c KARPAGATHACID AND ORS. v. NAGARATHINATHACID March 10, 1965 [K. SUBBA RAO, J.C. SHAH AND R. S. BACHAWAT, JJ.] Hindu Law-Partition between co-widows-Whether right of survivorship can be relinquished-If repugnant to Transfer of Pro• perty Act, 1882 (4 of 1882) s. 6(a)-Onus.
Two co-widows divided their husband's property and each entered into separate possession of her share. On the death of one of the widows her daughter the respondent took possession of her mother's share. The appellant the surviving widow filed a suit against '.he respondent claiming possEssion of that share. The Trial Court decreed the suit, which on appeal was set aside by the High Court. In appeal by certificate:
HELD: (i) Under the Hindu Law the widows were competent to partition the properties and allot separate portions each, and inci- dental to such allotment each could agree to relinquish her right of survivorship in the portion allotted to the other. Such an arrange- ment was not repugnant to s. 6(a) of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882. [337 C-D].
Case law referred to. (ii) Mere partition of the estate between the two widows does not destroy the right of survivorship of each to the properties allot- ted to the other. The party who asserts that there was an arrangement by which the widows agreed to relinquish the right of survivorship must establish this arrangement by clear and cogent evidence. [338 B].
The respondent, in the instant case, had failed to discharge this onus. [338 B-C]. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 998 of 1963. Appeal from the judgment and decree dated January 12.
1962 of the Madras High Court in Appeal Suit No. 292 of 1958. A. V. Viswanatlza Sastri, V. S. Ramaswami Iyengar and R. Thiagarajan, for the appellants. S. V. Gupte, Solicitor General, and R. Ganapathy Iyer,
for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by- Bachawat, J. One Sivasubramania Pillai died in the year 1924 leaving him surv;ving his mother, two widows, Thialaiachi and Karpagathachi, and a daughter. Nagarathinathachi (respon- dent herein) born of Thialaiachi. The two widows
inherited the properties left by Sivasubramania. In July 1927. they divided the bltlk of the properties and each entered into separate pos,ession and enjoyment of the properties allotted to her. The partition is evidenced by two partition lists called parti.tion deeds. Exs A-~ I and B-45 dated July 14. 1927 and signed by both of them. Under this partition, two ve/is of land were set apart for the maintcnanC'· [1965] 3 s.c,ii.
~f Sivasubramania's mother, to be enjoyed by her during her life. tune, and on her death, to be taken and enjoyed by the two widows in separate portions as mentioned in the partition lists. On August 26, 1954, Thialaiachi died, and upon her death, the respondent took possession of the properties allotted to Thialaiachi under the partition of July, 1927. On December 8, 1954, Karpagathachi in· stituted against the respondent the suit, out of which this appeal arises, claiming possession of the suit propert'es. The respondent resisted the suit claiming that under the partition each widow gave up her right of survivorship in respect of the properties allotted to the other, and consequently on the death of Th'alaiachi, the res- pondent as her daughter was entitle\! to take her share as her heir and to en joy the same during the life of Karpagathachi. By his judgment dated AJgust 18, 1958, the District Judge, East Than- javur, ·rejected the defendant's contention. and held that the divi- sion between the two w'dows was for convenience of enjoyment only, and decreed the suit in respect of the properties held by Thialaiachi under the partition of July,
1927. On appeal, the Madras High Court by its judgment dated January, 12, 1962 held that under the partition each widow gave up her life interest in the properties allotted to the other and 'consequently Karpagathachi was not entitled to recover possession of the properties allotted to Thialaiachi, set aside the decree of the District Judge, and dismis- sed the suit. Karpagathachi and several other persons impleaded as party respondents in the appeal before the High Court now appeal under a certificate granted by the High Court to .this court under Art. 133 of the Constitution.
Mr. Viswanatha Sastry appearing on behalf of the appellants contends that: (!) the right of survivorship of each widow in res- pect of her husband's estate is the chance of the surviving widow to take the entire estate of her husband on the death of the co- widow, and in view of s.6(a) of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, the w'dows were not competent to enter into an arrangement trans- ferring or relinquishing their right of survivorship; (2) the partition lists, Exs. A-I and B-45 not being registered, are not admis- sible in evidence; (3) the partit'on between the widows was for con· venience of enjoyment only, and the respondent has failed to estab- lish that each co-widow gwe up her right of survivorship in respect of the properties allotted to the other. The learned· Solicitor-Gene- ral appearing on behalf of the respondent disputed these conten- tions.
We are of op'nion that the first contention of Mr. Viswanatha Sastry should be rejected. Under the Hindu law as it stood in 1924, two widows inheriting their husband's properties took together one estate as joint tenants with rights of survivorship and equal benefi· cial enjoyment. They were entitled to enforce a partition of those propert'es so that each could sep3rately possess and enjoy the por- tion allotted to her, see Bhugwan Deen Doobey v. Myna Baee ('), (') [1867] ll M.I.A. 487
r ILARPAGATIIACHI v. NAflARATIIINA'l'RACl!I (Bachawat, J.) Gawi Nath Kakaji v. Gaya Kuar('). Neither of them could with- out the consent of the other enforce an absolute partition of the estate so as to destroy the right of ,survivorship, see Commissicner of Income-tax v. Smt. Indira Balakrishna('). But by mutual con- sent they could enter into any ar;·angement regarding their respec- tive rights in the properties during the continuance of the widow's estate, and could absolutely divide the properties, so as lo preclude the right of survivorship of each lo the prn tion ailotted to the other. See Ramakkal v. Ramasami Nm'ckan('); Sudalai Ammal v. Gomathi Amma/('). Likewise, two dau:<hters suc~eedirn• to their father's estate as joint tenants with r'.ghts of survivorship could enter into a similar arrangeme;it. See Kailash Chandi'a Chucker- butty v. Kashi Chandra Chutkerbuffy(')
Subbammal v . . Laksh- mana Iyer ('), Ammani Am ma/ v. Per;asami U dayan('). Such an arrangement was not repugnant to s.6fa) of the Transfer of Proper'y Act, 1882. 'f.he interest of eac~1 widow in the properties inherited by her was proputy, and this prC1perty together with the inciden- tal right of survivorsliip could )le law!Qlly transferred. Section 6(a) of the Transfer of Property Ad' pl'l>hibits the transfer of the bare chance of the surviving widow 'tPk.ingi'tie entire estate as th·~ ne.>.t heir of her husband on the dea,tll of1he co-widow, but it does not prohibit the transfer by the w1dow of- her present interest in the properties inherited 'by her together with the incidental right of survivorship. The widows were competent to partition the proper- ties and allot separnte portionS'i:l> eacb. and incidental to S11ch an allotment, each could a"ree to ~inquisli her right of survivorship in the portion allotted to the otlier. The first contention (}f Mr. Viswanatha Sastry must be rejected.
The secon:i contention of ,Mr· Vhwanatha Sr»try mu· t also be rejected. A partition may ht effected ora!:y. By an oral parti- tion, the two widows could adjust their diverse rights in the entire estate, and as part uf.tl1is arrangement, each could orally ag:ee to relinquish her right of survivmship to the portion aiiotted 😮 the other. In the trial Court, the suit wc;S t"ried on the footing that the partition was oral. and that the two partilion lists wern mere'y pie- ces of evidence of the oral partition, and no objection was raised with regard to their admissibility in eyidence. In th\'!_ High Court, the. appellants raised the contention fiJ.f i.he first time that tte two partition lists were required to be registered. The point could not be decided without further inverrigatiot) into questions of fact, ar.d in the circumstances, the High Court r)ghtly ruled that this new contention could not be raised for the 'first -time in
appeal. We (') [1928] L.R. 5.5 I.A. 299. (') [1960] 3 S.C.R. 513, 517. (') [1899) I.L. ll .. 22 Macl. 522. (') [1912] 23 M.L.J. 3fi5. (') [I 897] I.L.R. 24 Cal. 33~. (') [1914] 26 M.L.J. 479.
(') [1923] 45 M.L.J. I. (1965] 3 S.C.R, think that the appellants ought not to be allowed to raise this new contention. We think that the third contention of Mr. Viswanatha Sastry is sound and should be accepted. Mere partition of the estate bet- ween the two widows does not destroy the right of survivorsh'p of each to the properties allotted to the other. The party who asserts that there was an arrangement by which the widows agreed to re- linquish the right of survivorship must establish this arrangement by clear and cogent evidence. The respondent has failed to dis- charge this onus. It is common case that the part'iion is evidenced by Exs. A-1 and B–45. Exhibit B-45 is the list showing the properties allotted to Thialaiachi. The relevant portion of Ex. B-45 reads : –
"In accordance with the chit cast. Theiyalai Achi, wife of S'vasubramania Pillai, residing at Karuppur, shall take the nanja, punja. house and ground, cattle-shed, cattle, pathway for men, cattle and cart and shed where dried
dung cakes are stored mentioned in the list and shall pay the Government kist for the aforesaid properties from the current fasli 1337 and enjoy them." Exhibit A-1 showing the properties
allotted to Karpagathachi contains similar words. Now the two lists show that each widow is to "take .and enjoy" the properties allotted to her. The correspond- ing Tamil words are "adainthu anubavithu." These words do not either expressly or by necessary intendment exclude the right of survivorship of the other widow. the Tamil words "Sarva Swan- tantra Badyamayum" and "Sant hat hi pravesamoyurn" and bther words indicating relinquishment of the right of survivorship are con- spicuous by their absence. The words used in the two partition lists are wholly insufficient to show that the two widows relinquished their right of survivorship inter se. The fact that two separate parti- tion lists were drawn up and each was signed by the two widows does not carry the matter any further. The two partition lists show that the two velis of land kept separately for the maintenance of the mother-in-law were to be divided by metes and bounds on her death between the two widows. The division of the two velis on the death of the mother-in-law was agreed upon to avoid future disputes. The fact that Thialaia{;hi had a daughter and was older than Karpagathachi by 20 years does not show that Karpagathachi mush have agreed that Thialaiachi's daughter should enjoy th.e properties allotted to Thialaiachi after her deat_h. After the yarti- tion, the pattas in respect of all the lands contmued to be m th~ joint names of both the widows. If there. was an absolute par!I- tion between the two widows, it is not explained why there was no separate mutation· in the name of each widow in respect of the lands allotted to her.
The deeds executed by Thialaiachi, Exs. B-3. B-4. B-6, B-7 and B-8 to B-43 rec'te the partition, but !~ey do not use words indicating that there was an absolute part1110n. The sale c
IURPAGATIIACHI v. NAGARATHINATHACHI (Bachawat, J.) c deeds, Exs. A-3, A-4, and A—6 executed by both the widows are in respect of undivided properties and throw no light on the question at issue. The evidence on the record does not show clear- ly whether the sale deed, Ex. B–44, executed by both the widows relates to undivided properties, or whether it relates to properties as separately allotted to Thialaiachi. From time to time, Thialaiachi executed three wills, Exs. B-1, B-2 and A-5 giving to the
legatees and particularly the respondent certain properties absolute- ly with full powers of aEenation. The first two wills, Exs. B-1 and B-2, refer separately to Thialaiachi's separate properties and to the properties obtained by her on partition. The recitals in the two wills do not indicate that Thialaiachi obtained her husband's pro- perties on partition with absolute rights. The third will, Ex. A-5, does not purport to dispose of specifically the properties obtained by her on part;tion. Karpagathachi knew that Thialaiachi had iexecuted the wills, but it is not shown that she knew of the con- tents of the wills. By Ex. A-2, both Thialaiachi and Karpagath- achi made a free gift of some of the properties allotted to Thia- laiachi. D.W. 1 is unable to explain why Thiala;achi joined in this deed. By sale deed, Ex. B-5, Thialaiachi sold absolutely some of the properties allotted to her and a notice, Ex. A-22, regarding the proposed transfer of the patta in the name of the vendee was served upon Karpagathachi. It is not clear if the patta was actual- ly transferred in the name of the vendee. The explanat~on of Karpa- gathachi that she protested against the transfer and ultimately re- ceived one half of the sale price has not been believed. But assum- ing that Karpagathachi did not object to the transfer, this single circumstance does not establish that at the time of the partit'on, she had agreed to give up her right of survivorship in respect of the properties allotted to Thialaiachi.
Karpagathachi <P.W. I) denied that there was an absolute parti- tion. She was not shaken in cross-examination. Nataraja Pillai (P. W. 2) said that there was no talk that each should take the pro- perties absolutely and it was agreed taht each would enjoy sepa- rately. We find nothing in the evidence of P.W. 2 to show that the a
widows agreed to partition the properties absolutely so as to destroy the right of survivorship. Manickam Pillai (D.W. I) said that at the time of the partition, Thialaiachi said that she had a daughter and if what was allotted for her share was given to her ab, solutely she would agree to the partition and Karpagathachi also wanted to have absolute rights. The District Judge rightly rejected evidence of D.W. I. The partition lists were drawn up after consult- ing lawyers. D.W. 1 is unable to explain why words indicating abso- lute partition were not used in the partition lists. D.W. 1 had been in management of the properties of the respondent, yet he falsely denied this fact. He had intimate dealings with Thialaiachi and the respondent. On a meticulous examination of the oral and docu- mentary evidence, the learned District Judge rejected the respon- dent's case that the widows had orally agreed to relinqu;sh their L/B(N)3SCI-9
[1960) 3 s.c.ii. right of survivorship. We think that this finding is correct, and the High Court was in error in reversing this finding. In the result, the appeal is allowed, the decree and judgment passed by the High Court are set as'de and those of the trial Judge restored. In all the circumstances, we direct that the parties will pay and bear their own costs throughout, in this Court and also in the Courts below.
Appeal allowed.