c K. P. POUI OSE STATE OF KERALA & ANR. April 21, 1975 [A. ALAGIRISWAMI, P. N. BHAGWATI AND P. K. GOSWAMI JJ.] Arbitration Act, s. 30 (a)-Scope of. For the construction of three overhead reservoirs tenders were invited. The appellant was the successful tenderc.r for the work. The notification in- viting tenders gave a description of the soils at the places of constn(ctions. Sometime later, however, the Research Institute of the State Government re- commended a different mcxie of foundation in respect of one· reservoir and the department accordingly gave instruction to the appellant to adopt the: process recommended by the Research Institute.
The appellant executed the- \Vork in accordance with the recommendations of the Research Institute and claimed a higher payment on the ground that the work: done by him 'W3.S not included in the original design because wh_en he submitted his tender he assumed the site conditions to be as represented in the Schedule to the noti~ fication. The Department, having refused the claim, the di.<>pute was referred to Arbitration under cl. 34 of the tender notification. The Chief Engineer who v1as the sole Arbitrator ga.ve a. speaking order based on an ex~lID.ination of the d0cumcnts.
The High Court. S('t aside the judgment of the Subordin::!tc Judge and res~or cd the or(k:· of the Arb!tralor. On appeal to this Court it was contended that the Arbitrator wa.'i' gullty of legal misconduct in conducting the procecdin2s in that the material documents were absolutely ignored by the Arbitrator, resulting in misc.;'lrria.~e of justice. Allov.'iog the appeal.
HELD : Under s. 30(a) of the Arbitration Act an award can be set aside \Vhen an Arbitrator has misconducted himself .or the proceedings. Misconduct under s. 30(a) has not a connotation of moral lapse. It compri<;es Jegal mis- conduct which is complete if the Arbitrator on the face of the award arrives at an inconsistent conclusion even on his own finding or arrives at a decision by ignoring very material documents which throw abundant light on the con- troversy to help a just and fair decision. It is in this sense that the Arbitrator has misconducted the proceedings in thi! case.
Jn the instant case the two documents which \he Arbitrator failed to consider were material docun1ents to arrive at a just and fair decision to resolYe the controversy between the Department and the appellant. In the back- ground of ihc controversy in this case even if the Department did not prcxlucc these documents before the Arbitrator it was incumbent upon him to get hold of all the relevant documents including those two documents for the purpose of a just decision.
The a'vard, therefore, suffers from a manifest error apparent ex facie. [218ABC] Ov1L APPELLATE JURISDICTION Clv1L APPEAL No. 1485 OF 1974 Appeal by special leave from the judgment and decree dated 29-1-73 of the Kerala High Court iu A.S. No. 357 of 1972.
S. V. Gupte, C. J. Ba/akrishna11 and A. S. Nambiar. for the appel- lant. . "" K; P. POULOSJl '" KERAT,A (<Sos\vo111i, J.) T. S. Krisf111a111urt/1y Iyer and K. R. Nambiar, for the respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
GOSWAMI, J.-This is an appeal by special leave against the judgment of the Kcrala Hig)l Court setting aside the judgment of the Subordinate Judge, Ernakulam .and restoring the award of the Arhi- trator who had earlier refused th{1 claim of the appellant. The appellant (briefly the contractor) was a successful tenderer for conmuction af three zonal R.C.C. Overhead Reservoirs, two in Mate.ncherry and one in Cochin, in connection with the Ernakulam Mattencherry Water Supply Scheme.
In the schedule annexed to the noUfication invitin)); tenders under the heading 'Site', it was stated that "the soil at the site for Reservoir No. 1 and Resetvoir No. 2 is loose clay and for Reservoir No. 3, sandy". The tenderer was to execute an i,grecment on a stamped paper before commencing work. It appears later on the Kerala Engineering Research Institute, Poochi, Soil Mecha- nics and Foundation Division (briefly the Research Institute) submit- ted a report (Ext. P. JO dated September 14, 1965) that the sub-soil at the three places chosen as sites for the reservoirs upto 16 m. showed that the top soil was sancl, the middle layer clay, and the bottom layer, silty sand or sand.
It was stated that the clay found at the three places was of a highly compressible nature and hence pile, founda- tion wa5 preferable and that as the top strata was sandy, jetting had to be resorted to for driving the piles through this strata. After receipt of the opinion of the Research Institute, respondent No. 2 (herein· after to be described as the Department) gave instructions to the con· tractor to adopt the process of jetting for driving piles for the tank at Thoppumpady which is .alone in dispute in this case. On October 7. 1965, the Chief Engineer after scrutinising the pile design of the con- tractor \\Tote ra him, inter alia, as follows :
"The piles as per design submitted with raft like cap may be adapotcd for tank at Thoppumpady where the length of pile suggested by the research division is in the region of 30 ft . . . . . .. . . … … . Jetting has to be resorted to in the top strata where sandy layer is met with …. Your state.ment that piles c
of more than 30 ft. length is very difficult to be driven in Ernakulam is not quite convincing to the Department. Any how a decision will be taken on this only after ascer- taining~ the details regarding the practical difficulties if any from agencies actually engaged in such type of works in the locality.
Meanwhile you may please execute the agreement and start the work on the Reservoir at Thoppumpady receiving further instructions from Executive Engineer, Public Health, Alwaye" (Ext. P. I).
On February 21, 1966, the contractor wrote to the Executive Engineer informing him that as per instructions of the Research Institute am\ 10 SC/75-15. A site conditions he provided
jetting arrangements for dri,·ing the piles although the process o:f jetting was not included in his ten- der. He enclosed the details of expenditure on that account and mentioned that for the pile casting he used extra reinforcement for additionally strengthening the head of piles due to the site condi- tion. He pointed out that this was not included in his original design. B The sum and substance Qf the contractor's grievance< was that he
assumed the site condition to be as represented in the schedule to the notification inviting tenders and submitted his original design on that bas.is and since, however, the site condition was found to be different and on the advice of the Research Institute jetting had to be resorted to involving extra expenditure be was
entitled to claim additional C amount for the work of jetting. The Department, however, refused the claim which led to the arbitration under clause 34 of the tender notification. The Arbitrator was the Chief Engineer. It appears tl1e award was based on examination of documents and after heating arguments of the parties.
The award with which we are concerned is a speaking one a!ld gives the reasons for the decision against the contractor. Mr. Gupte, the learned counsel for the appellant submits that the Arbitrator was guilty of legal misconduct in conducting the proceedings.
He submitted that two very material document_s, Exts. P. l1 and P. 16, were absolutely ignored by the Arbitrator resulting in miscarriage E of justice. On the other hand. ~r. Krishnamurthi Iyer submitted that these documents were not even marked before the Arbitrator; they were marked only before the Subordinate Judge.
According to him, therefore, there is no foundation for the grievance. We have been taken through all the relevant documents by the learned counsel for both sides and we are satisfied that Ext. P. 11 and F Ext. P. 16 are material documents to arrive at a just and fair decision to resolve the controversy. between the Department and the contractor. Jn the bac!cground of the controversy in this case even if the Depart- ment did not produce these documents before the Arbitrator it was in- cumbent upon him to get hold of all the relevant documents including Exts. P. 11 and P. 16 for the purpose of a just decision. Ext. P. 11 G dated September 8, J 966, is a communication from the Superintend- ing Epgineer to the Chief Engineer with regard to the objections raised by Audit in connection with the construction of the reservoirs. The
following extract will explain the position then taken by the Depart- ment:- "The contention of the Accountant General that jetting was resorted to by the contractor to facilitate the driving of the piles is not correct. Had it not been for jetting, it
would not have been possible for the piles to reach the required -depth of 30', passing through sandy strata and we would have been constrained to stop with a smaller depth viz., upto the point of refusal for penetration of
the pile by ,hammering. It was, therefore, in the interest K. iP. POULOSE v. KERALA (Goswami, !.) of the work that jetting was insisted upon by the Depart- . A mcnt for pile driving.
The contractor had lo resort to jetting under instructions from tbe Departm~nt. · T)lc Accountant General has stated that the department is not bound to pay extra for adopting the method of jetting for
pile drivi11g. This does not appear correct since the method of jetting was adopted in the interest of the department in view of the sandy stratum obtaining at the site as against the indication given by the
department that the soil is clayey upto a depth of nearly 200 ft. No doubt, the con- tractor was asked to ascertain the nature of the soil; but this docs not imply that he was to conduct exploratory
borings to confirm the classification giveli. by the depart- ment in the tender within the short span of time available for submitting tenders". Ell!lier also on July 25, 1966, as per Ext. P. 16 the Executive En- gineer had written to the Chief Engineer whcrefrom paragraph 4 is revealing :
"Even though while inviting tenders for the work there was a condilion that the tenderer should examine the soil con- c!ition it was not expected of them to do soil testing in detail within the period available to them to tender for
the work. A clear indication regarding the nature of the strata that is likely to be met with was also furnished at the time of inviting tenders. After complete soil investi- gation the strata was found to be different from that fur- nished by the department and so in my opinion technical
specification has changed. In the circumstances jetting done by the contractor can be considered as an extra item". We now come to the Award. Although the Arbitrator has held that "jetting, however, is not an authorised extra covered by the agree- ment", he has made the following significant observation which is
inconsistent with his conclusion that the contractor has no right for extra payment for the jetting : "The Chief Engineer has rejected the claims of the contractor on grounds of non-inclusion of this (jetting) in the agree- ment which was executed subsequent to the direction issued by the department to adopt jetting. The Chief Engineer's
decision totally ignores the next sentence in that letter 'Meanwhile you may execnte the agreement'. By this sentence the issue of extra paylhent for jetting is left open even after the execution of the agreement".
If the above is the conclusion of the Arbitrator, rejection of the claim on the ground that ''jetting, however, is not an authorised extra cover- ed by the agreement" cannot be anything but rationally inconsistent. The award, therefore, suffers from a manifest error apparent ex facie. Under section 30(a) of the Arbitration Act an award can be set aside when an Arbitrator has misconducted himself or the proceedings. Misconduct under section 30(a) has npt a connotation of moral lapse. It comprises legal misconduct which is complete if the Arbitrator on the face of the awattl arrives at an inconsistent conclusion even on his own finding or arrives at a decision by ignoring
very material B documents which throw abundant light on the controversy to help a just and fair decision. It is in this sense that the Arbitrator has mis- conducted the proceedings in this case.
We have, therefore, no hesi- tation in setting aside such an award. "Jn the result the judgment of the High Court is set aside and that of the Subordinate Judge is res- tored. The award of the Arbitrator thus stands quas)1ed. The Arbi- C tt11tor will complete the proceedings after considering all the relevant documents including Ext. P. 11 and Ext. P. 16 after giving oppor- tunity to the parties.
The appeal is allowed with costs. P.B.R. Appeal allowed.