.I . 1962 Decemb::r, 18_ KHARAK SINGH v .. THE STATE OF U. P. & OTHERS (B. P. SINHA, C.J., S.J. IMAM, K. Sunn.A Rao, J. C. SHAH, N. RaJAGOPALA AYYASG.AR, and J. R. l\1UDHOLKAR, JJ.)
Fundamental Right, Enforcement of-Scope-Right to freedom of movement and personal liberty, wluther infringeil- Sun·eillance-IVhether infringe.• any fundamental right-Consti- tution of India, Arts. 19 (I) (d), 21,-32-U. P. Police Regula- tions, ltegulation 236. _ –
_ The petitioner \Vas Challenged in a· dacoity case but \vas released as there. \Va11 no evidence against him~ The police opened a history sheet against him. He was ·put under sur- veillance . as defined in Regulation 236 of the U. P. Police Regu1ations.
Surveillance involves secret pickecing of the house or approaches to the houses of the suspects, domiciliary visits at night,_ periodical enquiries by officers not below the rank of Sub-Inspector into repute, habits, association,
income, expenses and occupation, the reporting by constables and chaukidars of movements and absences from _home, the verifi- cation of movements and ·absences by means of inquiry slips and the collection and record on a history sheet of all informa- t~on bearing on conduct.
The petitioner filed a writ ·petition under Art. 32 in . which he challenged the constitutional validity of Chapter XX of U.' P. Police Regulations, in. which Regulation 236 also occurs.
The defence of the respondent was that the impugned Regulations did not constitute an infringement of any of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the· C:onstitution, and even if they were, they had been framed in the interests of the General public and public order and to enable the police to discharge its duty in a more efficient manner, and hence were reasonable restrictions on that freedom.
Held, (Subba Rao and ShahJJ., dissenting) that out of the · five kinds of surveillance referred to in Regulation 236, the part dealing with domiciliary visit.• was vjolative of Art. gr
i S.C.R. of the Constitution and as there was no law on which the same 'could be justified it must be struck down as unconstitutional, and the petitioner was entitled to a writ of mandamus direc- ting the respouJent not to continue do1niciliary visits. 'l'hc other matters constituting surveillance were not unconstitutional. The secret picketing of the houses of the suspects could not in any material or palpable form affect either the right en the part of the suspect to 'move freely' or to deprive him of his
'personal liberty' within the meaning of Art. 21. In dealin!( wiih a fundamental right such as the right to free inovemen t or personal liberty, that only can constitute an infringement which is both direct as well as tangible, and it could not be that under these freedoms the Constitution·makers intended to protect or protected 1ncre personal sensitiveness. The tern1 'picketing' has been used in the Regulation not in the sense oI offering resistance to the visitor-physical or otherwise-or even dissuading him from entering the house of the suspect but
merely of watching and keeping a record of the visitors. Clauses (c), (d) and (c) of Regulation 236 dealt with the details of the shadowirig of the history-sheeters for the pw·pose of having a record of their movements and activities and the obtaining of information relating to persons \vith whom they came into contact with a view to ascertain th;
nature of their activities, and did not infringe any funda1ncat.,i l tight of the petitioner. The freedom guaranteed hy Art. 19 (1) (d) was not infringed by a watch Leing kept m·rr the movements of the suspect. Art. 21 was also not applicable. The suspect had the liberty to ansvver or not to ans'i\'rr the questions put to him by the police, and no Law provided for any civil or criminal liability if the suspect refused to ans\rer a qUcstion or remained silent.
'l'hc right of privacy is not a guaranteed right under our Constitution, aud therefore the atte1npt to ascertain the rnoven1ents of an individual is merely a manner in which privacy is invaded and is not an infrinO'c- ment of a fundamental right guaronteed in Part III.
The term 'personal liberty' is used in Art. 21 as a compendious term to include \Vi thin itself all the varieties of rights which go to make up the 'personal Jiberties' of inan other than those dealt with in the several clauses of Ai t. JV { l ). While Art. 19 (1) deals with particular species or attributes of that freedom,
'personal liberty' in Art. 21 takes in and comprises the residue. The word "life" in Art. 21 means not merely the right to the continuance of a person's anirnal existence, but a right to the possession of each uf his or,,·,u1s- arins, legs, etc.
The contention of the respondent that if an act of the police involved a trespass to property, that could give rise to a Kliarnk Singh v. The Stall of U. P. /I KharOk Singh v • . Thi Stale ef U.P.
3~4 . SUPREl\fE COURT REPORTS [l DG4] V6i. claim in tort as that action was noLauthorised by law, and the · remedy of the petitioner was a claim for damages and not a petition under Art. 32,: was without any substance and wholly irrelevant for considering 'vhe.ther such action was an invasion of a fundamental right. It is wholly erroneous to assume that before the jurisdiction . of this Court under Art. 32 can be invoked, the applicant must either establish that he has no other remedy adequate or otherwise or that he has exhausted such remedies as the law affords and has yet not obtained pro- per redress, for when once it is proved to the satisfaction of this Court that by State action the fundamental rig hf of the petitioner under Art. 32 has been infringed, it is not only the right but the ·duty of this Court to afford relief to him by passing appropriate orders in this behalf.
Per Subba Rao and Shah, JJ.-The petitioner was a class A history-sheeter and hence was subject to the entire field of surveillance. Policemen ·were posted ·near his house to watch his movements and those of his frieiids and associates who went to his house. They entered his house in the night and woke him up to ascertain whether he was in the house
and thereby disturbed his sleep and rest. The 'officials, not below the rank of Sub-Inspector; made inquiries from others as regards his habits, associations, income, expenses and occupa· tions. They got information from others as regards his entire way of life. The constables and chaukidars traced his movements, shadowed him and made re!'orts to their superiors. It was con- ceded that the:e was no law which imposed restrictions on bad characters.
Held, that the whole of Regulation 236 is unconstitutional and not only . cl. (b). The attempt to dissect the act of surveillance into its various ramifications ___ is· not realistic. Clauses (a) to (f) of Regulation 236 are the measures adopted for the purpose of supervision or close observation of the . movements of the petitioner and are therefore parts of survei- llance.
Both Arts. 19(1) arid 21 deal with two distinct and independent fundamental rights. The expression "personal liberty" is a comprehensive one and the right to move freely is an attribute of personal liberty. But it is not correct to say that freedom to move freely · is carved
out of personal lil;erty and therefore the expression "personal liberty" in Art. 21 excludes that attribute. No doubt, these fundamental rights overlap each other but the question of one being carved i S.C.R.
out of the other docs not arise. The fundamental rights of life and personal liberty have many attributes and some of them are found in Art. 19. The State must sathfy that iJ,,tJ1 I lie fuuda1ncntal rights are not infringed by sho\ving that there is a law within the meaning of /\rt. 21 and that it does amount to a reasonable restriction within the meaning of Art. 19(2) of the Constitution.
The right of personal liberty in Art. 21 implies a right of an individual to be free from restricti..>ns or encroachments on his person, whether those restrictions or encroachments are directly imposed or indirectly brought about by calculated mea- sures. lf so understood, all the acts of surveillance under Regu- lation 236 infringe the fundan1ental right of the petitioner under Art. 21 of the Constitution.
As r• gards the fundamental right guaranteed by Art. 19(1)(d), mere movement unobstructed by physical restric- tions cannot in itself be the object of a person's travel. 1\ person travels ordinarily in quest of so1nc objective.
I-le goes to a place to enjoy, to do business, to meet friends, to have secret and intin1ate consultations \Vith other and to do n1auy other such things. If a inan is shadowed 1 his n1oven1ents arc
obviously constricted. He can move physically Lut it can only be a move1nent of an aUton1ation. ·A 1novc1ucnt under the scrutinising gaze of a policenian cannot be dcscriUed as a free 1novc1nent. The whole country is his jail. 1'he frcedont of movement iu Art. 19(l)(<l) 1nust, therefore, be a 1novc1nc11t in a free country, i.e .• in a country \vhere he call d<> whatc,·cr he likes, speak to whoinsoever he wauts, rneet people of his choice without any apprehension, s1tl1ject of course to the Ja\V of social control. 'fhe petitioner un<lcr the shadow of surveillance is certainly deprived of this frccdo!n.
He can move physically, but l'e cannot do so freely, for all his activities are watched and the shroud of surveillance cast upon him perforce engendcr:s inhibitions in him, and he cannot act freely as he would like to do.
Hence, the entire Regulation 236 offends Art. l9(1)(d) of the Constitution. Held, also that petitioner's freedo111 under Art. l9(l)(a) of the Constitution was also infringed. It was i111possiblc for a person in the position of the petitioner to express his real and· intimate thoughts to the visitor as fully as he would like to do. A.[(. Cop<tlrm v. Stale of JJ(urlras [1950] S.C.R. H::;
Mumiv. Illinoi,,, (1877) 94 U.S. 113; !Vulfv. Colurudo, (1949) 338 U. S. 25; Semayne's ca.oe (l60l) 5 Coke 91 and Bolting v. Sharpe, (1954) 347 U.S. 497, referred to. J;harflk Singh
v. T/11 State of L:.P. /{}1Jraft.,i1i';lt Th, St•t10JU.P. Ayynngar,. J. 336 StJPREME·COURT REFORTS.[1964] VOL. ORIGINAL• JuinsDICTION : <Petition No. 3G6 of I !161. tJ ,., I• . .Petitiou ,under' ,\rt. 32 o~ tpe Cou;tilutiuu 0f
India for the enforcement of fundamental 1•ights. J. I'. Uoyal, for 'the petitioner. h l ·1(.· 11,. !~ciJ.e(a and 0. P. Lal~ for ihc respondents. 1UG:!.. December 18. The.Judgment of 'Sinha,
U. J., !main, Ayyangar. and Mudholkar. JJ., was delivered by Ayyangat, :J., Subba Rao and Shah, JJ., delivered ii' s~paratc J udgms:nt., AYYANGAR, }""'-This petition under Art. :12 of
the ·Constitution ch al lcnges "the consti tu tiona 1 validity of Ch. XX qf·the U .°i'. Police iRcgulations and the pol'.'.9rs,cqnferrcd upon police o(ficials by its scv~r~l pro.visions on th.<! grqund that they "violate thc,r·ight
guaranteed to citizens· by Arts. l!J(l)(d) and':!! of tlic-~ – ""- Constitution!. "I ;1 t! 'fo,anprci;ia.tc the contenli,un raist:d it is 11cce- ss~rv tu; set out the facts averred on the basis of
wlii~:h· the ftindamcntal right• of the petitioner is said to be 'violatc;:d, as weJI as the' 'an~wers PY the respon- dcnt-S,~ate fq 't,lu;s9 aHegations1 ;fh,c. petitioner—· Kharak ,'Singh .,.-was challancd in a case ·of dacoity
in 19.J."I but was "released undet s, lGQ, Criminals Procdlurc <::ode ·as "tliefe was no evidence against him. On the basis of the accl!sation made against him lrc.s.tate~ !hat the.police· have opened a "history·
sheet"· in regard to him. J.legulat.ion 228 which occurs in Chi XX· of'th~– .Police ;Reg11lati9ns defines "history-sheets" as "the p'ersonal records of·criminals 1 mllcr ·s,111jyt:i I I ;;ince".
'l\liat rq~u lat ion furth i::r· directs that a "history-slrcct" should be opened only for persons \vho arc· oi·· ~u-c~· likely to become habitual c;riminals or the aiders or"abc\to'rs Of such crirnirials. 1 S.C.R.
These history.sheets are of two classes : Class A for dacoits, burglars, cattle-thieves, and railway-goods- wagon thieves, and class B for those who are con- firmed and professional criminals who
commit crimes other than dacoity, burglary, etc. like pro- fessional cheats. It is admitted that a history-sheet in class A has been opened for the petitioner and he is therefore "under surveillance."
The petitioner describes the surveillance to which he has been subjected thus : Frequently the chaukidar of the village and sometimes police cons- tables enter his house, knock and shout at his door,
wake him up during the night and thereby disturb his sleep. On a number of occasions they have compelled him to get up from his sleep and accom- pany them to the police station to report his presence
there. When the petitioner leaves his village for another village or town, he ha~ to report to the chaukidar of the village or at the p0lice station about his departure. He has to give them information
regarding his destination and the period within which he would return. Immediately the police station of his destination is contacted by the police station of his departure and the former puts him under surveil-
lance in the same way as the latter. There are other allegations made about misuse ot abuse of authority by the chaukidar or the police officials but these have been denied and we do not consider them made
out for the purposes of the present petition. If the officials outstep the limits of their authority they would be violating even the instructions given to them, but it looks to us that these excesses of indivi-
dual officer> which are wholly unauthorised could not be complained of in a petition under Art. 32. In deciding this petition we shall proceed upon the basis that the officers conformed strictly to the
terms of the Regulations in Ch. XX properly cons- trued and discard as exaggerated or not proved the Kharak ~i•ti v. Tiu Stat1 of U. P. /~62 /,·!Jarak Singh v. Tiu St!Jft OJ U.P. incidents or pieces of conduct on the part of the
authorities which are alleged in the petition but which have been denied. As already pointed out it is admitted that a history-sheet has been opened and a record as prescribed by the Regulations maintained
for the petitioner and that ~uch action as is required to be taken in respect of history-sheeters of Class A into which the petitioner fell under the classification made in Ch. XX of the Police Regulations is being
taken in regard to him. It is stated in the counter affidavit that the police keep a confidential watch over the movements of the petitioner as directed by the Regulations in the intere!ts of the general public
and for the maintenance of Public order. Before entering on the details of these regula- tions it is necessary to point out that the defence of the State in support of their validity is two-fold: (I)
that the impugned regulations do not constitute an infringement of any of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Comtitution which are invoked by the petitioner, and ( 2) that even if they were, they have
been framed "in the interests of the general public and public order" and to enable the police to dis- charge its duties in a more efficient manner and were therefore "reasonable restrictions" on that freedom.
Pausing here it is necessary to point out that the second point urged is without any legal basis for if the peti- tioner w~re able to establish that the impugned regula- tions constitute an infringement of any of the freedoms
guaranteed to him by the Constitution then the only manner in which this violation of the fundamental right could be defended would be by justifying the impugned action by reference to a valid law, i. e., be
it a statute, a statutory rule or a statutory regulation. Though learned counsel for the respondent started by attempting such a justification by invoking s. 12 of the Indian Police Act he gave this up and conceded that
the regulations contained in Ch. XX had no such statu· tory basis but were merely executive or departmental instructions framed for the guidance of the police officers. They would not therefore be "a law"
which the State is entitled to make under the rele- vant clauses 2 to ~of Art. 19 in order to regulate or curtail fundamental rights guaranteed by the several sub-clauses of Art. 19 (I); nor would the same be
"a procedure established by law" within Art. 21. Th~ position therefore is that if the action of the police which is the arm of the executive of the State is found to infringe any of the freedoms guaranteed
to the petitioner the petitioner would be entitled to the relief of mandamus which he seeks to restrain the State from taking action under the regulations. There is one other matter which requires to be
clarified even at this stage. A considerable part of the argument addressed to us on behalf of the respon- dent was directed to showing that the regulations were reasonable and were directed only against those
who were on proper grounds suspected to be of proved anti-social habits and tendencies and on whom it was necessary to impose some restraints for the protection of society. We entirely agree that ifthe regulations
had any statutory basis and were a "law" within Art. 13 (3), the consideration mentioned might have an overwhelming and even decisive weight in esta- blishing that the classification was rational and that
the restrictions were reasonable and designed to preserve public order by suitable preventive action. But not being any such "law", these considerations are out of place and their con,titutional validity has
to be judged on the same basis as if they were applied against everyone including respectable and law- abiding citizens not being or even suspected of being, potential dangers to public order.
The sole question for determination therefore is whether "surveillance" under the impugned Ch. XX of the U.P. Police Regulations constitutes ·an infringement of any of a citizen's fundamental rights
Khar.k Slllp v. Th• <tat"~ U.P. A.y)'angar, /. Klwrak ~ingh v. The Statt of (J.P. AY)'angar, /, guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution. The particular Regulation which for all practical purposes
defines "serveillance" is Regulation 23ti which reads: "Without prejudice to the right of Supcrin- tcndcuts of Police to put into practice any legal measures, such as shadowing in cities. by which
they find they can keep in touch with suspects in particular localities or special circumstances, surveillance may for most practical purposes be defined as consisting of one or more of the
follow :ng measures : (a) Secret picketing of the house or approaches to the house of suspects; (b) domiciliary visits at night; (c) through periodical inquiries by officers not below the rank of Sub-Inspector into
repute, habits, a~sociations, .income, expenses and occupation; (d) the reporting by constables and chaukidars of movements and absence from home; (e) the verification of movements aPd absences
by means of inquiry slips; (f) the collection and record on a history-sheet of all information bearing on conduct." Regulation 237 provides that all "history-sheet men'' of class A (under which the petitioner falls)
"starred" and "unstarrcd", would be subject to all these measures of surveillance. The other Regula- tions in the chapter merely elab.Jrate the several items of action which make up the "surveillance" or the
shadowing but we consider that nothing material turns on the provisions or their terms. 1 S.C.R.. Learned Counsel for the petitioner urged that the acts set out in els. (a) to (f) of Regulation 236
infringed the freedom guaranteed by Art. 19 (1) (d) "to move freely throughout the territory of India" and also that guaranteeing "personal liberty" in Art. 21 which runs: "No person shall be deprived of his life or per-
sonal liberty except according to procedure established by law." We shall now consider each of these clauses of Regulation 236 in relation to the "freedoms" which it is said they violate:
(a) Secret picketing of the houses of suspects.— It is obvious that the secrecy here referred to is secrecy from the suspect; in other words its purpose is to ascertain the identity of the person or persons
who visit the house of the suspect, so that the police might have a record of the nature of the activities in which the suspect is engagecJ. This, of course, can- not in any material or palpable form affect either the
right on the part of the suspect to "move freely" nor can it be held to deprive him of his "personal liberty" within Art. 21. It was submitted that if the suspect does come to know that his house is being subjected
to picketing, that might affect his inclination to move about, or that in any event it would prejudice his "personal liberty". We consider that there is no sub- stance in this argument. In dealing with a funda-
mental right such as the right to free movement or personal liberty, that only can constitute an infringe- ment which is both direct as well as tangible and it could not be that under these freedoms the Constitu·
don-makers intended to protect or protected mere personal sensitiveness. It was then suggested that such picketing might have a tendency to prevent, if not actually preventing friends of the suspect from
J..'harr.k Singh v. Tiu ..llate of U.P. A;)'tmgar1 /, A'lo>a.t Si•th TlwSlaU ofU.P. A,v<ap, J. going to his house and would thus interfere with his right "to form associations" guaranteed by Art. 19
(l) (c). We do not consider it necessary to examine closely and determine finally the precise scope of the "freedom of association" and particularly whether it would be attracted to a case of the type now under
discuS1ion, since we are satisfied that "picketing" is used in cl. (a) of this Regulation not in the sense of offering resistance to the visitor-physical or other- wise-or even dissuading him, from entering the house
of the suspect but merely of watching and keeping a record of the visitors. This interpretation we have reached (a) on the basis of the provisions contained in the later Regulations in the Chapter, and (b) be·
cause more than even the express provisions, the very purpose of the watching and the secrecy which is en· joined would be totally frustrated if those whose duty it is to watch, contacted the visitors, made their presc·
nee or identity known and tried to persuade them to any desired course of action. (b) Domiciliary visits at night. – "Domiciliar} visits" is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "Visit to a private dwelling,
by official persons, in order to search or inspect it." Webster's Third New International Dictionary defines the word as "Visit to a private dwellin~ (as for sear· ching it) under authority." The definition in Cham·
hers' Twentieth Century Dictionary is almost identi· cal-"Visit under authority, to a private house for the purpose of searching it." These visits in the context of the provisions in the Regulations are for the pur·
pose of making sure that the suspect is staying at home or whether he has gone out, the latter being presumed in this class of cases, to be with the prob· able intent of committing a crime. It was urged for
the respondent that the allegations in the petition regarding the manner in which "domiciliary visits" are conducted, viz., that the policeman or chaukidar 1 S.C.R. enters the house and knocks at the door at night and
after awakening the suspect makes sure of his presence at his home had been denied in the counter-affidavit and was not true, and t hat the policemen as a rule me- rely watch from outside the suspect's house and make
enquiries from third persons regarding his p~esence ?r whereabouts. We do not consider that this submis- sion affords any answer to the c hallenge to the cons- titutionality of the provision. In the first place, it
is clear that having regard to the plain meaning of the words "domiciliary visits," the police authorities are authorised to enter the premises of the suspect, knock at the door and have it opened and search it
for the purpose of ascertaining his presence in the house. The fact that in any particular instance or even generally they do not exercise tci the full the power which the regulation vests in them, is wholly
irrelevant for determining the validity of' the regul a- tion since if they are so minded they are at liberty to exercise those powers and do those acts without out· stepping the limits of their authority under the regu·
lations. Secondly, we are, by no means, satisfied that having regard to the terms of Regulation 236 (b) the allegation by the petitioner that police constables knock at his door and wake him up during the night
in the process of assuring themselves of his presence at home are entirely false, even if the other allega- tions regarding his being compelled to accompany the constables during the night to the police station
be discarded as mere embellishment. The question that has next to be considered is whether the intrusion into the residence of a citizen and the knocking at his door with the disturbance to
his sleep and ordinary comfort which such action must necessarily involve, constitute a violation of the freedom guaranteed by Art. 19 (1) (d) or "a deprivation" of the "personal liberty" guaranteed
Khorok Singh v. The State of U.P. Ay)'angar, J. 196Z KiuJ,ak Singh y, Tht StatlOf U.P. A JY""I"'• J. by Art. 21. Taking first Art. 19 (1) (d) the "freedom" here guaranteed is a right "to move freely" through-
out the territory of India. Omitting as immaterial for the present purpose the last words defining the geographical area of the .guaranteed movement, we agree that the right to "move" denotes nothing more
than a right of locomotion, and that in the context the adverb "freely" would only connote that the freedom to move is without restriction and is ab- solute, i. e., to move wherever one likes, when-
ever one likes and however one likes subject tc any valid law enacted or made under cl. 5. It is manifest that by the knock at the door, or by the man being roused from his sleep, his
locomotion is not impeded or prejudiced in any manner. Learned Counsel suggested that the know- ledge or apprehension that the police were on the watch for the movemcntll of the suspect, might induce
a psychological inhibition against his movements but, as already pointed out, we are unable to accept the argument that for this reason there is an impairment of the "free" movement guaranteed by sub·cl. (d).
We are not pi.:rsua.ded that Counsel is right in the suggestion that this would have any effect even on the mind of the suspect, and even if in any particular case it had the effect of diverting or impeding his
mov~ment, we are clear that the freedom guaranteed by Art. I !J ( 1) ( d) has reference to something tangi- ble and physical rather and not to the imponderable effect on the mind of a person which might guide his
action in the matter of his movement nr locomotion. The content of Art. 21 next calls for examina- tion. Explaining the scope of the words "life" and "liberty" which occurs in the 5th and 14th Amend-
ments to the U. S. Constitution reading "No person …… shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law", to quote the material words, on which Art. 21 is largely modelled, Field, J.
observed: 1 s.c.R. "By the term "life" as here used something more is meant than mere animal existence. The inhibition against its deprivation extends to all these limits and faculties by which
life is enjoyed. The provisio!! equally pro- habits the mutilation of the body or amputation of an arm or leg or the putting out of an eye or the destruction of any other organ of the
body through which the soul communicates with the outer world …………… by the term liberty, as used in the pwvision something more is meant than mere freedom from physical restraint or the bonds of a prison."
It it true that in Art. 21, as contrasted with the 4th and 14th Amendment in the U. S., the word "liberty" is qualified by the word "personal" and therefore its content is narrower. But the qualifying
adjective has been employed in order to avoid over- lapping between those elements or incidents of "liberty" like freedom of speech, or freedom of move- ment etc., already dealt with in Art. 19 {l) and the
"liberty" guaranteed by Art. 21-and particularly in the context of the difference between the permissible restraints or restrictions which might be imposed by sub-els. 2 to 6 of the article on the several species of
liberty dealt with in the several clauses of Art. 19 (1 ). In view of the very limited nature of the question before us it is unnecessary to pause to consider either the precise relationship between the "liberties" in
Art. 19 (1) (a) & (d) on the one hand and that in Art. 21 on the other, or the content and significance of the words "procedure established by law" in the latter article, both of which were the subject of elabo-
rate consideration by this Court in A. K. Gopalan v. St,ate of .Madras (1). In fact, in Gopalan's case there was unanimity of opinion on the question that if there was no enacted law, the freedom guaranteed by
Art. 21 would be violated, though the learned Judges differed as to whether any and every enacted (I) [1950] S.C.R. 88. Kharak Singh v. The State of U.P. Ayyangar, J. !Juzrak Sinfh
The S1a11 './ U.P. AIJanzor, J. law satisfied the description or requirements of "a procedure established by law." Before proceeding further a submission on be· half of the respondent requires notice.
It was said that if the act of the police involved a trespass to property, i. e., the trespass involved in the act of the pahce official walking into the premises of the petit- 10ner and .knocking at the door, as well ;,s the
disturbance caused to him, might give rise to claim in tort, since the action was not authorised by law and that for.these breaches of the petitioner's rights damages might be claimed and recovered from the
tortfeasor, but that the same could not constitute an infraction of a fundamental right. Similarly it was urged that the petitioner or persons against whom such action was taken might be within their rights
in ejecting the trespasser and even use force to effectuate that purpose, but that for what was a mere tort of trespass or nuisance the jurisdiction of this Court under Art. 3?, could not be invoked.
These submissions proceed on a basic fallacy. The· fact that an act by the State executive or by a State functionary acting under a pretended authonty gives rise to an action at common law or even under a
statute and that the injured citizen or person may have redress in the ordinary courts is wholly immaterial and, we would add, irrelevant for con· sidering whether such action is an invasion of a
fundamental right. An act of the State executive infringes a guaranteed liberty only when it is not authorised by a valid law or by any law as in this case, and every such illegal act would obviously give
rise to a cause of action-civil or criminal at the instance of the injured person for redress. It is wholly erroneous to assume that before the jurisdic- tion of this Court under Art. 32 could be invoked the
applicant must either establish that he has no other remedy adequate or otherwise or that he has exhaust- ed such remedies as the law affords and has yet not I S.C.R. 3±7 obtained proper redress, for when once it is proved
to the satisfaction of this court that by State action the fundamental right of a petitioner under Art. 32 has been infringed, it is not only the right but the duty of this Court to afford relief to him by passing
appropriate orders in that behalf. We shall now proceed with the examination of the width, scope and content of the expression "personal liberty" in Art. 21. Having regard to the terms of Art. 19(l)(d), we must take it that expres-
sion is used as not to include the right to move about or rather of locomotion. The right to move about being excluded its narrowest interpretation would be that it comprehends nothing more than freedom from
physical restraint or freedam from confinement within the bounds of a prison; in other words, freedom from arrest and detention, from false imprisonment or wrongful confinement. We feel unable to hold that
the term was intended to bear only this narrow interpretation but on the other hand consider that "personal liberty" is used in the Article as a com- pendious term to include within itself all the varieties
of rights which go to make up the "personal liber- ties" of man other than those deal with in the several clauses of Art. 19 (1). In other words, while Art. 19(1) deals with particular species or attributes
of that freedom, "personal liberty" in Art. 21 takes in and comprises the residue. We have already extracted a passage from the judgment of Field, J. in Munn v. Illinois ('), where the learned Judge
pointed out that "life" in the 5th and 14th Amend- ments of the U. S. Constitution corresponding to Art. 21, means not merely the right to the conti- nuance of a person's animal existence, but a right to
the possession of each of his organs-his arms and legs etc. We do not entertain any doubt that the word "life" in Art. 21 bears the same signification. Is then the word "personal liberty" to be construed
as excluding from its purview an invasion on the part (I) (1877) 94 U.S. 113, 142. Kharak Singh v. The State of U.P. Ayyangar, J. KharJ. s;n1h Tht S1a11 of II.I'. 3-18 of the police of the sanctity of a man's home and an
intrusion into his personal security and his right to sleep which is the normal comfort and a dire necessity for human existence even as an animal ? It might not be inappropriate to refer here to l he
words of the preamble to the Constitution that it is designed to "assure the dignity of the individual" and therefore of those cherished human value as the means of ensuring his full development and evolu-
tion. We arc referring to these. objectives of the framers merely to draw attention to the concepts underlying the constitution which would point to such vital words as "personal liberty" having to be
construed in a reasonable manner and to be attributed that sense which would promote and achieve those objectives and by no means to stretch the meauing of the phrase to square with any preconceived notions
or doctrinaire constitutional theories. Frankfurter, J. observed in Wolf v. Colorado (1) : "The security of one's privacy against arbi- trary instrusion by the police ………………….. .
is basic to a free society. It is therefore implicit in 'the concept of ordered liberty' and as such enforcea blc against the States through the Due Process Clause. The knock at the
door, whether by day or by night, as a prelude to a search, without authority of law but solely on the authority of the police, did not need the commentary of recent history to be condemned
as inconsistent with the conception of human rights enshrined in the history and the basic constitutional documents of English-speaking peoples ………………….. We have no hesitation
in saying that were a State affirmatively to sanction such police incursion into privacy it would run counter to the guaranty of the Four- teenth Amendment." Murphy, J. considered that such
invasion was (I) (1949) 338 U.S. 2~. 1 s.c.R. against "the very essence of a scheme of ordered liberty". It is true that in the decision of the U. S. Supreme Court from which we have made these
extracts, the Court had to consider also the impact of a violation of the Fourth Amendment which reads . "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affir- mation, and particularly describing the place
to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." and that our constitution does not in terms confer any like consitutional guarantee. Nevertheless, these extracts would show that an unauthorised
intrusion into a person's home and the disturbance caused to him thereby, is as it were the violation of a common law right of a man -<in ultimate essential of ordered liberty, if not of the very concept of civili-
zation. An English Common·· Law maxim asserts that "every man's house is his castle" and in 8emayne's case (1), where this was applied, it was stated that "the house of everyone is to him as his
castle and fortress as well as for his defence against injury and violence as for his repose". We are not unmindful of the fact that Semayne's case was concerned with the law relating to execuiions in
England, but the passage extracted has a validity quite apart from the context of the particular decision. It embodies an abiding principle which transcends ~ere protection of property rights and expounds a
concept of "personal liberty" which does not rest on any element of feud~lism or on any theory of freedom which has ceased to be of value. (I) (1604) 5 Poke 911 I Sm. L.C. (13th Edn.) 104, 105.
Khorak Singh y, Thi SlGll of r..r .• o. A_7yangar, J. Kh111aA: Singh v. Th~ S1au of U.P. In our view cl. (b) of Regulation 236 is plainly violative of Art. 21 and as there is no "law" on
which the same could be justified it must be struck down as unconstitutional. Clauses (c), (d) and (e) may be dealt with together. The actions suggested by these clauses are really details of the shadowing of the history-sheeters
for the purpose of having a record of their movements and activities and the obtaining of information relating to persons with whom they come in contact or associate, with a view to ascertain the nature of
their activities. It was urged by learned Counsel that the shadowing of a person obstructed his free movement or in any event was an impediment to his free movement within Art. 19 (I) (d) of the
Constitution. The argument that the freedom there postu hted was not confined to a mere physical restraint hampering movement but that the term 'freely' used in the Article connoted a wider
freedom transcending mere physical restraints, and included psychological inhibitions we have already considered and rejected. A few minor matters arising in connection with these clauses might now
be noticed. For instance, els. (d) & (e) refer to the reporting of the movements of the suspect and his a'!Jsence from his home and the verification of movements and absences by means of enquiries.
The enquiry for the purpose of ascertaining the move- ments of the suspect might conceivably take one of two forms : (I) an enquiry of the suspect himself, and 12) of others. When an enquiry is made of the sus·
pcct himself the question mooted was that some fundamental right of his was violated. The answer must be in the negative because the suspect has the liherty to answer or not to answer the question ftor ex
concessis there is no law on the point involving him in any liability-civil or criminal-if he refused to answer or remained silent. Does then the fact that an enquiry is made as regards the movements of the
1 s.c.R. suspect and the facts ascertained by such enquiry are verified and the true facts sifted constitute an infringement of the freedom to move? Having given the matter our best consideration we are clearly of the
opinion that the freedom guaranteed by Art. 19 ( 1) ( d) is not infringed by a watch being kept over the move- ments of the suspect. Nor do wt; consider that Art. 21 has any relevance in the context as was sought to be
suggested by learned Counsel for the petitioner. As already pointed out, the right of privacy is not a guaranteed right under our Constitution and there- fore the attempt to ascertain the movements of an
individual which is merely a manner in which privacy is invaded is not an infringement of a funda- mental right guaranteed by Part III. The result therefore is that the petition succeeds
in part and Regulation 236 (b) which authorises "domiciliary visits" is struck down as:unconstitutional. The petitioner would be entitled to the issue of a writ of mandamus directing the respondent not to continue
domiciliary visits. The rest of the petition fails and is dismissed. There will be no order as to costs. SuBBA RAo, J.-We have had the advantage of perusing the judgment prepared by our learned
brother Rajagopala Ayyangar, J. We agree with him that Regulation 236 (b) is unconstitutional, but we would go further and hold that the entire Regu- lation is unconstitutional on the ground that it
infringes both Art. 19 ( 1) ( d) and Art. 21 of the Constitution. This petition raises a question of far-reaching importance, namely, a right of a citizen of India to lead a free life subject to social control imposed by
valid law. The fact that the question has been raised at the instance of an alleged disreputable character shall not be allowed to deflect our perspective. If the police could do what they did to the petitioner, they
Kharak Sinth v. The Stale of [J.P. Ayyangar, J Suhha Rw·, ./. '. '· 1952 Klwak Singh v. The SW• of U.P. Sutha Rao, J. SUPREME 0-ouRT REPORTS (1964] VOL. could also do the same to an honest "and law-abiding
citizen. Let us at the outset clear the ground. We· are not concerned here- with a law imposing restrictions on a bad character, for admittedly there is no such law. Therefore°'; the petitioner's fundamental right,
··· if any, has to be judged on the basis that there is no such law. To state it differently, what fundamental right of the petitioner has been infringed by the acts ; of the ~police?· ···u he has any fundamental right
which has been infringed by such acts, he would be entitled to a relief straight away, for the State could not justify it on the basis of any law made by the ·appropriate Legislature or the rules made thereunder •
. -. The petitioner in his affidavit attributes to the respondents the following acts :-. "Frequently the chaukidar of the village and sometimes police constables awake him in the
night and thereby disturb . his sleep. They shout at his door and . sometimes enter inside his house.. On a number of occasions they compel him to get up from his sleep and accompany
them to the police station, Civil Lines, Meerut, .(which ·is three miles from the ·petitioner's village) to report his presence there. -·When the . petitioner leaves his village for another village
. or town; he has . to report to the chaukidar of the village or at the police station about his departure .. He has to give·iriformation regard- ing his destination and the period within whi<;h
he will return. Immediately the police station of his destination is contacted by the police • station of. his departure and the. former putS him under surveillance in the same way as the
latter does.~' · "It may be pointed out that the chaukidar of the village keeps a record of the presence and absence of the petitioner in a . register known as <chaukidar's Crime Record Book."
· "All the entries in this book are made behind . the: petitioner's back and he is never given any ' . opportunity. of examining· or inspecting these records." There are other allegations made about the misuse or
abuse of authority by the chaukidar or the police . ·officials. · In the counter-affidavit filed by the respondents itis admitted that the petitioner is under the survei· Hance' of the· police, but the allegations of abuse of
powers are denied. · A perusal of the affidavit and the 'counter· affidavit shows that the petitioner ,·tries to 'inflate the acts of interference by the police in his life; while the respondents attempt to . deflate it to
the minimum. In the circumstances we would accept only such of the allegations made by. the petitioner in his affidavit which are in conformity with the act of surveillance described by Regulation 236 . of
Chapter XX of; the U; P. Police Regulations. The said Regulation reads :- • "Without prejudice to the right of Superinten· dents of Police to put into practice any legal measures, such' as shadowing in cities; by which'
they find they can keep in touch with suspects· in particular localities or special circumstances, surveillance ·may for most practical purposes be' defined as ·consisting of one or more of.· the;
following_ measures :- (a) (b) Secrefpicketing of the house or approaches. to the houses of suspects; Domiciliary visits at night; Kh1"ak Singh 7"6 State of U.P. ·–·· Subh Rao, J,
Klu~rd Sinzh . , "·. 7 he Si.re •J lJ.P. SUhha Pao, I. SUPRE!vfE COURT REPORTS [1964] VOL· ( c) through p~riodical inquiries by officers not below the rank ·of .. Sub-Inspector into
. repule, _habits,. . associations, income, ex- penses and occupation; (d) the reportiiig by constables and chaukidars · . of movements and absences from home; (e) the verification of movements and absences
by means of inquiry slips;. ( f) the collection and record on a history·sheet of all information bearing on conduct." R~gulation 237 provides that all "history·sheet men" of Class A, ."starred" and "unsiarred", -would· be
subject to all the said measures of surveillance. It is common case that the pe~itioner is a Cla:s A history· sheeter and, therefore, he is subject to the.entire field cif surveillance. –
Before we construe the scope of the. said. Regu~ lation, it will be necessary to ascertain the meaning of some technical words used· therein. · \Vhat does · the expression "surveillance" .mean ? · Surveillance
' – conveys the idea of supervision and close observance. The person under surveillance is not permitted to go, . about -unwatched. – Clause (a) uses the expression "secret-picketing". \Vhat does the expression mean ?
Picketing has many meanings. A man or a party may be stationed by .trade – union at a workshop to deter would-be workers during strike. Social workers may stand at a liquor shop to intercept people going
– to the shop to buy liquor and prevail upon them to desist from doing so. Small body of troops may be sent out as a picket to watch for the enemy.· The word "picketing" may, therefore. mean posting of cer-
tain policemen near the house or approaches of the house of a person to watch his movements and to prevent people going to his house or having associa- . tion with hir.n- B!lt the adjective "secret" qualifies
I S.C.R. Khatak 1Sing'i v. the word "picketing and to some extent limits-its mea- ning., \Vhat does the expression "secret" mean ? Secret from whom ? Does -it – mean keeping secret
from the man 'watched as well as from the people who go to his house? Though the expression is not clear, we _will assume that secret-picketing only means po· sting of_ the police at the house of a person to watch
his movements and those of his associates without their knowledge. But in_ practice, whatever may have been the intention -of the authorities concerned, it is well nigh impossible to keep it secret. It will be
known to everybody including the person watched. 1 h• Stare of U.1 ; The next expression is "domiciliary visit" at – night. Domiciliary means "of a dwelling place''. A domiciliary visit is a visit of officials to search or
inspect a private house. Having ascertai~ed the meaning -of the said three expressions, let us see the_ operation of the Regu- lation and its impact on' a person like the -petitioner
_who comes within its scope. Policemen were posted near his house to watch his movements and those of , his friends or associates who went to his house. , They entered his _house in the night and woke him up to
ascertain whether he was in the house and thereby disturbed his sleep 'and rest. – The officials not below — the rank of· Sub-Inspector made inquiries obviously from others as regards his habits, associations, income,·
expenses and the occupation, i.e., they got informa· tion from others as regards his entire way of life. The constables and, the chaukidars traced his move, ments, shadowed him and made reports to the supe,
riors. In short, his entire life was made an open, book and every activity of his was closely observed and followed. lt,is impossible to accept the conten- tion that this could have been made without the
·knowledge of _the petitioner or his friends, associates · and others in the locality._ The attempt to dissect I~~ ac.t o_f s1;1r~eillance into its various ramification~ ., .. ', . —
ruhbti Rao, J. Darak Sinth y, TU S1a11 of U.P. Sabha Ru, J. is not realistic. Clause (a) to (f) are the measures adopted for the purpose of supervision or close obser- vation of his movements and are, therefore, parts of
surveillance. The question is whether such a survei- Jlance infringes any of the petitioner's fundamental rights. Learned Cour.•el for the pet1t10ner contemls that by the said act of surveillance the petitioner's
fundamental rights under els. (a) and (d) of Art. 19 (I) and Art. 21 are infringed. The said Articles r<'ad:- Art. 21 : No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure
established by law. Art. 19 (1): All citizens shall have the right- (a) to freedom of speech and expression; x x x x x x (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India. At this stage it will be convenient to ascertain the
scope of the said two provisions and their relation inter ae in the context of the question raised. Both of them are distinct fundamental rights. No doubt the expression "personal liberty" is a comprehensive
one and the right to move freely is an attribute of personal liberty. It is said that the freedom to move freely is carved out of personal liberty and, therefore, the expression "personal liberty" in Art. 21 excludes
that attribute. In our view, this is not a correct approach. Both arc independent fundamental rights, though there is overlapping. There is no question of one being carved out of another. The fundamt'n·
tal right of life and penonal liberty have many attri- butes and some of them are found in Art. 19. If a 1 S.C.R. person's fundamental right under Art. 21 is infrin- ged, the State can rely upon a law to sustain the
action; but that cannot be a complete answer unless the said law satisfies the test laid down in Art. 19 (2) so far as the attributes covered by Art. 19 (I) are concerned. In other words, the State must satisfy
that both the fundamental rights are not infrit1ged by showing that there is a law and that it does amount to a reasonable restriction within the meaning of Art. 19 (2) of the Constitution. But in this case
no such defence is available, as admittedly there is no such law. So the petitionrr can legitimately plead that his fundamental rights both under Art. 19 (I) (d) and Art. 21 are infringed by the .State.
Now let us consider the scope of Art. 21. The expression "life" used in that Article qmnot be con- fined only to the taking away of life, i.e., causing death. In Munn v. Illinois ('), Field, J., defined
"life" in the following words: "Something more than mere animal existence. The inhibition against its deprivation extends' to all those limbs and faculties by which life is enjoyed.
The provision equally prohibits the mutilation of the body by the amputation of an arm or leg, or the putting out of an eye, or the destruction of any other organ of the body through which the soul communicates with the
outer world." The expression "liberty" is given a very wide mea- ning in America. · It takes in all the freedoms. In Bolling v. Sharpe ('), the Supreme Court of America observed that the said expres~ion was not confined to
mere freedom from bodily restraint and that liberty under law extended to the full range of conduct which the individual was free to pursue. But this absolute right to liberty was regulated to protect
other social interests by the State exercising its powers (I) (1877) 94 U.S. 113. (2) (1954) 347 U.S. 487, 4!19. K/,'lrak Si"ngh .. ' ':h1 .fta 11 ef U.P, Subba I< oo, J, J0arak Singh
v • . Tiu State of U.P. … — Subba Rao, J. —·—~—-·~– -~~–~· 358 . SUPjIBl\IE COURT REPORTS [i964] voi. .~uch as police power~ the power_of_ eminent domain, t.he power of taxation etc. The proper exercise of
the power which is. called the due process of law is controlled by the Supreme Court of America. In India the word __ "liberty" has been qualified by the .vord ''personal", indicating thereby that it. is confined only to the liberty of the person. The ·other aspects of
the liberty ·have . been provided for in other Articles : of the Constitution. The concept of personal liberty has been succinctly explained by Dicey in his book . on Constitutional' Law,· 9th· edn. The learned author
' :describes the ambit of that right' at pp. 20?-208 ,thus:. · "The' right riot to be subjected to imprisonment; arrest or other physicaf coercion in any m'anner .that does not admit of legal justification."
·Blackstone in his commentaries on the La'ws of · – _ Englan~, Book 1, at p. 134, ob_served : "Personal liberty" includes "the power to loco- . motion· of changing situation, . or removing
one's.per;on to :whatsoever place one's inclina- tion may direct, without imprisonment or restraint, unkss by due course of la\v." In A./(. Gopalan'e case (1), it is described to mean
·liberty relating to or concerning the person or body of the individual; and personal liberty. in this sense is the antithesis of physical restraint : or coercion. The expression is wide enough to take · in a right to be
free from restrictions placed on his ·movements. The ·expression "cc;iercion" in the modern age cannot .be construed in a narrow sense. In an uncivilized society where there are no inhibitions, only physiCal
. restraints may detract from persorial liberty, ·but as civilization advances the psychological restraints are more effective than physical ones. The scientific methods used to condition a man's mind are in a real
·: sense physical restraints, for they engender physical (I) [1950] S.C.!l. 88. fear channelling one's actions through anticipated and expected groves. So also the creation of condi-
tions which necessarily engender inhibitions and fear complexes can be described as physical restraints. · Further, the right to personal liberty takes in not only a right to be free from restrictions placed on his
movements, but also free from encroachriients on· his p:ivate life. It is true our Constitution does not expressly declare a right to privacy as a fundamental right,. but the said right is an essential ingredient of
personal liberty. Every democratic country sancti- fies domestic life; it is expected to give him rest, physical happiness, peace of mind and security. In the last resort, a person's house, where he lives with his
family, is his "castle" : it is his rampart against encroachment on his personal liberty. The pregnant words of that famous Judge, Frankfurter J., in Wolf v. Colorado ('), pointing out the importance of
the security of one's privacy against arbitrary intru· sion by the police, could have no less application to an Indian home as to an American one. If physical restraints on a person's movements affect his personal
liberty, physical encroachments on his private life would affect it in a larger degree. Indeed, nothing is more deleterious to a man's physical happiness and health than a calculated interference with his pri-
vacy. We would, therefore, define the right of per- sonal liberty in Art. 21 as a right of an individual to be free from restrictions or encroachments on his person, whether those restrictions or encroachments
are directly imposed or indirectly brought about by calculated measures. If so understood, all the acts of surveillance under Regulation 236 infringe the fund- amental right of the petitioner under Art. 21 of the
Constitution. This leads us to the second question, namely, whether the petitioner's fundamental right under Art. 19 (1) (d) is also infringed. What is the content of the said fundamental · right? It is argued for the
(IJ (1949) 338 U.S. 25. Kwok Singh v.· The Slate of U P. Subha Roo, J. 19'2 Al.rMSU.1h 1 Jw Sta11 of U.P. Su». Roa, J. State that it means only that a person can move physically from one point to another without any
restraint. This argument ignores the adverb "freely" in cl. (d). If that adverb is not in the clause, there may be some justification for this contention; but the adverb "freely" gives a larger content to the freedom.
Mere movement unobstructed by physical restriction$ cannot in itself be the object of a person's travel. A person travels ordinarily in quest of some objective. He goes to a place to enjoy, to do business, to meet
friends, to have secret and intimate consultations with others and to do many other such things. If a man is shadowed, his movements are obviously constricted. He can move physically, but it can only be a move·
ment of an automation. How could a movement under the scrutinizing gaze of the policemen be described as a free movement? The whole country is his jail. The freedom of movement in cl. (d) there-
fore must be a movement in a free country, i. e., in a country where he can do whatever he likes, speak to whomsoever he wants, meet people of his own choice without any apprehension, subject of course to the
law of social control. The petitioner under the sha- dow of surveillance is certainly deprived of this free- dom. He can move physically, but he cannot do so freely, for all his activities are watched and noted.
The shroud of surveillance cast upon him perforce engender inhibitions in him and he cannot act freely as he would like to do. We would, therefore, hold that the entire Regulation 236 offends also Art. 19
(1) (d) of the Constitution. Assuming that Art. 19 (I) ( d) of the Cons ti· tution must be confine<! only to physical movements, its combination with the freedom of speech and expression leads to the conclusion we have arriv~d at.
The act of surveillance is certainly a restriction on the said freedom. It cannot be suggested that the said freedom is also bereft of its subjective or psycho- logical content, but will sustain only the mechanics
1 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT .llliPORTS of speech and expression. An illustration will make our point clear. A visitor, whether a wife, son or friend, is allowed to be received by a prisoner in the
presence of a guard. The prisoner can speak with the visitor; but, can it be suggested that he is fully enjoy- ing the said freedom? It is impossible for him to ex- press his real and intimate thoughts to the visitor as
fully as he would like. But the restrictions on the said freedom are supported by valid law.· To extend the analogy to the present case is to treat the man under surveillance as a prisoner within the confines of our
country and the authorities enforcing surveillance as guards, without any law of reasonable restrictions sustaining or protecting their action. So understood, it must be held that the petitioner's freedom under
Art. 19 (l)(a) of the Constitution is also infringed. It is not necessary in this case to express our view whether some of the other freedoms enshrined in Art. 19 of the Constitution are also infringed by the
said Regulation. In the result, we would issue an order directing the respondents not to take any measure against the petitioner under Regulation 236 ·of Chapter XX of the U. P. Police Regulations. The respondents will
pay the costs of the petitioner. BY CouRT : In accordance with the opinion of the majority this Writ Petition is partly allowed and Regulation. 236 (b) which authorises "domicili-
ary visits" is struck down as unconstitutional. The Petitioner would be entitled to the issue of a writ of mandamus directing the respondent not to continue domiciliary visits. The rest of the petition fails and
is dismissed. There will be no order as to costs. ' Kharak Singo TOe State of U.P. Subba Rao, /,