KAP!LA H!NGORANI v. STATE OF B!HAR MAY 9, 2003 [V.N. KHARE, CJ. AND S.B. SINHA, J.] Constitution of India, 1950: Articles 12,14,19 21, 23,32 and 300A-Companies!Corporations owned by State of Bihar-Non-payment of sala1y to employees for a long time, in C some cases, for a decade or more-Starvation deaths of and/or suicide by employees/their dependents reported-Writ petition in public interest filed before Supreme Court involving issues regarding liability of State Government of Bihar and that of Union of India and State of Jharkhand-Held, State Government of Bihar has made itself liable to mitigate the sufferings of the D employees of the public sector undertakings or the Government companies- fnterim directions issued suggesting modalities for disbursement of salaries to employees-liquidation proceedings of Government Companies to be disposed of expeditiously-Right of workmen shall be considered in terms of s.529-A of the Companies Act-liability of the State of Bihar cannot be shifted to the Union of India-Only because the Union of India allegedly is repository of E funds raised by it through Central Excise and other levies and impost, the same by itself would not mean that it is indirectly or vicariously liable for the failings on the part of the State Public Sector Undertakings-No direction is issued as against the State of Jharkhand as no step had been taken by the Central Government in terms of Section 65 of the Bihar Reorganisation Act- F The investments made by the State in the public sector undertakings in pursuit of social justice is from public account-ft is in this behalf accountable to the public through the legislature-If the State or the State agencies have failed to perform their duties, it cannot under the wrap of financial stringency seek to shift its liability to the Union of India or lo the State of Jharkhand- Financial stringency may not be a grozmd for not issuing requisite directions G when a question of violation offimdamental right arises-Central Government to take a decision as regards division of assets of Government companies in terms of the Bihar State Reorganisation Act-Whether the State is directly or vicariously liable to pay salaries/remunerations of the employees of the public sector undertakings or the Government companies in all situations is left H A open-Public Interest litigation-Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000-S.65- Companies Act, 1956-S.529-A.
Rural litigation and Entitlement Kendra and Ors. v. State of Uttar Pradesh and Ors., AIR (1987) SC 359=119861 Supp. SCC 517; B.L. Wadhera v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC 2969; All India Imam Organization and Ors. B v. Union of India and Ors., 119931 3 SCC 584 and State of H.P. v. H.P. State Recognised and Aided Schools Managing Committee and Ors., 1199514 SCC 507, relied on.
Articles 12 and 21-Although a company incorporated under the C Companies Ac/, I956 is a juristic person and indispulab(v has a dis/incl and separa/e entity vis-a-vis its shareholders, !he corporate veil can be pier.:ed when the corpora/e personality is found to be opposed to justice, convenience and interest of the revenue or the workmen or against public interest-The Government companies/public sector undertakings being "State" would be constitutionally liable to respecl life and liberty of all persons in terms of D Article 21-They, therefore, must do so in cases of their own employees-The State mey not be liable in relation to the dcy to dey funclioning of !he Companies, but its liability would arise on its failure to perform the constitutional duties and functions by the public sector undertakings, as in relation thereto the State's constitutional obligations, the State acts in a fiduciary capacity.
Steel Authority of India ltd and Others v. National Union Waterfront Workers and Ors., 120011 7 SCC I; Electronics Corporation of India ltd. and Others v. Secretary, Revenue Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh and Others, 1199914SCC458; State of UP. and Ors"v. Renusagar Power Company and F Ors., (19881 4 SCC 59; CIT, Madras v. Meenakshi Mills Ltd and Ors., (19671 l SCR 934; Workmen employed in Assn. Rubber Industry Ltd, Bhavnagar v. Associated Rubber Industry Ltd Bhavnagar and Anr., [19851 4 SCC 11; New Horizons ltd. and Anr. v. Union of India and Ors., f19951 I SCC 478; State of UP. and Ors. v. Renusagar Power Co. and Ors., (19881 4 SCC 59; Hussainbhai Calicut v. The Alath Factory Thezhilali Union, G Kozhikode and Ors., 119781 4 sec 257; Secretary, H.S.E.B. v. Suresh and Ors., 1199913 SCC 601; Pradeep Kumar Biswas v. Indian Institute of Chemical Biology and Ors., (2002) 5 SC 111; Sukhdev Singh and Ors. v. Bhagatram Sardar Singh Rghuvanshi and Anr., AIR (1975) SC 1331; Ajay Hasia and Ors. v. Khalid Mujib Sehravardi and Ors., 119811 1 SCC 722 and Chander H Mohan Khanna v. National Council of Educational Research and Training KAPILA HINGORANI v. STATE
and Ors., 119911 4 SCC 578, relied on. Sabhajit Tewary v. Union of India and Ors., 1197511 SCC 485; stood overruled. Bhavnagar University v. Palitana Sugar Mill (P) ltd. and Ors., 120031 2 SCC 111; Dal Chand and Ors. v. Commissioner of Income Tax. Punjab, (1944) 12 ITR 458 and Juggilal Kamlapat v. Commissioner of Income Tax. UP., (19691 1 SCR 988 = (1969) 73 ITR 702, referred to. Solomon v. Solomon and Co., (1897) AC 22, referred to.
Article 12 – The term 'life' used in Article 21 of the Constitution of India has a wide and far reaching concept – It includes livelihood and so many other facets thereof Board of Trustees of the Port of Bombay v. Dilipkumar Raghavendranath Nadkarni and Ors., 11983J 1 SCC 124; Olga Tellis and Ors. v. Bombay Municipal Corporation and Ors., 119851 3 SCC 545; Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR (1978) SC 597; Satwant Singh v. A.P.O., New Delhi, D AIR 1967 SC 1836; Kharak Singh v. State of UP., AIR (1963) SC 1295; Sharda v. Dharampal, JT (2003) 3 SC 399; Common Cause, a Registeed Society v. Union of India, AIR (1997) SC 1539; Prabha Dutt v. Union of India, AIR (1982) SC 6; Police Commissioner, Delhi v. Registrar, Delhi High Court, AIR (1997) SC 95; D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal, AIR (1997) SC 10; State of Maharashtra v. M.P. Vashi, AIR 1996 SC 1; Unnikrishnan v. E State of A.P., 1199311 SCC 645; T.M.A. Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka, (2002] 8 SCC 481; CERC v. Union of India, AIR (1995) SC 922; State of Punjab v. M.S. Chawla, AIR (1997) SC 125; M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, AIR (1987) SC 965; APPCB v. M.V. Naidu, AIR (1999) SC 822; Visakha v. State of Rajasthan, AIR (1997) SC 3011; AEPC v. A.K. Chopra, 119991 2 SCC 34; Hinch Lal Tiwari v. Kamala Devi and Ors., 120011 6 SCC 496; S.K. F Mastan Bee v. General Manager South Central Railway, 120031 1 SCC 184; People's Union for Democratic Rights and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors., 1198213 SCC 235; State of Gujarat v. Hon 'ble High Court of Gujarat, 119981 7 SCC 392 and S.M.D. Kiran Pasha v. Government of Andhra Pradesh and Ors., 119901 l sec 328, referred to.
Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation v. The Income Tax Officer and Anr., 119641 7 SCR 17; Western Coalfield.~ ltd. v. Special Area Development Authority Korba and Anr., 119821 2 SCR 1, Hem Chand etc. v. The Delhi Cloth and General Mills Co. Ltd. and Anr. etc., 119771 3 SCC 483 and Som Prakash Rekhi v. Union of India and Anr., !198112 SCR 111, cited. H Article 298 r/w. Articles 14,19,21and300A-A liability can be fastened both upon the owner as also the operator of the company under certain situations-Concept of accountability arises out of the power conferred on an authority-The Government of the State of Bihar for all intent and purport is the sole share holder of the Companies concerned Although in law its liability B towards the debtors of the Company may be confined to the shares held by it, but having regard to the deep and pervasive control it exercises over the Government companies in the matter of enforcement of human rights and/or rights of the citizen of life and liberty, the State has also an additional duty to see that the rights of employees of such corporations are not infringed- In relation to statutory authority, the State had also the requisite power to C issue necessary directions which were binding upon them, as for example, Section 79 (c) of Electricity (Supply)Act, ./948 –
The power of the State in the sphere of exercise of its constitutional power including those contained in Article 298 of the Constitution inheres in it a duty towards public, whose money is being invested-Article 298 confers a prerogative upon the State to carry on trade or business-While doing so the State must fulfill its D constitutional obligations-It must oversee protection and preservation of the rights as adumbrated in Articles 14, I 9,2 I and 300-A of the Constitution . United States v. Fleet Factors Corp., 20 ELR 20832=(1990) 901 F 2d 1550; referred to.
Directive Principles of the State Policy and the Fundamental Duties- The States of India are welfare States-They having regard to the constitutional provisions adumbrated in the Constitution and in particular Part IV thereof laying down the Directive Principles of the State Policy and Part IV-A laying down the Fundamental Duties are bound to preserve the practice la maintain p the human dignity-The failure on the part of the State in a case of this nature must also be viewed from the angle that the statutory authorities have failed and/or neglected to enforce the social welfare legislations enacted in this behalf e.g. Payment of Wages Act, Minimum Wages Act etc.-Such welfare activities as adumbrated in Part IV of the Constitution indisputably would cast a duty upon the State being a welfare State and its statutory authorities to do G all things which they are statutorily obligated to perform. Human Rights: Public Sector Undertakings-Employees-Non-payment of salary-The State cannot escape its liability when a human right problem of such magnitude involving the starvation deaths and/or suicide by the H employees have taken place by reason of non-payment of salary to the KAP ILA HINGORANI v. STA TE
employees of public sector undertakings for such a long time-The right to A development in the developing countries is itself a human right–The same has been made a part of WTO and GATT-The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948-The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993-lnternational Covenant in Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, I 966.
Chameli Singh and Ors. v. State o UP. and Anr., (1996( 2 SCC 549; B Kishen Pattnayak and Anr. v. State of Orissa, (1989) Supp. 1 SCC 258; Mis. Shantisar Builders v. Naryan Khimalal Totame and Ors., (1990( 1 SCC 520; P.G. Gupta v. State of Gujarat and Ors., (1995( Supp. 2 SCC 182 and Ahmedabad Municip!ll Corporation v. Nawab Khan Guiab Khan and Ors., (1997( 11 sec 121, referred to.
"Human Rights and Indian Values" by Justice M. Rama Jois; "The Future of Human Rights" by Prof Upendra Baxi; The World Trade Organization law, Practice and Policy (Oxford) by Matusushita Schoenbaum and Mauroidis; referred to.
c Interpretation of Constitution: Interpretation of the Constitution or D statutes would change from time to time-Being a living organ, it is ongoing and with the passage of time, law must change-New rights may have to be found out within the constitutional scheme-Horizons of constitutional law are expanding-A statute should be interpreted in the light of the International Treaties and Conventions-Interpretation of Statutes.
Chairman, Railway Board and Ors. v. Mrs. Chandrima Das and Ors., AIR (2000) SC 988, relied on. Al/MS Students Union v. Al/MS and Ors., (2002( 1 SCC 428; Jagdish Saran and Ors. v. Union of India, (1980( 2 SCC 768 and The State of Maharashtra v. Dr. Praful B. Desai, JT (2003) 3 SC 382, referred to. Missouri v. Hoffan, 252 US 416, referred to.
"Some Reflections on the Reading of Statutes" by Justice Frankfurther, referred to. CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition (C) No. 488 of G 2002. Soli J. Sorabjee, Attorney General, P.S. Mishra, Shanti Bhushan, Rakesh Dwivedi, Amarendra Sharan, Tathagat Harsh Vardhan, Vishnu Sharma, Ms. Swarupa Reddy, Aman Hingorani, Ms. Priya Hingorani, Ms. Kapila Hingorani, B.B. Singh, Saket Singh, Prateek Jalan, Ms. Sushma Suri, Amit Kumar, M.P. H A Jha, Ram Ekbal Roy and Anil K. Chopra for the appearing parties. In-person for Petitioner
The following Order of the Court was delivered: If at all and to what extent the Government of the State of Bihar is B vicariously liable for payment of arrears of salaries to the employees of the State owned corporations, public sector undertakings or the statutory bodies is the core question involved in this writ petition.
It appears from the records that various Government companies/public C sector undertakings, details whereof are stated hereunder have not paid salaries to their workmen and other employees for a long time resulting in death of several persons and miseries brought to a large number of families as would appear from the following:
Statement As of 12.3.2003 D S. Name of Public No. Undertaking No. of Date from Employee which salary is due Nos. of Death of Employees I. Bihar State Agro Industries Development Corporation
May-93 2. Bihar State Medicine & Chemical Development Corporation Aug-93 F 3. Bihar State Handloom & Handicraft Corpn. 4. Bihar State Small Scale Industrial Development Corporation
G 5. Bihar State Sugar Corpora- tion In Headquarter from May 1996 in Unit from 1993 In Headquarter from April 1995. In Unit from April 1993 From January 2000 in Headquarter. In Unit from
April 1992 6. Bihar State Leather From March 1993 Development Corpn. II KAPILA HINGORANI v. ST A TE 6a. Bihar Finished Leathers 7. Bihar State Industrial In Headquarters from July
Development Corporation 200 l in Unit from Feb. 8. Bihar State Electronic Corporation 9. Bihar State Vastraya Corporation 10. Bihar State Film Development & Financial Corporation 11. Bihar State
Fruit Vegetable Development Corporation 12. Bihar State Seed Development Corpn. 13. Bihar State Fishries Development Corporation 14. Bihar State Food & Civil Supplies Corpn. 15. Bihar State Panchayati Raj
Financial Corpn. 16. Bihar State Construction Corpn. 17. Bihar State Road Transport Corporation 18. Bihar State Khadi Gramdhyog Board In Headquarter upto date. In Unit from April 1998
Nov.-96. Nil Aug.-02 Nil From Aug.-94 From May 1999 Before May 2000 due of32 5 to 40 months Pending from till 40 325 months From March 1996 In Headquarter from January 1995. In Unit from
January 1992 Headquarter+ In sum units 205 from Nov. 1998 Balance in from December 1993 Note: Payment of Salaries 71 NA Staff in non-plan (upto c date) due from April 94 19. Bihar Hill Area Lift
Irrigation Corpn. Staff Salaries NA A newspaper report as regard non-payment of salary for a long time resulting in starvation highlighted the case of one Chandan Bhattacharya, son of an employee of the Bihar State Agro-Industries Development Corporation who tried to immolate himself. The incident was widely reported, inter alia, C in 'The Hindustan Times', Delhi Edition, on 19.9.2002 under the caption "Empty coffers drive staff to self-immolation bids". The said Chandan Bhattacharya later on succumbed to the bum injuries suffered by him. Jn this writ petition, the writ petitioner, a public spirited citizen and a Supreme Court lawyer, alleged that apart from plight of the employees of the D public sector undertakings or the statutory authorities, even the teaching and non-teaching staff of Aided and Unaided Schools, Madrassas and Colleges have been facing a similar fate. We, however, as at present advised do not intend to deal with the same. According to the petitioner, from a newspaper report it would appear that about 250 employees died due to starvation or E committed suicide owing to acute financial crisis resulting from non-payment of remunerations to them for a long time. The report further goes on to say that the leader of the opposition in the Bihar Assembly had alleged that over I 000 employees died "due to lack of salary for a period ranging from four months to 94 months".
p In its counter affidavit, the State of Bihar does not deny about the factual statement made in the said writ petition. Its stand, however, is that salaries are being paid by the statutory authorities, the details whereof are in the following terms:
"In the following 26 undertakings, salary payments are upto date (as on 30.9.2002) and are continuing on a regular basis as per reports from the Corporation:- 5. Bihar State Financial Corporation Ltd.
6. Bihar State Credit & Investment Corporation 7. Bihar State Agriculture Marketing Board KAPILA HINGORANI v. STATE 8. Bihar State Forest Development Corporation 9. Bihar State Pollution Control Board
10. Bihar State Warehousing Corporation 11. Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation 12. Bihar State Text Book Corporation 13. Bihar State Minerals Development Corporation 14. Bihar State Housing Board
15. Bihar State Police Building Construction Corporation Bihar State Bridge Construction Corporation c 16. 17. Bihar State Electricity Board 18. Bihar State Hydro-electric Power Corporation
19. Patna Industrial Area Development Authority 20. North Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority 21. Darbhanga Industrial Area Development Authority 22. Patna Regional Development Authority
23. Muzaffarpur Regional Development Authority 24. Darbhanga Regional Development Authority 25. Gaya Regional Development Authority 26. Bhagalpur Regional Development Authority 27. Bihar State Water & Sewerage Board
28. Bihar State Minorities Finance Corporation 29. Bihar State Export Corporation, and 30. Tenughat Vidyut Corporation." As regards the Bihar State Road Transport Corporation, it is contended G that 50% of salary was paid to the employees as directed by this Court in Civil Appeal No. 7290 of 1994. The State contends that with a view to clear the dues, the Corporation would require approximately a sum of Rs.160.35 crores.
However, in relation to the 16 Undertakings, according to the State, the H A financial implication would be as under: s. Name of No. of Salary Approxi- Deaths Cause No. Undertaking
employees Due mate reported of death Since Amount by corpn. as involved reported Bihar State 471+259 March 1993 Rs.62.45 .> .>. Nil Not Leather in Bihar Cr ores Applicable Industries
Finished Development Leather Corpn c 34. Bihar State Aug. 93. Rs.9.46 Nil -do- Pharmaceuticals crores & Chemicals Development Corpn. D 35. Bihar State Hqrs-May Rs.18 5 from Handloom
1996, Units crores illness, Powerloom & Rest not Handicrafts Dev. reported Corpn. 36. Bihar State HQ Apr. 94 Rs.18 Nil NA Small Ind. Units April, crores Corporation 37. Bihar State
HQ Jan, 00 Rs.130 Illness Sugar Corpn. Units April crores 38. Bihar State Agro 630 May '93 Rs. 60.73 As in para Ind. Dev. Corpn. crores III above G 39. Bihar State HQ-July, 01 Rs.61.72 Nil
NA Industrial Units Feb., crores Development Corpn. 40. Bihar State HQ up Date Rs. 2.51 Nil -do- Electronics Dev. Units April, crores KAPILA HINGORANI v. STATE Corpn. '98 41. Bihar State
Nov.,96 Rs.0.70 Nil -do- Textile crore Corporation 42. Bihar State Film Aug.,02 Rs. 55,000 Nil -do- Dev. & Fin. Per month Corpn. 43. Bihar State Aug., 94 Rs.1.8056 Nil -do- Fn1its &
Crores Vegetable Dev. c Corpn. 44. Bihar State May, 99 Rs. 4.53 Inadequate Seeds Dev. crores Medical Corpn. Treatment 45. Bihar State 32-40 months Rs. I crore Nil NA Fisheries upto March,
Development 00 Update Corpn. from March,00 46. Bihar State Food 1716 Upto 40 Rs.16.56 Nil -do- and Civil Months crores Supplies Corporation 47. Bihar State Mar '96 Rs.3.75 Nil -do-
Panchayati Raj crores Finance Corporation 48. Bihar State HQ Jan, 1995 Rs.37.50 Nil -do- Construction Unit 'Jan, crores Corpn. 49. Bihar Hill Area Being Being Nil -do- Lift Irrigation
Collected collected Corpn. The State accepts that although the Managing Director of the Bihar c State Small Industries Corporation had initially reported that 14 of its employees died in harness and 9 after retirement, but in the subsequent report the Managing Director stated that there is no report regarding suicide or death due to starvation of any of the employees of the Corporation. It is averred:
" … The Managing Director of the Bihar Panchayati Raj Finance Corporation had initially reported that 3 employees of the Corporation had died, but had not given any details about the date and cause of their deaths. In his subsequent report the Managing Director reported that there was no report regarding the suicide or death due to starvation of any employee of the corporation. The Managing Director of the Bihar State Sugar Corporation had initially reported that 4 employees of the Corporation had died for want of proper treatment. In this subsequent report the Managing Director has reported that the employees' Union has submitted a list of 241 employees who have died or become disabled. Similarly, the Company Secretary of the Bihar State Seeds Corporation had initially reported that 4 employees of the Corporation have died during the period when salary was not paid. Subsequently, the Company Secretary has reported that 5 employees of the Corporation have died for want of proper treatment. However, in view of the discrepancy in the two reports of these corporations, the concerned Managing Directors have been asked to make a thorough investigation into the causes of these deaths and to submit detailed reports in the matter.
I say that the employees Union of the Bihar Hand loom, Powerioom and Handicrafts Development Corporation has submitted to the Managing Director of the Corporation a list of 7 employees and 2 wives of employees who have died. The cause of death of 4 employees has not been specified, while 3 employees and 2 wives of employees are stated to have died due to financial hardship. The Managing Director of the corporation has reported that no case of suicide or starvation death by employees of their dependents have been reported to the Corporation but the submissions of the employees union is being verified. The Managing Director has been asked to make a thorough investigation into the causes of these deaths and to submit a detailed report in the matter."
KAPJLA HINGORANI v. STA TE The records of this case bear out that deaths had occurred owing to A starvation or malnutrition. The fact that the employees have not been paid their salaries for a long time; in some cases for a decade or more; stands admitted.
The Affidavit of the State of Bihar, purported to have been based on reports of the Managing Director of same Undertaking does not inspire B confidence. The statements made therein are self-contradictory and inconsistent. It smacks of lack of bona fide and is full of ~fterthoughts. The stand of the State of Bihar on law is that having regard to the fact that most of the undertakings or companies are registered or incorporated C under the Indian Companies Act, 1956, the rights and liabilities of the shareholders would be governed by the provisions of the said Act and the liability of the said companies cannot be passed on to the State by taking recourse to the doctrine of 'lifting the veil' or otherwise. Keeping in view the complexity of the matter, this Court appointed D Shri P.S. Mishra, a senior counsel of this Court, as amicus curiae. Shri Amarendra Sharan also assisted the court.
The learned amicus curiae has, inter alia, submitted that the independent investigation revealed that the head offices of the Government companies are situated in rented premises. It was contended that all shares are owned by the E State and in some of the cases only one share had been allotted in the name of the nominee of the Government of the State of Bihar. The allegations of the writ petitioner to the effect that there had been starvation deaths and/or suicide by the employees of the public sector undertakings are correct. Mr. Shanti Bhushan, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the F State of Bihar, would submit that having regard to the magnitude of the problem, it would be just and proper if liability is directed to be met to the extent of 80 per cent by the Union of India and that the State Government will bear the burden to the extent of I 0 per cent thereof and the remaining may be realised from the sale of properties belonging to the respective G companies. The learned counsel would submit that pursuant to or in furtherance ofa decision of the Full Bench of the Patna High Court in C.W.J.C. No.5015 of 1996, liquidation proceedings of the Government companies have been initiated and they are pending before the Company Judge of the Patna High Court. Mr. Shanti Bhushan would urge that having regard to the well-settled principle of law that a company registered under the Indian Companies Act H A is a juristic person, its rights and liabilities must be determined in terms thereof and not de 'hors the same. Strong reliance, in this behalf, was placed on Steel Authority of India Ltd and Ors. v. National Union Water.front Workers and Ors., [200 I) 7 SCC I and Electronics Corporation of India Ltd and Ors. v. Secretary, Revenue Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh and Ors., [ 1999) B 4 sec 458.
Mr. Soli J. Sorabjee, the learned Attorney General appearing on behalf of Union of India submitted that neither in law nor in equity the Union of India can be fastened with any liability of the State. The learned counsel would contend that this Court, with a view to do justice to the parties, may C direct that an official liquidator be appointed in respect of all the companies and the learned company judge may further be directed to dispose of the winding up applications as expeditiously as possible wherein having regard to the provision contained in Section 598A of the Companies Act the dues of employees will have primacy. Mr. Sorabjee would urge that the learned Company Judge may also be directed to look into the Human Right aspect D of the matter.
Mr. Mishra, learned amicus curiae, would submit that there is no reason as to why the burden of the State should be shifted to the Union of India and having regard to the provisions of Articles 21 and 23 of the Constitution of India, this Court is entitled to pierce the corporate veil of the Government E companies which are 'States' within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution of India. According to Mr. Mishra, it is beyond any cavil of doubt that the State for all intent and purport was the sole shareholder of those companies and as such it cannot escape its liability having regard to the fact that it had deep and pervasive control including financial control over F the affairs of the said companies. Mr. Mishra would urge that as indisputably the corporations owned and controlled by the State of Bihar are 'State' within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution of India, neither they nor the State of Bihar can escape their liability from enforcing the rights of the citizens of India under Articles 21 and 23 of the Constitution of India. Mr. Mishra would submit that the Full Bench of the Patna High Court has referred to certain decisions of this Court which did not deal with an issue of this nature nor it took notice of different facets of Article 21 of the Constitution of India which would include a right to food, shelter and other basic amenities. Non-payment of lawful salary to the employees, Mr. Mishra H would submit, would fall within the definition of 'forced labour' which is KAPILA HlNGORANl v. STATE
prohibited by Article 23 of the Constitution of India. In support of his A contentions, Mr. Mishra placed strong reliance on People's Union for Democratic Rights and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors., [ 1982] 3 SCC 235, Board of Trustees of the Port of Bombay v. Dilipkwnar Raghvendranath Nadke>rni and Ors., [ 1983] I SCC \24 and Olga Tellis and Ors. v. Bombay Municipal Corporation and Ors., [I 985] 3 SCC 545.
Ms. Hingorani, the petitioner appearing in person, would contend that the State cannot escape its liability in the matter of payment of salaries to its own employees; although ostensibly they are working in the companies incorporated under the Indian Companies Act.
According to the petitioner starvation deaths and/or commission of C suicide by the employees of the State owned corporation being admitted, this Court should issue interim directions for payment of salaries to the employees. Ms. Hingorani would contend that the Government companies or corporations will have to discharge their constitutional obligations in terms of Article 21 of the Constitution of India. In support of the said contention, reliance has D been placed on Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation v. The Income Tax Officer and Anr., [1964] 7 SCR 17, Western Coalfields ltd v. Special Area Development Authority, Korba and Anr., [1982] 2 SCR 1, Hem Chand etc. v. The Delhi Cloth & General Mills Co. ltd and Anr. etc., [1977] 3 SCC 483 and Som Prakash Rekhi v. Union of India and Anr., [ 1981] 2 SCR E 111.
The case at hand poses a large number of complex questions such as:- Whether in a case of this nature, the Court would take a sheer legalistic approach in holding that the corporate veil would not be lifted although its conscience stands satisfied that there has F been violations of citizens' right to life and liberty as adumbrated under Article 21 of the Constitution of India?;
2. Whether having regard to the admitted position that the Government Companies or Corporations referred to hereinbefore are States within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution G of India, the State of Bihar having deep and pervasive control over the affairs thereof can be held to be liable to render all assistance to the said companies so as to fulfill its own and/or the corporations' obligations to comply with the citizens' right under Articles 2 l and 23 of the Constitution of India?;
3. Whether the State of Bihar can escape its liability having regard to the human rights problem involved in the matter? c 4. Whether in a case of this nature the liability of the State ofBihar, if any, can be shifted to the Union of India?
A Company incorporated under the Companies Act is a juristic person. A company indisputably has a distinct and separate entity vis- a-vis its shareholders. This Court in Electronics Corporation of India ltd 's case (supra) opined: "A clear distinction must be drawn between a company and its shareholder, even through that shareholder may be only one a11d that the Central or a State Government. In the eye of the law, a company registered under the Companies Act is a distinct legal entity other than the legal entity or entities that hold its shares."
Yet again, a Constitution Bench of this Court in Steel Authority of D India's case (supra) noticed the following decisions to hold that a company incorporated under the Companies Act being a juristic person would be governed by the Companies Act.:
"Jn Ramana Dayaram Shetty v. International Airport of India (Ramana Dayaram Shetty v. International Airport Authority of India, [1979] 3 SCC 489 : [1979] 3 SCR 1014) a three-Judge Bench of this Court laid down that corporations created by the Government for setting up and management of public enterprises and carrying out public functions, act as instrumentalities of the Government; they would be subject to the same limitations in the field of constitutional and administrative laws as the Government itself, though in the eye of the law they would be distinct and independent legal entities. There, this Court was enforcing the mandate of Article 14 of the Constitution against the respondent – a Central Government corporation. Managing Director, U.P. Warehousing Corpn. v. Vijay Narayan Vajpayee, ([1980] 3 SCC 459 : [1980] SCC (L&S) 453 : [1980] 2 SCR 773) dealt with a case of dismissal of the respondent employee of the appellant Corporation in violation of the principles of natural justice. There also the Court held the Corporation to be an instru- mentality of the State and extended protection of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution to the employee taking the view that when the KAPILA HINGORANI v. STATE
Government is bound to observe the equality clause in the matter of A employment the corporations set up and owned by the Government are equally bound by the same discipline. In Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib Sehravardi, Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib Sehravardi, ([I 98 I] I SCC 722 : [ 1981] SCC (L&S) 258 : (1981] 2 SCR 79) the question decided by a Constitution Bench of B this Court was : whether Jam mu and Kashmir Regional Engineering College, Srinagar, registered as a society under the Jammu and Kashmir Registration of Societies Act, 1898, was 'State' within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution so as to be amenable to writ jurisdiction of the High Court. Having examined the memorandum of C association and the Rules of the Society, the Court decided that the control of the State and the Central Government was deep and pervasive and the Society was a mere projection of the State and the Central Government and it was, therefore, an ins_trumentality or agency of the State and the Central Government and as such an authority- State within the meaning of Article 12.
The principle laid down in the aforementioned cases that if the Government acting through its officers was subject to certain constitutional limitations, a fortiori the Government acting through the instrumentality or agency of a corporation should equally be subject to the same limitations, was approved by the Constitution Bench and E it was pointed out that otherwise it would lead to considerable erosion of the efficiency of the fundamental rights, for in that event the Government would be enabled to override the fundamental rights by adopting the stratagem of carrying out its function through the instrumentality or agency of a corporation while retaining control F over it. That principle has been consistently followed and reiterated in ail subsequent cases – see Delhi Transport Corpn. v. D. TC. Mazdoor Congress, [1991] Supp I SCC 600: (1991] SCC (L&S) 1213, Som Prakash Rekhi v. Union of India, (1981] 1 SCC 449: [1981] SCC (L&S) 200, Manmohan Singh Jail/a v. Commr., Union Territory of Chandigarh, (1984] Supp SCC 540 : [1985] SCC (L&S) 269, P.K. G Ramachandra Iyer v. Union of India, [1984] 2 SCC 141 : [1984] SCC (L&S) 214, A.l. Katra v. Project and Equipment Co17m. of India ltd., [1984] 3 SCC 316: [1984] SCC (L&S) 497, Central Inland Water Transport Corpn. Ltd v. Brojo Nath Ganguly (Central Inland Water Transport Corpn. Ltd v. Brojo Nath Ganjuly, [i 986) 3 H c
SCC 156 : (1986] SCC (L&S) 429 : (1986) I ATC I 03, CV Raman V. Bank of India, c v Raman V. Bank of India, [ 1988] 3 sec I 05 : (1988] SCC (L&S) 687, Lucknow Development Authority v. M.K. Gupta. (1994] I SCC 243, Star Enterprises v. City and Industrial Development Corpn. of Maharashtra ltd., (1990] 3 SCC 280, l/C of India v. Consumer Education & Research Centre, (1995] 5 SCC 482) and G.B. Mahajan v. Jalgaon Municipal Co11ncil, (1991) 3 SCC 91. We do not propose to burden this judgment by adding to the list and referring to each case separately.
We wish to clear the air that the principle, while discharging public functions and duties the government companies/corporations/societies which are instrumentalities or agencies of the Government must be subjected to the same limitations in the field of public law – constitutional or administrative law – as the Government itself, does not lead to the inference that they become agents of the Centre/State Governmentjor all purposes so as to bind such Government for all their acts, liabilities and obligations under various Central and/or State Acts or under private law.
(Emphasis supplied) Thus, the law as stated therein is not of uriversal application. The ratio E of the said decisions must be applied having regard to the fact situation obtaining therein See Bhavnagar University v. Palitana Sugar Mill (P) Ltd. and Ors., (2003) 2 SCC 111 – (Para 59). It has its limitations in its applications, as exceptions exist in several areas.
It is now well-settled that the corporate veil can "in certain situations be pierced or lifted. The principles behind the doctrine is a changing concept F and it is expanding its horizon as was held in the State of UP. and Ors. v. Renusagar Power Company and Ors., (1988] 4 SCC 59. The ratio of the said decision clearly suggests that whenever a corporate entity is abused for an unjust and inequitable purpose, the court would not hesitate to lift the veil and look into the realities so as to identify the persons who are guilty and G liable therefor.
The proposition that a company although may have only one shareholder will be distinct juristic person as adumbrated in Salomon v. Salomon and Co., ( 1897) AC 22, has time and again been visited the application of doctrine of lifting the corporate veil in revenue and taxation matters. See Dal Chand H and Ors. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Punjab, (1944] 12 ITR 458 and KAPILA HINGORANI v. STATE
Juggilal Kamlapat v. Commissioner of Income Tax, U.P., [1969) 1 SCR 988 A = ( 1969) 73 !TR 702. The corporate veil indisputably can be pierced when the corporate personality is found to be opposed to justice, convenience and interest of the revenue or workman or against public interest. See C./. T. Madras v. The Meenakshi Mills ltd and Ors., [1967) 1 SCR 934; Workmen Employed in B Assn. Rubber Industry Ltd., Bhavnagar v. Associated Rubber Industry ltd., Bhavnagar and Anr. (1985) 4 SCC 11; New Horizons Ltd. and Anr. v. Union of India and Ors., (1995) 1 SCC 478; State of U.P. and Ors. v. Renusagar Power Co. and Ors., [1988) 4 SCC 59; Hussainbhai, Calicut v. The Alath Factory Thezhilali Union, Kozhikode and Ors., (1978) 4 SCC 257; and C Secretary H.S.E.B. v. Suresh and Ors., (1999) 3 SCC 601.
The test that a public sector undertaking or Government company can be a 'State' within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution, only when it discharges some sovereign functions, has been given a go-bye by this Court in a recent decision in Pradeep Kumar Biswas v. Indian Institute of D Chemical Biology and Ors., (2002) 5 SCC 111. Disagreeing with the decision of this Court in Sabhajit Tewary v. Union of India and Ors., (1975] I SCC 485, it was held that the premises whereupon the ratio of the said decision was based was not correct and followed the precedents like Sukhdev Singh and Ors. v. Bhagatram Sardar Singh Raghuvanshi and Anr., AIR (1975) SC 1331 and Ajay Hasia and Ors. v. Khalid Mujib Sehravardi and Ors., (1981] E I SCC 722. This Court further held that the decision in Chander Mohan Khanna v. National Council of Educational Research and Training and Ors., (1991] 4 sec 578 does not lay down the correct law.
We are not oblivious of the legal proposition as enunciated in Ramana F Dayaram Shetty and SAIL (supra) that even if a Government company is a State within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution of India as an agency or instrumentality of the State, there does not exist a relationship of principal or an agent and only the action of the said authorities would be State action.
The Government companies/public sector undertakings being 'State' would be constitutionally liable to respect life and liberty of all persons in terms of Article 21 of the Constitution of India. They, therefore, must do so in cases of their own employees. The Government of the State of Bihar for all intent and purport is the sole shareholder. Although in law, its liability A towards the debtors of the Company may be confined to the shares held by it but having regard to the deep and pervasive control it exercises over the Government companies; in the matter of enforcement of human rights and/ or rights of the citizen of life and liberty, the State has also an additional duty to see that the rights of employees of such corporations are not infringed. The right to exercise deep and pervasive control would in its turn make the Government of Bihar liable to see that the life and liberty clause in respect of the employees is fully safeguarded. The Government of the State of Bihar, thus, had a constitutional obligation to protect life and liberty of the employees of the Government owned companies/corporations who are the C citizens of India. It had an additional liability having regard to its right of extensive supervision over the affairs of the company.
In relation to statutory authority, the State had also the requisite power to issue necessary directions which were binding upon them, as for example, Section 79(c) of Electricity (Supply) Act.
The State having regard to its right of supervision and/or deep and pervasive control, cannot be permitted to say that it did not know the actual state of affairs of the State Government undertakings and/or it was kept in dark that the salaries of their employees had not been paid for years leading to starvation death and/or commission of suicide by a large number of E employees. Concept of accountability arises out of the power conferred on an authority.
The State may not be liable in relation to the day to day functioning of the Companies, but its liability would arise on its failure to perform the constitutional duties and functions by the public sector undertakings, as in F relation thereto the State's constitutional obligations. The State acts in a fiduciary capacity. The failure on the part of the State in a case of this nature must also be viewed from the angle that the statutory authorities have failed and/or neglected to enforce the social welfare legislations enacted in this behalf e.g. Payment of Wages Act, Minimum Wages Act etc. Such welfare G activities as adumbrated in Part IV of the Constitution of India indisputably would cast a duty upon the State being a welfare State and its statutory authorities to do all things which they are statutorily obligated to perform. In 'The constitution, social rights and liberal political justification', Frank I. Michelman published in International Journal of Constitutional Law, H Volume I, page 13, it is stated:
,_ KAPILAHINGORANI v. STATE "Whatever else it may also be, a country's written constitutional bill A of rights is a high-ranking regulatory law, a "statute" fraught with direct legal consequences. Granted, the constitution may not be "simply" that. No doubt it may figure as something beyond positive law: 'a "mirror reflecting the national soul'," perhaps; an expression of national ideals, aspirations, and values expected, as such, to "preside B and permeate the processes of judicial interpretation and judicial discretion" throughout the length and breadth of the national legal order. But had bills of rights not also and always registered as direct, regulatory legislation – as laws to be enforced like other laws – jurists and scholars the world over would not have conducted their debates over the constitutionalization of social rights in the terms that we C have grown used to.
Constitutions, to be sure, are regulatory laws of a special kind, setting terms and conditions for the making and execution of all other laws. Typically, although not necessarily, some of the. terms and conditions are cast in the form of a bill of rights; a list of certain interests of D persons, upon whom are conferred what are considered to be legal rights, not just background moral claims, to have these interests at least negatively respected, and maybe positively secured and redeemed, by the state's legislature and other actions yet to come.' The power of the State in the sphere of exercise of its constitutional E power including those contained in Article 298 of the Constitution of India inheres in it a duty towards public, whose money is being invested. Article 298 of the Constitution of India confers a prerogative upon the State to carry on trade or business While so the State must fulfil its constitutional obligations. It must oversee protection and preservation of the rights as adumbrated in F Articles 14, 19, 21 and 300-A of the Constitution of India. Even before India became independent, our leaders started thinking in terms of eradication of poverty and discrimination as well as uplift of downtrodden. At the time of framing of the Constitution, the Constitution makers had before them the harrowing tales of starvation deaths and G particularly the infamous Bengal famine.
If it is considered to be the duty of the citizen to remind himself of the aspirations of the Constitution makers, the State, in our opinion, cannot be permitted to say that it has no such duty towards its own citizens. Clauses (a)(b) and (e) of Article 51-A of the Constitution of India read as under:
"Art. 5 IA. It shall be the duty of every citizen of India – (a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; c
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspire our national struggle for freedom; (e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious; linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;"
In its attempt to interpret a statute in the light of the constitutional scheme, this Court has time and again interpreted a statute particularly in the light thereof. See A.1.1.M.S. Students Union v. A.I.I.MS. and Ors., (2002] I D sec 428.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 enumerates at least 27 broad rights including the right to life, freedom from slavery and forced labour. The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 defines Human Rights to E mean the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in International Covenant on civil and political rights and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights which were adopted by the General Assembly of United Nations on 16.12.1966. The said Act was made by the Parliament "having regard to the changing social realities and growing concern in India and F brought about issues relating to Human Rights with a view to bring about greater accountability and transparency in enforcement of laws of the nation." Parts Ill and IV of the Constitution of India contain a large number of rights which guarantee human rights, some of which are akin to the rights enumerated in International Treaties and Chapters. Article 11 of International G Covenant in Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966 reads thus: "I. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions. The States Parties will take r
KAPILAHINGORANI v. STATE appropriate steps to ensure the realization of this right, recognizing to A this effect the essential importance of international co-operation based on free consent.
2. The States Parties to the present Covenant, recognizing the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger, shall take, individually and through international co-operation, the measures, B including specific programmes, which are needed:
(a) To improve methods of production, conservation and distribution of food by making full use of technical and scientific knowledge, by disseminating knowledge of the principles of nutrition and by C developing or reforming agrarian systems in such a way as to achieve the most efficient development and utilization of natural resources;" This Court in Chameli Singh and Ors. v. State of U.P. and Anr., [1996] 2 SCC 549 referring to Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966 held that the State parties recognize "the D right to everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and for his family including food, clothing, housing and to the continuous improvement of living conditions". Indisputably, the State parties were to take appropriate steps to ensure realization of this thought.
Justice Holmes expressed the following view in Missouri v. Holland E 252 us 416 (433): "When we are dealing with words that also are a constituent act, like the Constitution of the United States, we must realize that they have called into life a being the development of which could not havr been F foreseen completely by the most gifted or its begetters. It was enough for them to realize or to hope that they had created an organism, it has taken a century and has cost their successors must sweat and blood to prove that they created a nation. The case before us must be considered in the light of our whole experience and not merely in that of what was said a hundred years ago."
Justice Frankfurter elucidated the interpretive role in "Some Reflections of the Reading of Statutes': "There are varying shades of compulsion for judges behind different words, differences that are due to the words themselves, their setting H in a text, their setting in history. In short, judges are not unfettered glossators. They are under a special duty not to overemphasize the episodic aspects of life and not to undervalue its organic processes – its continuities and relationships."
In Jugdish Saran and Ors. v. Union of India, [1980) 2 SCC 768, it is B stated: c 'Law, constitutional law, is not an omnipotent abstraction or distant idealization but a principled, yet pragmatic, value-laden and result- oriented, set of propositions applicable to and conditioned by a concrete stage of social develo,Pment of the nation and aspirational imperatives of the people. India Today – that is the inarticulate major premise of our constitutional law and life."
It is also well-settled that a statute should be interpreted in the light of the International Treaties and Conventions. In Chairman, Railway Board and D Ors. v. Mrs. Chandrima Das and Ors, AIR (2000) SC 988 = [2000) 2 SCC 465 this Court stated the law thus:-
"24. The International Covenants and Declarations as adopted by the United Nations have to be respected by all signatory States and the meaning given to the above words in those Declarations and Covenants have to be such as would help in effective implementation of those rights. The applicability of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the principles thereof may have to be read, if need be, into the domestic jurisprudence."
In 'Human Rights and Indian Values' Justice M. Rama Jois noticed the Ancient Indian Texts in the following words: SAMANI PRAPA SAHA VONNBHAGA SAMA NE YOKTRA Y SAHA WO YUNISM ARAH NAB HIM IV ABHITE:
"All have equal rights in articles of food and water. The yoke of the chariot of life is placed equally on the shoulders of all. All should live together with harmony supporting one another like the spokes of a wheel of the chariot connecting its rim and the hub. (Atharvanaveda- KAPILA HINGORANI v. STATE
Samjnana Sukta)". Thus, the right to equality of all human beings has been declared in the Vedas, which are regarded as inviolable. In order to emphasize the dignity of the individual, it was said that all are brothers as all are the children of God. No one is inferior or superior. Similarly, the Atharbvanaveda stressed that all have equal right over natural resources B and all were equally important like spokes in a wheel. Both the Rigveda and Atharvanaveda declared that co-operation between individuals is necessary for happiness and progress. It is also of utmost importance to note that right to equality was made a part of "Dharma" long before the State came to be established.
It is equally interesting to refer to the contents of Articles 1 and 7 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), which read: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act c
towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." "All are equal before law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination". This declaration is similar to the declaration of equality made in the Rigveda.
After the establishment of the State, the obligation to protect the right to equality was cast on the Rulers. It was made a part of the Rules of Raja Dharma, the Constitutional Law.
p YATHA SWARIN BHUTAN! OHARA DHARYATE SAMAM TATHA SWARIN BHUTAN! BIBHARTE PARTHIVM VARTAM "Just as the mother earth gives equal support to all the living beings, a king should give support to all without any
discrimination" (Manu IX 31 ). This also meant that the kings were required to afford equal treatment to all the citizens in the same manner in which a mother treats all her children."
Prof. Upendra Baxi in his book entitled 'The Future of Human Rights' H A stated: "The processes of globalization, thriving upon the heavily critiqued ideologies of developmentalism and its eventual demise, seek to reproduce the soft state. That notion is, however, now reconstructed in several important ways. The 'progressive state', at least in, and for, the South, is now conceived not as a state in its internal relations with its own people but in relation to the global community of foreign investors. A progressive state is one that is a good host state for global capital. A progressive state is one that protects global capital against political instability and market failures. A progressive state is c
one that represents accountability not so much directly to its peoples, but to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. A progressive state is one that instead of promoting would visions of a just international order learns the virtues of debt repayment on schedule. Finally, a progressive state is one that gleans conceptions of good governance neither from the histories of struggles against colonization and imperialism nor from its internal social and human rights movements but from the global institutional gurus of globalization. The construction of 'progress' is animated by a post-Fukuyama world in which there is not Other to Capitalism, writ globally large. Of course, the contradictions between democracy and capitalism are once again, recognized, but these two are reconstructed, for example as follows :
War against hunger gets transformed in the 1998 Rome Declaration on the Right to Food into the free market oriented state and international management of food security system; The struggle against homelessness and for shelter, in the 1998 United Nations Social Summit at Istanbul, becomes a series of mandates for the construction industries and urban developers; 'Sustainable development', becomes an instrument of policy for the promotion and protection of corporate governance practices of 'greenwashing';
The UNDP inspired 'mainstreaming' of human rights 'mission' envisaging the raising of the billion dollars for the Global Sustainable Development Facility has already been subscribed to by way of seed money by some of the most egregious
KAPILAHINGORANI v. STATE multinational enterprise corporate human rights offenders." In the 12 Misconceptions About the Right to Food (FIAN) it is inter alia stated: "What does the Right to food mean? Can the existence of this Right cause laziness among people? The Right to Food is about respecting, B protecting and fulfilling access to food producing resources and work. Therefore, the Right to Food doesn't make people lazy but busy, enabling them to feed themselves.
Would the Right to Food be asking for too much from the government, and advocating for big government? The Right to Food in the context C of Human Rights doesn't mean that the state is a super-entrepreneur detennining and carrying out economic activities according to its own wisdom. It means the Right to Feed Oneself, which emphasizes dignity and self-reliance, very different from command economics of big government.
Does the Right to Food require a moral revolution of society, allowing human rights to become the foundation of interpersonal ethics? The Right to Food does require a moral revolution. However, this moral revolution does not concern interpersonal ethics, but the duty to operationalize the state's obligations under Economic and Social Human Rights.
Is hunger a violation of Human Rights? Lack of access to food can have many reason. If the state fails to respect, protect or fulfill this access, unless for lack of resources in a society, this must be termed a violation of the human right to food. Very often, the obligations of F states vis-a-vis the vulnerable groups and persons are obvious and so is the availability of resources in society.
Is the Right to Food about good governance? Good governance is negotiable, Human Rights are not. The central concept for Human Rights is the concept of "violation", referring to the suppression of G vulnerable groups and individuals, whereas the concepts of good governance all too often deal with political theory and statistical indicators. If a country has the resources, but people get marginalized or continue in deprivation, this is not bad government, but oppression, intentional or not.
Is the Right to Food realized if nobody is hungry anymore? Not necessarily. The Right to Food not only means that hunger and malnutrition are eradicated, but that future malnutrition can be eradicated by court action or other comparable mechanisms holding the state accountable on its obligations under the Right to Food." In Kishen Pattnayak and Anr. v. State of Orissa, [ 1989] Supp. I SCC 258, a Division Bench of this Court while considering poverty and starvation deaths in drought prone districts of Kalahandi and Koraput in the State of Orissa having regard to the report of the District Judge of Kalahandi noticed that Natural Calamities Committee had been constituted at the districts level C of Kalahandi and Koraput directed the Government of Orissa to recommend at least five persons belonging to the recognized voluntary 0rganizations like Sarvodaya Gandhi Peace Foundation, Ramakrishna Mission, Bharat Sewa Sangha and registered voluntary agencies as members of the said Natural Calamities Committee. This Court monitored for a long time the measures taken by the State for the purpose of mitigating hunger, poverty, starvation D deaths etc. of the people of Kalahandi and Koraput. It opined that if such measures are taken, there can be no doubt that it will alleviate to a great extent the miseries of the people of Kalahandi. It was directed : " ……… The Natural Calamities Committee shall also keep a watch over the working of the social welfare measures which are being taken and may be taken in future. Shri Pattnayak also does not dispute that if such measures are continued to be taken, it will be a great relief to the people of Kalahandi and Koraput. We hope and trust that in view of the prompt action that has been taken by the government, soon the miseries of the people of these two districts will be over." Yet again in Mis. Shantistar Builders v. Naryan Khimalal Totame and Ors .. [ 1990] I SCC 520, this Court observed :-
"Basic needs of man have traditionally been accepted to be three – food, clothing and shelter. The right to life is guaranteed in any civilized society. That would take within its sweep the right to food, the right to clothing, the right to decent environment and a reasonable accommodation to live in …. "
This Court upheld the right to shelter in P.G. Gupta v. Stale of Gujarat and Ors., [1995] Supp. 2 SCC 182, Chameli Singh (supra) and Ahmedabad H Municipal Corporation v. Nawab Khan Guiab Khan and Ors., [1997] 11 KAPILA HlNGORANl v. STATE
sec 121. In Chame/i Singh 's case (supra), this Court held: "In any organized society, right to live as a human being is not ensured by meeting only the animal needs of man. It is secured only when he is assured of all facilities to develop himself and is freed B from restrictions which inhibit his growth. All human rights are designed to achieve this object. Right to live guaranteed in any civilized society implies the right to food, water, decent environment, education, medical care and shelter. These are basic human ;ights known to any civilized society ………. "
c It proceeded to held : "Right to shelter when used as an essential requisite to the right to live should be deemed to have been guaranteed as fundamental right. As is enjoined in the Directive Principles, the State should be deemed to be under an obligation to secure it for its citizens, of course subject D to its economic budgeting. In a democratic society as a member of the organized civic community one should have permanent shelter so as to physically, mentally and intellectually equip oneself to improve his excellence as a useful citizen as enjoined in the Fundamental Duties and to be a useful citizen and equal participant in democracy. E The ultimate object of making a man equipped with a right to dignity of person and equality of status is to enable him to develop himself into a cultured being …. "
The term 'life' used in Article 21 of the Constitution of India has a wide and far reaching concept. It includes livelihood and so many other F facets thereof. 'Life', as observed by Field, J. In Munn v. Illinois, (I877) 94 US I 13 means something more than mere animal existence and the inhibition against the deprivation of life extends to all those limits and faculties by which life is enjoyed. See Board of Trustees of the Port of Bombay v. Dilipkumar Raghavendranath Nadkarni and Ors., (1983] I SCC 124 and Olga Tellis and Ors v. Bombay Municipal Corporation and Ors., [I 985] 3 G sec 545.
In Nadkarni 's case (supra), this Court was dealing with the right of a workman. Expansion of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 of c the Constitution has been made by implicating :
(i) Right to travel – Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR (1978) SC 597 and SatwantSingh v. A.P.O., New Delhi, AIR (1967) SC 1836. (ii) Rightto privacy – Kharak Singh v. State of U.P., AIR ( 1963) SC 1295; Sharda v. Dharampa/, JT (2003) 3 SC 399
(iii) Right to speedy trial – Common Cause a Registered Society v. Union of India, AIR (1997) SC 1539. (iv) Right to prisoners to interview – Prabha Dutt v. Union of India, AIR (1982) SC 6.
(v) Right to a fair trial – Police Commissioner, Delhi v. Registrar, Delhi High Court, AIR (1997) SC 95. (vi) Right against torture and custodial violence – D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal, AIR (1997) SC IO
(vii) Right to free legal aid -State of Maharashtra v. MP. Vashi, AIR (1996) SC I. (viii)Right to primary education – Unnikrishnan v. State of A.P., [1993] I SCC 645 and T.MA. Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka,
r20021 8 sec 48 I. (ix) Right to health and medical care – CERC v. Union of India, AIR (1995) SC 922 and State of Punjab v. MS. Chawla, AIR (1997) SC 125 (x) Right to pollution-free environment – MC. Mehla v. Union of India, AIR (1987) SC 965.
(xi) Right to Safe drinking water – AP PCB v. M. V. Naidu, AIR (1999) SC 822 (xii) Sexual harassment of working women – Visakha v. State of Rajasthan, AIR (1997) SC 3011 and AEPC v. A.K. Chopra,
[ 1999] 2 sec 34. KAPILA HINGORANl v. ST ATE (xiii)Right to a quality life – Hinch Lal Tiwari v. Kamala Devi and A Ors., [2001] 6 SCC 496. (xiv) Right to Family Pension – SK. Mas/an Bee v. General Manager South Central Railway, [2003] I SCC 184
While dealing with the right of the workmen, again this Court in People's B Union for Democratic Rights and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors., [1982] 3 SCC 235 and in State of Gujarat v. Hon'ble High Court of Gujarat, [1998] 7 sec 392 held that constitutional provisions must be so interpreted so as to advance its socio economic objectives. In no uncertain terms, this Court held that exaction of labour and services against payment of less than the minimum wages amounts to forced labour within the meaning of Article 23 of the C Constitution of India.
Explaining the rights of a citizen under Article 21 of the Constitution of India, this Court in S.MD. Kiran Pasha v. Government of Andhra Pradesh and Ors., [1990] I sec 328 observed that Article 226 of the Constitution of D India would be maintainable also when a right is threatened as contra distinguished from the right when infringed. This Court held : "In the language of Kelsen the right of an individual is either a mere reflex right – the reflex of a legal obligation existing towards this individual; or a private right in the technical sense – the legal E power bestowed upon an individual to bring about by legal action the enforcement of the fulfillment of an obligation existing towards him, that is, the legal power. From the above analysis it is clear that in the instant case the appellant's fundamental right to liberty is the reflex ofa legal obligation of the rest of the society, including the State, and it is the appellant's legal power bestowed upon him to bring about by F a legal action the enforcement of the fulfillment of that obligation existing towards him. Denial of the legal actfon would, therefore, amount to denial of his right of enforcement of his right to liberty …. " It is also well-settled that interpretation of the Constitution of India or statutes would change from time to time. Being a living organ, it is ongoing G and with the passage of time, law must change. New rights may have to be found out within the constitutional scheme. Horizons of constitutional law are expanding. The necessity to take recourse to such interpretative changes has recently found favour with the Division Bench of this Court in The State of Maharashtra v. Dr. Praful B. Desai, JT (2003) 3 SC 382: c
"13. One needs to set out the approach which a court must adopt in deciding such questions. It must be remembered that the first duty of the court is to do justice. As has been held by this Court in the case of Sri Krishna Gabe V. State of Maharashtra, [ 1973) 4 sec 23 courts must endeavour to find the truth. It has been held that there would be failure of justice not only by an unjust conviction but also by acquittal of the guilty for unjustified failure to produce available evidence. Of course the rights of the accused have to be kept in mind and safeguarded, but they should not be over emphasized to the extent of forgetting that the victims also have rights.
14. It must also be remembered that the Criminal Procedure Code is an ongoing statute. The principles of interpreting an ongoing statute have been very succinctly set out by the leading jurist Francis Bennion in his commentaries titled "Statutory Interpretation', 2nd Edition page 617:
"It is presumed the Parliament intends the court to apply to an ongoing Act a construction that continuously updates its wordings to allow for changes since the Act was initially framed. While it remains law, it has to be treated as always speaking. This means that in its application on any day, the language of the Act though necessarily embedded in its own time, is nevertheless to be construed in accordance with the need to treat it as a current law. In construing an ongoing Act, the interpreter is to presume that Parliament intended the Act to be applied at any future time in such a way as to give effect to the original intention. Accordingly, the interpreter is to make allowances for any relevant charges that have occurred since the Act's passing, in law, in social conditions, technology, the meaning of words and other matters .. That today's construction involves the supposition that Parliament was catering long ago for a state of affairs that did not then exist is no argument against that construction. Parliament, in the wording of an enactment, is expected to anticipate temporal developments. The drafter will foresee the future and allow for it in the wording.
KAPILA lllNGORANI v. ST ATE An enactment of former days is thus to be read today, in the A light of dynamic processing received over the years, with such modification of the current meaning of its language as will now give effect to the original legislative intention. The reality and effect of dynamic processing provides the gradual adjustment. It is constituted by judicial interpretation, year in and year out. It B also comprises processing by executive officials."
15. A t1h:is s1aJe thew o:tds of JJS±e B ha;Jw atiil the G3."B ofN ational Textile Workers' Union v. P.R. Ramakrishnan, [1983] l SCR 922 at page 956, need to be set out. They are:
"We cannot allow the dead hand of the past to stifle the growth C of the living present. Law cannot stand still: it must change with the changing social concepts and values. lfthe bark that protects the tree fails to grow and expand along with the tree, it will either choke the tree or if it is a living tree, it will shed that bark and grow a new living bark for itself. Similarly, if the law fails to respond to the needs of changing society, then either it will stifle the growth of the society and choke its progress or if the society is vigorous enough, it will cast away the law which stands in the way of its growth. Law must therefore constantly be on the move adapting itself to the fast changing society and not lag behind."
The liability of the shareholders or even a third party in a given case would depend upon the nature of the situation and the extent of the statute covering the same. Participation in the functioning of a company has led to an independent liability by the secured creditors under the Comprehensive Environment Response Compensation and Liability Act, if its involvement F with the management of the facility is sufficiently broad to support the inference that it could affect hazardous waste disposal decisions; although it was not currently an owner or operation of the facility within the meaning thereo( in United States v. Fleet Factors Corp., 20 ELR 20832: (1990) 901 F 2d 1550. Thus a liability can be fastened both upon the owner as also the G operator of the company under certain situations.
The right to development in the developing countries is itself a human right. The same has been made a part of WTO and GA TT. In 'The World Trade Organisation, Law. Practice, and Policy (Oxford) by Matusushita Schoenbaum and Mauroidis at page 389, it is stated :
'The United Nations has proclaimed the existence of a human right to development. This right refers not only to economic growth but also to human welfare, including health, education, employment, social security, and a wide-range of other human needs. This human right to development is vaguely defined as a so-called third-generation human right that cannot be implemented in the same way as civil and political human rights. Rather, it is the obligation of states and ir.lergovernmental organizations to work within the scope of their authority to combat poverty and misery in disadvantaged countries. [Emphasis supplied]
The matter may be considered from another angle. While the Slate expects the industrial houses and multi-national companies to take such measures which would provide a decent life to the persons living in the society in general and to their employees in particular and in that premise it is too much to ask the State to practice what it preaches? This gives rise to D another question. Can the State be so insensitive to the plight of its own citizens in general and the employee of the public sector undertakings in particular?
The court in a situation of this nature is obligated to issue necessary directions to mitigate the extreme hardship of the employees involving E violation of human rights of the citizens of India at the hands of the State of Bihar and the government companies and corporations fully owned or controlled by it. A right to carry on business is subject to compliance of constitutional obligations as also limitations provided for in the Constitution. Financial stringency may not be a ground for not issuing requisite directions when a question of violation of fundamental right arises. This Court has been highlighting this aspect in the matters concerning fundamental rights and maintenance of ecology. See Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra and Ors. v. State of Uttar Pradesh and Ors., AIR (1987) SC 359 = [1986] Supp. SCC 517, Rat/am Municipality v. Vardi Chand, [1980] 4 SCC 162 and B.L. Wadhera v. Union of India, AIR (I 996) SC 2969. In All India Imam Organization and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors., [1993] 3 SCC 584, this Court held:
"6 ….. Much was argued on behalf of the Union and the Wakf Boards that their financial position was not such that they can meet the obligations of paying the Imams as they are being paid in the State f •
KAPILA HINGORANI v. STATE of Punjab. It was also urged that the number of mosques is so large A that it would entail heavy expenditure which the Boards of different States would not be able to bear. We do not find any correlation between the two. Financial difficulties of the institution cannot be above fundamental right of a citizen. If the Boards have been entrusted with the responsibility of supervising and administering the Wakf B then it is their duty to harness resources to pay those persons who pe;fonn the most important duty namely of leading community prayer in a mosque the very purpose for which it is created."
[Emphasis supplied] In State of H.P. v. H.P. State Recognised and Aided Schools Managing C Committees and Ors., [ 1995] 4 SCC 507, it was opined: "I 6. The constitutional mandate to the State, as upheld by this Court in Unni Krishnan case – to provide free education to the childre'l up to the age of fourteen – cannot be permitted to be circumvented on D the ground of lack of economic capacity or financial incapacity." However, before we issue any direction, we may state that by no stretch of imagination, the liability of the State of Bihar can be shifted to the Union of India. Only because the Union of India allegedly is repository of funds raised by it through Central excise and other levies and impost, the same by E itself would not mean that it is indirectly or vicariously liable for the failings on the part of the State Public Sector Undertakings. Either precedentially or jurisprudentially the Union of India cannot be held liable and no such direction can be issued as has been submitted by Mr. Shanti Bhushan. The investments made by the State in the public sector undertakings in F pursuit of social justice is from public account. It is in this behalf accountable to the public through the legislature. If the State or the State agencies have failed to perform their duties, it cannot under the wrap of financial stringency seek to shift its liability to the Union of India or to the State of Jharkhand. The matter might have been different, had such financial assistance was G required by the State due to a natural calamity or cause beyond its control. The State must thank itself for having placed itself in such a state of affairs. If at an appropriate stage, having regard to its right of deep and pervasive control over the Public Sector Undertakings it had properly H SUPREME COURT Rf:PORTS [2003] SUPP. I S.C.R.
A supervised the functioning of the Government Companies and take necessary steps to refer the sick companies to BIFR in terms of the provisions of the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985, the position might have been different. It even failed to take any positive action even after coming to know the starvation deaths and immense human sufferings. The States of India are welfare States. They having regard to the c
constitutional provisions adumbrated in the Constitution of India and in particular Part IV thereof laying down the Directive Principles of the State Policy and Part IV A laying down the Fundamental Duties are bound to preserve the practice to maintain the human dignity.
We are of the opinion that the State, thus, has made itself liable to mitigate the sufferings of the employees of the public sector undertakings or the government companies. While passing an interim order, however, it is our duty to take into D consideration the immediate hardship. which may be faced by the State of Bihar having regard to the alleged financial stringency.
We, however, hasten to add that we do not intend to lay down a law, as at present advised, that the State is directly or vicariously liable to pay salaries/remunerations of the employees of the public sector undertakings or E the Government companies in all situations. We, as explained hereinbefore, only say that the State cannot escape its liability when a human rights problem of such magnitude involving the starvation deaths and/or suicide by the employees has taken place by reason of non-payment of salary to the employees of Public Sector Undertaking for such a long time. We are not issuing any direction as against the State of Jharkhand as no step had admittedly been taken by the Central Government in terms of Section 65 of the Bihar Reorganisation Act and furthermore as only four public sector undertakings have been transferred to the State of Jharkhand in respect whereof the petitioner does not make any grievance.
In the peculiar facts and circumstance of this case in our opinon, interest of justice shall be met, if the following interim directions are issued for the present: The High Court may strive to dispose of all liquidation
proceedings in respect of the Government companies owned and controlled by the State of Bihar as expeditiously as possible. For KAPILA HINGORANI v. STATE the said purpose and/or purposes ancillary to or incidental A therewith, it may pass an interim order and/or orders by way of sale and/or disposal of the properties belonging to such public sector undertaking and/or Government companies or to take such measure or measures as it may deem fit and proper.
2. For the aforementioned purposes a committee not consisting of B more than three members chaired by a retired High Court Judge 3. or a sitting District Judge may be appointed who may scrutinize the assets and liabilities of the companies and submit a report to the High Court as expeditiously as possible preferably within three months from the date of constitution of the committee. The terms and conditions for appointment of the said Committee may be determined by the High Court. All expenses in this behalf shall be borne by the State of Bihar.
The High Court shall be entitled to issue requisite direction/ directions to the said committee from time to time as and when it ,deems fit and proper. c 4. The State for the present shall deposit a sum of Rs.SO crores before the High Court for disbursement of salaries to the
employees of corporations. The amount of Rs.50 crores be deposited in two instalments. Haif of the amount shall be payable within one month and the balance amount within a month E
thereafter. The High Court shall see to it that the sum so deposited and/or otherwise received from any source including by way of sale of assets of the Government Companies/Public Sector
Undertakings be paid proportionately to the concerned employee wherefor, the parties may file their claims before it. p 5. The High Court, however, in its discretion may direct disbursement of some funds to the needy employees, on ad hoc basis so as to enable them to sustain themselves for the time being.
6. The rights of the workmen shall be considered in terms of Section G 529-A of the Companies Act. 7. The Central Government is hereby directed to take a decision as regards division of assets and liabilities of the Government companies/public sector undertakings in terms of the provisions of the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000.
8. The State of Jharkhand is hereby impleaded as a respondent. Let notice be issued to the newly added respondent. This order shall be subject to any order that may he passed subsequently B or finally.
Let the matter be placed again after six months. R.P. Matter is pending