JAGDISH CHANDER v. STATE OF DELHI May 3; 1973 [K. K. MATHEW AND I. D. DUA, JJ.j Indian Penal Code s. 304A-Constitution of India Art. 136-Concurren/ finding by Court below that accused was guilty of rash and negligent driri11g- This Court will not interfere in uppeal by special leave-Protected trial a good reason for reduction of sentence-Scientific in\•estigation of offences, desirability of-Delay in criminal proceedings .a causie of concern.
The appellant was driving his auto-scooter rikshaw which on account of a sudden turn taken by the appellant struck a truck. After the impact the ap- pellant lost control of his scooter-rickshaw and crashed into a tree. As a result
a man and a woman received simple injuries and the child -v.1hom the woman was holding in her arms received fatal injuries. The appellant and the truck driver were charged under s. 304A of the Indian Penal Code and were convicted by the trial court. The Additional Sessions Judge allowed the appeal of the truck driver but held the appellant guilty.
On revision a single Judge of the High Court confirmed the ronvicti'on of the appellant. Jn appeal to this Court by special leave. HELD : (i) According to the findings of the three courts beluw the appel- lant suddenly turned to the right without paying proper heed to the truck com- ing from the opposite direction and in doing so he was both :-ash and negligent. Under article 136 of the Constitution this Court would not like to appraise the evidence again for determining how far the concurrent conclusion of the three court below upholding the appellant's act as rash and negligent was
justified. [207H] (ii) The criminal proceeding against the appellant had gone on for a little more than 8 years. The circumstances in which the collision between the truck and the appellant's scooter occurred seemed pri1na facie to suggest that both the drivers were to blame.
Harassme·11t of a criminal trial for more than 8 years and the expense which the appe1Iant must have incurred could legitimately be taken into account when considering the question of sentence to be imposed by this Court at this point of time.
[208FJ [Sentence of imprisonment reduced to period already undergone. The Court also observed that the investigation of the case was not conducted on scientific line_s and that the undue delay in the disposal of the case \Vas a. matter of concern.]
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 20 of 1970. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated Sep- tember 11, 1969 of the Delhi High Court in Criminal Rev. No. 291-D of 1966.
I. M. Lall, S. K. Mehta, K. R. Nagara1a and M. Qumaruddin, for the appellant, H. R. Khanna and R. N. Sachthey, for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DUA, J.
Jagdish Chander appellant has preferred this appeal by special leave from the judgment and order of the High Court of Delhi dated September 11, 1969 dismissing the appellant's revision from the judgment and order of the
learned Additional Sessions c .JAGDISH CHANDER V. DELHI STATE (Dua, /.) Judge, Delhi dated September 7, 1966 dismissing his ap~al against the order of a Magistrate 1st Qass, New Delhi dated Apnl 30, 1966 convicting him for an offence under s. 304-A, I. P. C. and sentencing him to rigorous imprisonment for six months and a fine of Rs. 500/- The occurrence giving rise to these criminal proceedings against the appellant took place on April 20, 1965 at about 8: ~O a.n;i. According to the prosecution version, the appellant was dnvrng his auto-scooter rickshaw No. DLR 5614 and was proceeding from the
side of Yusaf Sarai when near the D. T. U. Bus Stand Engineering College Hanz Khas I. I. T. he suddenly turned. to his right towards Mehrauli Road. Apparently, h~ wanted to turn back and reverse
his direction. A truck No. DLG 8468 dpven hy one Labh Singh was coming from the opposite direction, that is, from Mehrauli Side. It is said that the appellant turned to his right suddenly
without giving any signal and without. paying any heed to the traffic on the right. The result was the accident giving rise to the present crimi- nal proceedings. The front bumper on the left side of the truck
struck the rear left side of the body of the appellant's scooter- rickshaw. As a result of this impact the appellant lost control of his scooter-rickshaw and swerved to the right and after crossing the edge of the road, crashed into a tree under which Smt. Vidya Sharma was standing with her baby in her arms and her brother
Sat Pal standing by her side. On being hit by the appellant's scooter-rick- shaw. Smt. Vidya Sharma could not keep control over her baby who fell down on the ground and received iniuries.
Smt. Vidya Sharma and Sat Pal also sustained simple hurts but the injuries suffered by the baby were serious and indeed they proved fatal resulting in the child's death, in the hospital soon after the occurrence in ques- tion.
Both, Labh Singh, driver of the truck and the appellant, were challaned and convicted by the learned Magistrate under section 304A, I. P. C. The trial court sentenced both of them to rigorous
imprisonment for 6 months each and also to a fine of Rs. 500/- each and in default of payment of fine they were both directed to undergo further rigorous imprisonment for 2 months each.
Out of the fine, if realised, Rs. 500/- were directed to be paid to the pareHts of the deceased child. Both the convicted drivers appealed to the Sessions Court. The learned Additional Sessions Jndge,
somewhat surprisingly, allowed the appeal of Labh Singh holding that he was not in a position to stop the truck instantanously with a view to avoid the collision of the two vehicles because the appellant had all of a sudden brought his vehicle in front of the truck after taking a turn at a high speed. The Addl, Sessions Judge also observed that the back portion of the appellant's scooter-rickshaw was not seriously damaged by the impact with !he truck and the vehicle remained in a normal func- tioning condition.
On this premise, the appellate Judge took the view that it was in order to save himself that the appellant took his vehicle towards the kacha side of the road in a state of utter con- [ 1974 J 1 s.c.R.
fusion, his vehicle having got out of his control. In spite of this, however, according to the appellate Colll't, J agdish Chander was in a position to avoid hitting Smt. Vidya Sharma. The scooter-rickshaw, to use the words of the Addi. Sessions Judge, "was not thrown to- wards the tree because of the· violent push given
by the truck but … · it was actually driven by the accused Jagadish Chander towards the direction where Smt. Vidya Sharma and herl brother were standing". The entire occurrence in this case, according to the Sessions Judge, had taken place as a result of the rashness or negli- gence of the appellant because he had decided to take a turn in a sudden manoer at a high speed in the middle of the road and that in spite of the fact, that he had seen the truck of the accused coming towards him from a · distance of less than 30 yards. The driver of the .truck was considered by the Addi. Sessions Judge to be within his right to drive the vehicle on Mehrauli Road at the speed of 30 to 40 _miles per hour.
At the time of the occurrence in question when driving his truck at this speed, Labh Singh was considered not to be in a position to avoid the collision. The sentence on the appellant was upheld by the appellate Court and it was directed that the fine, if paid by him,
should be paid by way of compensation to the parents of the deceased child. On revision, a learned single Judge of the High Court referred to the evidence of Asa Nand, P·W. 3, Vidya Sharma P.W. 11 and Sat Pal, P. W. 12, the three witnesses on whom the
two courts below had placed reliance. After referring to the relevant version given by these three witnesses and also after noticing what the Motor Vehicles Inspector had said about the damage done to the appel- lant's auto-rickshaw and to the truck in question, the High Court observ- ed that the road between Yusaf Sarai & Mehrauli had not 'much traffic, particularly in the early hours of the morning.
Vehicles could there- fore, be expected to be driven on that road at a fairly high speed. The appellant's act in taking a sudden turn on that road without ensuring that there was no vehicle coming from the opposite direction, was how- ever, considered to be a rash or negligent act and it was this act which resulted in the impact between the truck and the apm:llant's auto- rickshaw and this impact was the direct and proximate cause of the death of Smt. Vidya Sharma's child and of the injouries caused to her and to her brother Sat Pal. So holding, the appellant's convic- tion and sentence were confirmed by the High C<?urt.
In this Court it was streously contended that the courts below had approached_ the case from an erroneous point of view and had not read the evidence correctly. The appellate court and the High Court, according to the submission, also erroneously absolved the driver of the truck who had no justification for driving at a fast . speed, even if it be in the early hours of the morning.
According to the appellant's learned counsel, 8. 50 a.m. in the month of April cannot be describe!f as early hours of the morning, it being added that t.ltere is no evidence on the record showing that at that time there was not much traffic on Mehrauli Road. The High Court was also not right in observing that vehicles could be expected to be c
c JAGDISH CHANDER v~ DELHI STATE> (Dua, /.) driven at a fairly fast speed, argued the counsel, adding that if the vehicles could be expected to be driven at a fast speed, then tbe appellant should also have been held justified in ~riving bil; auto\. rickshaw at a fast speed. The appellant's case should ·in that event have also been considered with leniency. Particular stress was laid on the contention that the unfortunate death of the child could on no rational or logical reasoning be considered to be the direct and natural result of .,the collision between the truck and the rickshaw; in other words, this COilision was not the proximate and immediate cause of the unfortunate death of the child. Our attention was also invited by the appellant's ~ounsel to the evidence for showing that it was the truck driver and not the appellant who was to blame for this accidental collision.
After going through the record to which our attention was drawn, we cannot help observing that the . investigation into the offience in question was not conducted on sl:ientific lines and it leaves much to be desired: · Our attention was not dra'f'n to any material on the record showing if the tyre rilarks of the two· vehicles on the road were carefUlly examined with tho object of findinj! out the approxi- mate speed and the !l)Bnner of application of brakes at tbe time of the c-Olli&ion.
Nor were photographs taken of the position of the site soon after the unfortunate ·occurrence which is usually done in the course of efficient investigations. Our attention was no doubt
ilrawn to the site·plan. Ext. P. W. 9 A which purports to show that the two vehicles. iD · qqestion which were col!ling from opposite direc- tions, started swerving to their right presumably on seeing each
other and that the ·collil!ion took place at point 'A' from where the truck drove st£aiaht on the. road, while the auto-rickshaw was driven towards its right to the point 'B' where Smt. Vidya Sharma was
standing with her baby in her arms and her brother by her side. This plan, however, seems to be a rough plan. Our .attention was not invited to ;my statement of the witnesses explaining
at whose instance various notings were made on this plan. So far as the witnesses deposing as having seen the occurrence in question are concerned, their evidence ·has alway$ to be carefully
scrutinised because such witnesses only observe accidents after their attention is drawn to the impact resulting from the collision. Their statement about the events immediately preceding the occurrence are generally and. to a ve~ large extent influenced by what they imagine must have happened.· · After lookin~ at the plan and going through the evidence to whicfi our attention was drawn, one forms an impression that both the truck driver and the appellant were equally ·guilty of rash and negligent dri\ring,
But since the driver of the truck has been acquitted by the learned Addi. Sessions Judge and no appeal was preferred against his acquittal, we have to take his acquitta I to be final. . According to the findings of the three courts below the appel- lant suddenly turned to ,the right without paying proper heed to the truck coming from the opposite direction and in d9ing so he was, both rash and negligent. Under Article 136 of the Constitution we should not like to appraise the evidence for ourselves to see how [ 1974 J 1 S.C.R.
far the concurrent conclusion of the three cocrts below upholding the appellant's act as rash and negligent is justified. The argument raised b~fore us on beha'.f of the appellant on this point relates only to the appreciation of evidence and no seriou> legal
infirmity was brougkt to our notice. The question, however, remains if the death of the baby in Smt. Vidya Sharma's arms was the proximate, direct and immediate consequence of the appellant's rash and negligent driving. Looking
at Exht. P. W. 9A, it does appear that after the impact between the heavy vehicle like a truck and a very much lighter auto-rickshaw, the latter must in all probability, have been so pushed as to make its .driver lose all control of the rickshaw.
In such circumstances it could, no doubt, have been contended with a certain amount of reason that the death of the child was a remote and indirect result of the rash and negligent driving on the part of the aJlpellant and not an immediate direct, natural and proximate consequence. But the
three courts having so held, we do not think this Court will be justified in appraising the evidence for itself on this part of the case on the peculiar facts and circumstances disclosed on
the printed record. The appellant's conviction must, therefore, be upheld in ugreement with the conclusions of the three courts below. The more difficult question seems to be one of sentence in the
present case. The accident took place on April 20, 1965, the trial Court convicted the appe!iant on April 30, 1966 sentencing him to rigorous imprisonment for 6 months and to a fine of Rs. 500/-. His appeal was dismissed by the Addi. Sessions Judge on September 7, 1966 and his revision was disallowed on September 11, 1969. He was ordered to be released on bail by this Court on February 2, 1970. We are now in May 1973. The criminal proceedings against the appel- lant have thus gone on since April 1965 which means a little more than 8 years.
The circumstances in which the collision between the . truck and the appellant's scooter occurred seems prima facie to sug- gest that they (their drivers) were both to blame. Penalties designed to deter crime should be guaged so far as possible to the degree of social danger that is represented by the crime and its repetition. To ·send the appellant back to Jail to serve the sentence of 6 months after 8 years c·~ems ro us to be highly unjust for the kind of offence which has been upheld against him by the three courts below. It is unlikely to have any reformatory effect on him.
Harassment of a criminal trial for more than 8 years and the expense which he must have incurred, in our opinion, can legitimately be taken into 'account when considering the question of sentence to be imposed by this Court at this point of time. The appellant is stated to have served out only three weeks of imprisonment but on a consideration of all the relevant circumstances of the case we ·think it would be just and proper to reduce the sentence of imprisonment to that already undergone but to increase the sentence of fine from Rs. 500/- to Rs. 700/-. Out of the fine, if realised, Rs. 5001- should be paid to the mother of the deceased child. We, however, cannot help expressing our grave con- c
JAGDISH CHANDER v. DEl.HI STATE (Dua, 1.) A cern over the inordinate delay in the disposal of criminal cases includ- ing appeals and revisions. If our criminal jus1ice is to achieve its real purpose and if it is to inspire the confidence of the people generally, causes for such delays should be eliminated as early as practicable. Law's delays tend to turn justice sour. The appeal is allowed in part in the terms staJ,ed above.
G.C. Appeal allowed in part. 15-l.944SupCJ/73