Admittedly, there is no evidence in reouttal of the presumption which must therefore be raised and which furnishes a good basis for the conviction of the appellants. 7. In the result both the appeals fail and are dismissed.
P.B.R. Appeals dismissed. f '