c L. KOCHIVAREED v. P. MERIAPPA GOUNDER AND ORS. February 7, 1979 [R. S. SARKARIA, V. D. TULZAPURKAR AND A. P. SEN, JJ.] Mesne Profits-Liability for mesnt profits, principle of-Section 2(12) of the Code of Civil Procedure 1908 (A.ct V of 1908).
Civil Procedure Code, 1908, Order XX Rule 12-Construction of decree explained-Nature of the decree of the Court dated April 22, 1958 clarified. Words and Phrases-"Whichever event first occurs" in Rule 12(1)(c)(iii} of order XX C.P.C.-Meaning of.
Civil Procedure Codt~. S. 144-Scope of. Meriappa Gounder respondent No. 1 in C.A. 466 /69 and appellant I in C.A. 2375/69 filed e suit on August 23, 1950 in the District Court, Trichur, for specific performance of an agreement dated May 22, 1950 made by one Soliappa Chettiar. The said Soliappa Chettiar pleaded inability to perform the contract in view of the refusal of one Neelakanta Iy'er a lessee of the factory to give up possession.
Pending the suit Late Kochiyareed, husband of the appellant in C.A. 466 /69 obtained an assignment of the lease from Neelakanta Iyer on March 5, 1951. On March 8, 1951 Soliappa Chettiar
executed a sale deed of the suit property in favour of one George Thatil, a nephew of Kochivareed. In the course of the proceedings the trial court appointed a Receiver to manage the suit property. On March 21, 1951, Late Kochivarced obtaffied a lease of the suit property at a rent of Rs. 15,000/- for a period of one year which was renewed for
anqtber year fron1 the Receiver and a sum of Rs. 30,000 /- so collected as rent for t\VO years was deposited in the Court by the Receiver. The District Court on August 28, 1952 decreed the suit for specific per- formance and mesne profits at a reduced rate of Rs. 15,000/- per annum, instead of at Rs. 30,000/- per annum as claimed. Against the decree two appeals were filed in the High Court by Kochivareed and George Thatil. The High Court allowed the appeals and dismissed the suit by its judgment dated March 21, 1953. The appeal filed by Meriappa Gounder (CA 129 /56) was allowed by this Court as per its judgment and decree dated April 22, 1958. On tlte question of the liability of the mesne profits, the present appeals aro6e out of interpretation of the direction ( e) of this Court's decree dated April 22, 1958.
Allowing the appeals by certificate in part the Court, HELD : 1. Mesne profits being in the nature of damages. no invari&t~te role governing their award and assessment in every case can be laid do\vn and the "Court may mould it according to the ju~tice of the case''. Even so one
broad basic principle 2oveming the liability for mesne profits is discernible ' …. ~ …. t• Ii " … \ L. KOCHIVAREED V. P. M. GOUNDER from section 2 ( 12) of the Code of Civil Procedure which
defines 'mesne profits' to mean 'those profi~ which the person in wrongful pos.Jes:Jion of property (lctually received or might with ordinary deligence havo received therefrom together with interest on such profits, but shall not include profits due to improvements made by the person in wrongful possession." [680-H, 69A] Wrongful pos.session of the defendant is the very essence of a claim for n1esne profits and the very foundation of the defandant's liability therefor, Generally,
the person in wrongful possession and enjoyment of the im- movable property is liable for mesne profits. But, where the plaintiff'~ dis- pOiiesaion, or his being kept out of possession
can be regarded as a joint or concreted act of several persons, each of them who participates in the Commission of that act would be liable for mesne profits even though he was not in actual possession and the profits were received not by him but by some of hii confederates. Possession through another, such as a tenant may be sufficient to create liability for mesne profits, if such possession is wrongful. [69A-C and GJ
2. In such a case, where the claim for mesne profits is against several trespassers 'vho hnd combined to keep the plaintiff out of possession, it IS open to th~ Court to adopt either of the two courses. It may by itli decree hold all such trespas!l!ers jointly and severally liable for mesne profits leaving them to have the.ir respective rights adjusted in n separate suit for contribution; or it may, if there is proper material before it ascertain and apportion the
liability of each of them on a proper application made by the defendant _during the same proceedings. [69C-Dl 3. A decree under Order XX Rule 12 of C.P.C., directing enquiry into mesne profit~, howsoever expressed must be construed to be a decree directing the enquiry in conformity with the requirements of Rule 12(1)(c), eo that the decree holder is not entit1ed to mesne profits for a period (commencing from the date of the institution of the suit) extending beyond three years from the date of the preliminary decree.
[69E-F] Chitturi Sub.hanna v. Kudappa Subbanna, [1965] 2 SCR 661; referred to. 4. The words "whichever event first occurs" in sub clause (c)(iii) of clause 1 of Rule 12 of Order XX Civil
Procedure Code imply th•t the maximum period for which future mesne profits can be awarded is three ye\\rs from the date of the decree for posl!Cssion and mesne profits, finally passed. The period of three years is to be computed from the date of decree of this Court i.e. from April 22, 1958 and it wiiJ expire on the date on which posses- sion 1"B! delivered or relinquished by the defendant in favour of the decree- holder punn1ant to that decree. In other words, the decree mentioned in
sub clause (iii) of clause (c) would ·be the appellate decree dated April 22, 1958 of this Court. The period of three years mentioned in the said 11ub- clause is, therefore, to be reckoned from April 22, 1958. [73G-H, 74A-B] 5. Section 144 of tI:e C.ode of Civil Procedure, in termc;, says that for the purpose of the restitution, the Court may make any orders, including orders for the payment of interes-t, damages compensation and· mesne profits which are JYOperly consequential on variation or reversal of the decree. [77A-B]
There is nothing in the decree, dated April 22, 1958 of this Court which expresSly or by implication, prohibits· the payment of interest on the sum of c Rs. 30,000/- withdrawn by defendant 3 by way of restitution. l"he trial court had rightly allowed interest.
[77B-C] 6. The decree dated April 22, 1958 of this Court was a compoiite decree, partly fin&l, and partly preliminary. It was final in so far as it granted tho reliefs of specific performance and possession on deposit of the price by the Plaintiff.
It was preliminary in as much as it directed an inquiry with regard to the assessment of mesne profits and as to who out of the defendants ViiU6 / were liable for payment of thos~ mesne profits.
But, it laid down in no uncertain terms that only such of the defendants would be liable for mesne profits "as ·may have been in possession of the property"'. This direction in the decree n1eans that only the defendant or defendants found in actual po~ses- sion and enjoyment of the property would be liable for mesne profits. {70A-CJ
c In the instant case : –4 (a) The third defendant \Vas in sole, actual possession and control of the suit property from March 3, 1951, when he obtained the alleged assignment of lease in his favour from Neclakanta Iyer.
In tern1s of the decree of thi~ Court, therefore defendant 3 alone is liable for mesne profits in respect of the period he was in possession (excepting the peroid during which the property wa<; under the management of the Court Receiver).
[71E-F] (b) The contention that the possession of defendant 2 was the legal possession of an owner while that of defendant 3 V.'as derivative possession of a lessee or licensee under the former is not correct, since at no stage, in the
Courts below defendant 3 took up the position that he was in derivative possession of the property under defendant 2. Nor was there even a whisper in the pleadings that defendant 2 and defendant 3 v.1ere joint-tortfeasors and therefore jointly and severally lia-ble for mesne profits. [69H, 70C, GJ
(c) There is nothing in the decree of this Court dated April 22, 1958, indicating that the amount deposited by the plaintiff to\.vards the price should have been set off against the liability of defendant 3 for mesne profits. On
the contrary. it a1lowed deduction of the an1ounts found due against defen- dant 1 and defendant 2 from the deposit of Rs. 85,000/~ to be made by the plaintiff t0\1/ards the price, and further directed that after such deduction, the balance of such deposit made by the plaintiff, if any, shall be paid to the third respondent (defendant 2) who is the assignee of the second respondent· (defendant I) pendente lite.
[71F-H] (d) The plaintiff was not bound to suffer a set off in favour of defendant 3, merely because defendant 2 or his assignee withdrew the price deposited by the plaintiff without furnishing any security for its refund or adjustment
towards the liability of defendant 3, there being no evidence whate~ver, on record to show that such withdrawal was the result of any collusion ·or cons- piracy between the plaintiff and defendant 2 and defendant 3. Even assum-
ing that both defendants 2 and 3 were liable for mesne profits jointly and '–< '" …. severally, then also, the plaintiff could, at his option, recover the whole of the f " amount of mesne profits from either of them; and how such inter se liability of the defendants was. to be adjusted· or apportioned was a matter between the defendanls only.
[72A-C] (e) Defendant 3 entered into possession of suit property under an assianment of sham lease from NeelkantQ Iyer on March 5, 1951 during the L. KOCllIVAREED v. P. M. GOUNDER (Sarkaria, J.)
pendency of the plaintiffs suit, which was instituted on August 25, 1950. The plaintiff had deposited Rs. 50,000/- sometimes after the presmtation of th< plaint. Under the agreement of salei dated May 22, 195() made by defendant 1 in favour of the plaintiff, the total sale considerations was fixed @ Rs. 90,003/-. Out of
it Rs. 5,003/- had been paid to defendant I on the very date of the agreement. It was further stipulated that out of the balance, Rs. 50,000/- would be paid by the plaintiff-purchaser at the time of the reJ:istration of the sale deed which wa~ to be executed l\nd registered on or before July 15, 1950. It was further stipulated that on :i:byment of the further sum of Rs. 50,000/- the plaintiff would be entitled to be put in possession of the suit property.
Thus when defendant 3 entered into possession, first under the garb of an t\. assignee of sham lease from Neelkanta Iyer, and then further purchased the f- property with his own funds in fa.vour of defendant 2 pe11dente lite, he v,ras f
fully conscious that he was purchasing a litigation. His posSessioll was, there- fore V.Tongful qua the plaintiff from its. inception. [72E-ll] (f) Disallowance of the claim for deduction for interest on the depo1it of Rs. 50,000 which the plaintiff had withdrawn on August 19, 1953 and had
redeposited on 9-2-1959 is incorrect. The defendant is entitled to interest @ 6% per tinnum for the said period, after deducting the interest for the period during which the property was under the management of the Receiver. [740-E]
(g) The plaintiff's claim for rnesne profits @ the rate of Rs. 25,000/- has correctly been negatived. Since .the plaintiff did not object to the lease granted by the Receiver to defendant 3 on an annual rental of Rs. 15,000/- and since he di<l not produce any other reliable evidence, the High Court 'Ml• not wrong in holding that the mesne profits should be on the basis of this rental value of Rs. 15,000/- [76A-C]
(h) The plaintiff, in view of the long drawn out litigation is entitled to interest @ 6% per annum upto March 29, 1959. [76E-F] Crv1L APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 466 and 2375 of 1969.
From the Judgment and Order dated 6-8-78 of the Kerala High y'Court in Appeal Suit Nos. 27 /63 and 245/63. K. S. Ramamurthy, Miss Pushpd[Nambiar and A. S. Nambiar for the – .. Appellant in C.A. 466/69 and R. 1 in C.A. 2375/69.
P. Govindan Nair, S. Balakrishnan and K. L. Rathi for R. 1 in C.A. 466/69 and Appellant in CA 2375/69. N. Sudhakaran, S. L. Aneja and K. L. Aneja for RR 2-3, in C.A. 466/69 and For RR 3-4-in C.A. 2375/69.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SARKARTA, J.-These two appeals on certificate arise out of execu- · c tion petition No. 118 of 1962 on the file of the Subordinate Judge, Tri- chur, filed by P. Meriappa Gounder (hereinafter referred to as the
plaintiff) to execute the decree of the Supreme Court in C.A. 129/56 (1979] 3 s.c.R. passed on April 22, 1958. The common facts, out of. which these ap- peals arise, are as follows
c The plaintiff filed a suit on August 23, 1950 in the District Court, Trichur, for :Specific. performance of an a~cement, dated May 22, 1950, made by Soliappa Che.ttiar (hereinafter referred to as defendant 1) to sell a factory known as "Sivakami Tiles Works", for a consideration of Rs. 90,003/-.
The plaintiff made an advance payment on that very date of a sum.of Rs. 5,003/- to defendant!. It was stipulated in the agreement that the sale deed must be executed and registered on or
before July ~5, 1950. It was further provided that out of the balance of sale consideration, Rs. 50,000/- would be paid by the plaintiff at the time of the registration and for the'remaining Rs. 35,000/-, the plain- tiff was to execute a mortgage of the suit property to be redeemed on or before May 31,, 1951.
It was further agreed that on payment of Rs. 50,000/- at the time of registration, the plaintiff would be put i;i possession of the suit property. The plaintiff pleaded that he was ready
and willing to perform his part of the agreement, but came to know that defendant 1 was trying to evade his obligation under the agreement. Ac- cordinJ:ly, the plaintiff sent a registered notice, dated July 7, 1950, through his lawyer to defendant I, to which the latter replied the. same day, that the factory wa·s in possession of one NeeAakanta Iyer as lessee, who had refused to give up possession and therefore, it had become impossib'e to give effect to the agreement to sell the factory, as giving possession to the plaintiff was a condition precedent to the execution of the sale deed. _ The plaintiff further pleaded that the suit property was really in posses- sion of defendant 1 and the alleged lease in fav,our of Neelakanta Iyer was a sham transaction and a device to evade payment of income tax. and hence defendant 1 was bound to carry out the terms of the agree- ment to sell.
– -f The suit was contested by defendant 1 (who originally was the sole defendant). His case wa·s that, aQthough there was an agreement to sell the suit property, it had been made clear at the time when negotia- tion for sale was going on, that the factory was in the possession of
Neelakanta Iyer as lessee and that it was a condition precedent to the sale that Neelakanta Iyer would 'surrender his right under the lease and give up possession and that if he refused to do so, the agreement to sell would not be given effect to.
The defendant urged Neelakanta Iyer to surrender the possession, but he refused to do so. In the circumstan- ces,, tho contract for sale had become incapable of performance. He denied that the lease in favour of Neelakanta was a sham transaction. ~ —-
L. J(OCHIVAREED v. P. M. GOUNDER (Sarkaria, J.) Pending the suit, T. V. Kochivareed (the deceased husband of the appellant, Lucy Kochivareed in C.A. 466/69) obtained an assignment of the lease (Ex. D-3) from Neelakanta Iyer on March 5, 1951. Since Kochivareed was later on, when the suit was pending in the Supreme Court impleaded as defendant 3, for the sake of convenience the appel- lant in C.A. 466/69, will hereinafter be referred to as defendant 3. On March 8, 1951, defendant 1 executed a sale deed of the suit property in favour of George Thatil, who is the nephew of defendant 3, and will hereinafter be referred to as defendant 2. Like defendant 3, he also joined as defendant 2 at his own reqnest, when the appeal was pending in this Court.
On December 23,. 1950, the Court appointed a Receiver to manage . – .. •.A the suit property. On March 21, 1951, defendant 3 obtained a lease of the suit property at a rent or Rs. 15,000/- for a period of one year from the Receiver.
The term of the lease was extended for one more year and two years' rent, amounting to Rs. 30,000/- was collected and deposited in the Court by the Receiver. The District Court, Trichur, on August 28, 1952, decreed the suit for specific performance and
mcsne profits at a reduced rate of Rs. 15,000/- per annum, instead of Rs. 30,000/- per annum claimed by the plaintiff. Against the decree of the, Trial Court, two appeals were filed in the High Court-one by defendant 3 and the other by defendant 2. The
High Court allowed the appeals and dismissed the plaintiff's suit by a judgment dated March 31, 1953. Aggrieved, the plaintiff filed C.A. 129/56 in this Court. The plain- tiff's appeal was allowed by this Court as per its judgment and decree, dated April 22, 1958.
Since a good deal of argument centers round the construction of this Court's decree, dated April 22, 1958, it will be pertinent to extract ' here the material part of that decree .
"(a) That the appellant herein do deposit within thirty days of the receipt in the decree of this Court the sum of Rs. 85,000/- in the District Court of Trichur and that on the aforesaid amount being deposited the said District Court of Trichur do forthwith give notice, thereof to the respondents abovenamed and that on the aforesaid amount of Rs. 85,000/- being deposited respondents Nos. 2 and 3 herein,, namely
S. M. R. Solaiyappa Chettiar and George Thatil do within 30 c c SUPREMI! COURT REPORTS [1919J 3 S.C.R. days frbm the date of receipt of the notice of the said deposit e<Kecute and register a sale deed iri favo1lr of the plaintiff (Ap- pellant) in respect of the suit property.
(b) ………………. . ( c)) That the respondents above-named do pay to the appellant the cost incurred by him in the Court of the Dist- rict Judge, Trichur, in Suit No. 183 of 1950 and the costs in- curred by him in the former High Court of …………. .
(Kl) . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . • . . • (e) …. AND 1HIS COURT DOTH FURTHER DE- CLARE that appellant shall be entitled to : (a) mesne profits against such of the respondents 11~ may
have been in possession of the rproperty except during the period that the property was in the custody and management of the receiver appointed by the tri~I court; (b) the net sum collected by the Receiver during
his management; and (c) credit for all such sums as he may have advanced to the receiver under the direction of the Court for the manage- ment of property; AND THIS COURT DOTH ACCORDINGLY DIRECT
that the trial Court do bold an enquiry about the mesne pro- fits and such snm·s as may be found to be due on inquiry against the second and third respondents in respect of the mesne profits be deducted from the amount to be deposited in cash in the Court by the appellant aforesaid in accordance with clause (a) supra, and do direct the payment of the
remaining amount, if any, to the third respondent (defendant 2) who is the assignee of the second respondent (defendant 1) pendente lite;" (Emphasis supplied) On September 12, 1958, the plaintiff filed an application in the Dist- rict Court for execution of the said decree, dated April 22, 1958,, in respect of all the reliefs allowed thereunder. After the decree-holder had deposited a sum of Rs. 85,000/-, as directed in the decree, the execution application was eventually made over to the
Subordinate Judge, Trichur. As per the decree, the sale deed was executed on March 16,. 1959, by the Court on behalf of defendants 1 and 2 in favour of \.. • L. KOCHIVAREED v. P. M. GOUNDER (Sarkatia, J.)
6 s the plaintiff and the possession of the property in consequence, thereof, was de1iveted to him oh March 29, 1959. Thereafter, the plaintiff filed Miscellaneous Petition No. 229 /60 in the Trial Court.
Before the Court, defendant 3 on November 11, 1958, filed objections that he was not >liable for mesne profits, as he was never in possession and occupation of the suit property. He further :a
-4 contended that his liability for mesne profits. if any, was limited to the period commencing from the date of notice of the deposit in Court of the amount of Rs. 85,000/- till the date of dellivery of possession and that the plaintiff was not entitled to interest on mesne profits, or on costs by way of restitution.
Defendant 2-contended that he was not liable for mesne profits as he had never been in possession and manage- ment of the suit property, and that the entire liability, if at all any, for mesne profits was that of defendant 3, who had been in exclusive po%es- sion of the property.
On December 22, 1962, the court of first instance passed orders in respect of mesne profifs, costs etc. It found that defendants 1, 2 and 3 were jointly and severally liable to the plaintiff for a sum of Rs. 10, 162.67 on account of costs of the Trial Court and the Supreme Court. The Court further found that defendant 2 was separately liable to pay to the plaintiff, a sum of Rs. 11,941.63 consisting of three items, namely, Rs. 1, 239.02 on account of costs recovered by defendant 2 from decree-holder and payable by former with interest by way of re'stitution, Rs. 2,577.01 on account of costs in the High Court, and Rs. 81251- on account of mesne profits from the factory from the date of suit till date of Ex. D-3.
The aggregatti amaunt under these two heads came to Rs. 23,103.70, which was allowed to be set off against Rs. 85,000/- deposited in Court by the plaintiff and the balance was directed to be paid to the second defendant's mother, his assignee.
Apart from the sum of Rs. 10,162.67 jointly and severally payable by the third and second respondents, the District Court found that the third defendant was separately liable to pay the plaintiff a sum of
Rs. 1,57,086.81 consisting of these items : la) Rs. 7,298.10, by way of restitution on account of costs reco- vered from the decree-holder including interest thereon; (b) Rs. 39,975.00-Rent deposited and withdrawn by him
to- gether with interest thereon; (c) Rs. 1,177.00, costs payable by him for the appeal in the High Court; a11d c c (1979] 3 S.C.R. (d) Rs. 1,08,636.71 net mesne profits payable by him from April 1, 1963 to the date of delivery of possession, during which period, he was found to be in· possession and management.
After giving credit · of a sum of Rs. 48,321 deposited by the third defendant in Court on March 9, 1959, a net sum of Rs. 1,08,765.81 was directed to be realised by the plaintiff from the estate of defendant 3 in the hands of his legal repre•entative (appellant in C.A. 466/69). By the same order, the Court dismissed Misc. Petition No. 229/60 that had been filed by the plaintiff for determination of the extent of waste committed upon the property by defendant 3.
Aggrieved by that Judgment and Order, Lucy Kochivareed, wife of defendant 3, a• well as the plaintiff and the second defendant, preferred appeafa in the High Court of Kerala. By a common judgment, dated
August 6, 1968, the High Court partly allowed the appeals filed res- pectively, by the plaintiff and the legal representatives of defendant 3; but dismissed the appeal (AS. 248/63) file'd by defendant 2. The
High Court,, inter alia, affirmed the finding of the Trial Court that the third defendant was in sole and exclusive possession of the suit pro- peny during the period in question.
The Trir1l Court's findings with regard to the quantum of rnesne profits per year, were not found satis- factory. The High Court assessed the mesne profifs at a flat rate of Rs. 15,000/- per year and determined the obligations of the parties ac- cordingly.
The High Court further found that the second and third defendants were jointly and severally liable to pay Rs. 10,200/- by way of costs, and the second defendant alone was liable to pay Rs. 11,000/- by way of restitution, costs in the High Court and mesne profits to the plaintiff, and that the aggregate of Rs. 21,200/- be set off against the sum of R~. 85,0001- deposited by the plaintiff and the balance be paid to the mother of defendant 2.
Aggrieved by the judgment, dated August 8, 1968, of the High Court, Lucy Kochivareed, wife of the deceased defendant 3, has filed Civil Appeal 466 of 1969; while the plaintiff has preferred Civil Appeal No. 2375 of 1969.
Both the appeals will be disposed of by this common judgment. y ' ,l —- We will first take up CM! Appeal 466 of 1969 filed by the widow of r • defendant 3. ff The main contention of Mr. K. S. Ramamurthy, learned counsel for the appellant (\Luci Kochivareed), is that if the' decree, dated April 22, 1958, passed by this Court in C.A. 129/56 is properly construed in the _..,
– –. . _, L. KOCHJVAREED v. P. M. GOUNDER (Sarkaria, J.) light of the material on record and the law on the subject, then three comequences inevitably follow : (i) Both defendant 2 and defendant 3 would be deemed to be in pos5ession of the suit property during the period in question, The
posgession of defendant 2 was juridical or legal possession of an owner, he being the purchaser of the property from defendant 1; while that of defendant 3 was on actual permissive possession with the consent of defendant 2. · Defendant 2 and defendant 3 being in the position of joint-tort-feasors would he jointly and severally liable for mesne profits or compensation.
This being the case, the plaintiff was bound to ·suffer a set off to the c purchase price (Rs. 85,000/-) deposited by him, against his claim fot mesne profits against defendant 3.
But after the decree ol this Court, the plaintiff in pursuance of a collusion between him and defendant 2, allowed the High Court to cancel the security given by defendant 2 for withdrawal of Rs. 62,900/- out of the purchase price deposited by the plaintiff.
The plaintiff was thus precluded by his conduct from cl aim- ing tbat much amount from defendant 3. After setting off the entire deposit of Rs. 85,000/-, defendant 3 will be liable only, for the balance of the mesne profit, jointly with defendant 2.
(ii) The plaintiff's right to possession of the property under the decree accrued when he deposited the price in Court and thereafter ob- tained the conveyance in his favour on March 16, 1959.
The posses- sion of defendants 2 and 3 as against the phintiff became wrongful only from the date on which the conveyance was executed in his favour, at any rate on the date (September 12, 1958) on which he fully deposited the price in Court.
(iii) The period for which the mesne. profits have been awarded., is to be restricted to the one permissible nuder Order XX Rule 12( 1) ( c) of the Code of Civil Procedure. Such period in the light of this
provision would be the one commencing from the date the institu- tion ol the suit and ending on the expiration of three years from the date of the decree of the Trial Court. The expres·sion "the decree,",
occurring in the aforesaid clause (according to the counsel) means the decree of the Trial Court. In other words, the maximum period for which mcsne profits can be awarded-and would be deemed to have been awarded-is three years from the date of the decree of the Trial Court; and the Courts below were wrong in awarding mesne profits for a period of more than six years, commencing from the date of the insti- tution of the suit till the delivery of possession in accordance with the decree of this Court to the plaintiff.
c Upon the above premises, Mr. Ramamurthy maintains that the plain- tiff will not be entitled to any mesne ·profits because his right to posses- sion did not accrue within three years of the date of the decree of the Trial Court.
Such a right, according to the counsel, accrued to the plaintiff only on April 22, 1958 when his amended suit for specific performance and possession and future mesne profits was decreed. In the alternative, as already noticed, counsel submits that mesne profits could not be awarded for any period prior to the date (Sep- tember 12, 1958) on which the plaintiff deposited the price, because his right to possession accrued on that date and not earlier. In support of his contentions, Shri Ramamurthy has cited a decis'on of this Court in Chitturi Subbanna v. Kudapa Subbanna & Ors.(') He has also referred to some other rulings, wherein some general principles have been enunciated as to who can be made liable for mesne profits. On the other hand, Mr. Govindan Nair, learned counsel for
the plaintiff, submits that the decree,, dated April 22, 1958 of this Court is crystal-clear. There is no ambiguity in it. Read in the light of this Court's judgment, it unmistakably shows that whosoever, out of the de- • fendants was/were in actual possession, would be liable for the mesne profits from the date of the suit tlll the delivery of possession. It is
pointed out that in the courts below, the positive stand taken by defen- dant 3 was that he was never in possession of the suit property and therefore, was not liable for mesne profits. It was never the case of defendant 3 that he was in derivative possession under defendant 2. Counsel submits that defendant 3 should not be allowed to take a stand diametrically opposed to the one taken by him in the courts below.
It is further submitted that the decree of this Court was final decree so far as it laid down that the liability for the mesne profits shall be fixed on the basis of the defendant found in actual possession of the suit property.
Before dealing with the contentions canvassed on both sides, it wi11 be profitable to notice the general principles relating to the liability for mesne profits. Mesne profits being in the nature of damages, no invariable rule governing their award and assessment in every case, can be laid down and "the Court may monld it according to the justice of the case". Even so, one broad basic principle governing the liability for mesne profits is discernible from Section 2(12) of the Code of Civil Procedure which defines 'mesne profits' to mean "those profits which the person in
wrongful possession of property actually Jeeceived or might with ordinary (I) [196512 S.C.R. 661. ·–{. l t L. KOCHJVAREED v. P. M. GOUNDER (Sarkaria, !.) 6 9 diligence have received therefrom together with interest on such profits, but shall not include profits due to improvements made by the person in wrongful possession".
From a plain reading of this definition, it is dear that wrongful possession of the defendant is the very essence of a claim for mesne profits and the, very foundation of the defendant"'s lia- bility therefor.
As a rule, therefore, liability to,pay mesne profits ,goes with actual possession of the land. That is to 'say, generally, the person in wrongful possession am] enjoyment of the immovable pro- perty is liable for mesne profits,
But, where the plaintiff's disposscs- ~ion, or his being kept out of possession can be regarded as a joint or .concerted act of several persons, each of them who participates in the ,commission of that act would be liable for mesne profits even though he was ,not in actual pos'scssion and the profits were received not by him but by some of his confederate,s,
In such a case where the claim for mesne profits is against several trespassers who combined tn keep the plaintiff out of possession; it is ·Open to the Court to adopt either of the two courses.
It may by its ,decree hold all such trespassers jointly and severally liable for mesne vrofits, leaving them to have their respective rights adjusted in a sepa- rate suit for contribution; or, it may, if there is proper material before 'it, ascertain and apportion the liability of each of them on a proper ,application made by the defendant during the same proceedings. Another principle, recognised by this Court in Chitturi Subba11na v. Kudapa Subbanna (ibid) is that a decree under Order XX Rule 12 .of the Code, directing enquiry intn mesne profits, howsoever expressed, must be construed to be a decree directing the enquiry in conformity with the requirements of Rule 12(1) ( c), so that the decree-holder is not entitled to mesnc profits for a period (commencing from the date .of the institution of the suit) extending beyond three years from the date of the preliminary decree.
Again, possession through another, such as a tenant, may be suffi- ,cient to create liability for mcsne profits if 'such possession is wrongful. We will now deal with the contentions advanced by Mr. Rama- :murthy, in the light of these principles.
The first argument, as already noticed, is that both defendants 2 and 3 were in possession of the suit property during the period in ques" c tion. It is contended that the possession of defendant 2 was the !~gal possession of an owner while that of defendant 3 derivative possession .of a lessee or licensee under the former.
c A perusal of the decree dated April 22, 1958, of this Court, extrac- ted in a foregoing part of this judgment, show's that it was a composi'e decree, partly final, partly preliminary.
It was final in so far as it granted the reliefs of specific performance and possession on deposit of the price by the plaintiff. It wa' preliminary inasmuch it directed an inquiry with regard to the assessment of mesne profits, and as to who out of the defendants was/were liable for payment of those mesne profi's. But, it laid down in no uncertain terms that only such of the defendants would be liable for mesne profits "as may have been in possession of the property". Construed in conformity with the legal principles enun· ciated above, this direction in the decree, means that only the defendant or defendants found in actual possession and enjoyment of the property would be liable for mesne profits.
In the courts below, at no stage, defendant 3 took up the position that he was in derivative possession of the property under defendant 2. On the contrary, in his objection-petition filed before the District Court on November 11, 1958, defendant 3 emphatically asserted that he "is not liable for mesne profits for the suit property as he was never in pos- session and occupation of the same".
Defendant 3 further vehemently pleaded that it was. never intended at any •ime that he (defendant 3) "should be a lessee of the property nor was he a lessee at any time". In para 3 of his petition, defendant 3 further pleaded that the purchase of the factory was made. in favour of defendant 2, with money advanced by him (defendant 3), and the intention then was that the snit property should be· worked by defendant .2 with funds advanced by defendant 3 who should be "recouped from the profits accrued from the proper•y or otherwise in respect of the purchase money advanced by him as also the advances for the working expenses''.
In paragraph 5, he further pleaded that "in any event he cannot be held liable for any amount more than what is stipulated in the lease deed (Ex. I) in favour of Neelakantha Iyer".
There is not even a whisper in the pleadings that defendant 2 and de- fendant 3 were joint-tort-feasors and therefore, jointly and severally liable for mesne• profits. The plea now pressed into argument by Mr. Ramamurthy is thus a complete somersault of the position that had been taken in the courts below.
The Court of first instance after an exhaustive. consideration of the overwhelming evidence, oral and documentary, on record reached the finding that ever since March 5, 1951, defendant 3 was, while defendant •• •
–d. L. KOCH!VAREED v. P. M. GOUNDER (Sarkaria, J.) 2 was not,, in actual control, management and possession of ihe ·suit property, and therefore, in terms of the decree dated April 22, 1958 of this Court, defendant 3 alone would be liable for mesne profits of the property.
In appeal, the High Court found that "the Court below was perfectly right in holding that the 3rd defendant was in sole and exclusive possession during the period in question and it i's idle for him to pretend otherwise".
Indeed, the third defendant himself had re- peatedly admitted in various documents that he was in possession. In his application, Ex. D-77(a), made in the Court of first instance, on l.
March 7, 1951, the defendant admitted that he was in possession in pur· \..~- suance of assignment of lease made, in his favour by Neelakantha Iyer on IF March 5, 1951. This lease has been found by this Court to be a sham
transaction. Further, defendant 3 on March 21, 1951, executed a lease in favour of the Receiver appointed by the Court. In this Qease also, he admitted tpat he had been in posses'sion of the property since March 5, 1951.
The lease executed by defendant 3 in favour of the Receiver ensured for a period of two years on a yearly rental of Rs. 15,000/- and he deposited Rs. 30,000/- therefor as rental in Court.
Then, the Bank accounts of the factory (except for a short period from March 25, 1953 to November 11, 1954) were throughout in the name of the third defendant as lessee thereof. . ..;,
We have absolutely ·no reason to differ from this concurrent finding of the courts below that the third defendant was in sole, actual po•scs- sion and control of the suit property from March 3, 1951, when he ob. tained the alleged assignment of the lease in his favour from Neelakantha Iyer.
In terms of the aforesaid decree of this Court, therefore, defen- dant 3 alone is liable for mesne profits in respect of the period he was in pMsession (excepting the period during which the property was under the management of the Court Receiver).
As regards the appellant's contention that the amount deposited by the plaintiff towards the price should have been set off against the liabi- lity of defendant 3 for mesne profits, it may be observed that, there is nothing in the decree, dated April 22, 1'958, of this Court which say's that such a set off should be allowed.
On the contrary, it allowed de- duction of the amouuts found due against defendant 1 and defendant 2 from the deposit of Rs. 85,000/- to be made by the plaintiff towards the price, and further directed that after such deduction, the balance of such deposit made by the plaintiff" if any, shall be paid "to the third respondent (defendant 2) who is the assignee of the ·second respondent (defendant l) pendente lite."
n c c (1979] 3 s.c.R. Assuming arguendo, that both defendants 2 and 3 wern liable for mesne profits jointly and severally, then also, the plaintiff could, at his option, recover the whole of the amount of mesne profits from either of them; and how such inter se liability of the defendants was to be adjusted or apportioned, was a matter between the defendants only.
The plain- tiff was not bound to suffer a set off in favour of defendant 3, merely because defendant 2 or his assignee withdrew the price deposited by the plaintiff without furnishing any security for its refund or adjustment towards the liability of defendant 3, there being no evidence, whatever, on record to show that such withdrawal was the result of any collusion or conspiracy between the plaintiff and defendant 2 against defendant 3. Assuming further, for the sake of argument, that defendant 2 and defendant 3 were both acting in concert to keep the plaintiff out of pos- session, it was not necessary for the courts below to decide the i'ssue with regard to apportionment of liability and its adjustment between defen- dants 2 and 3.
Indeed, the adoption of such a course would have militated against the finding that defendant 3 alone was in exclusive possession and control of the suit property ever since March 5, 1951. We therefore, negative the first contention of the appellant. This takes us to the second and third points pressed into argument by Mr. Ramamurthy.
It is to be noted that defendant 3 entered into possession of the suit property under an as'signment of sham lease from Neelakantha Iyer on March 5, 1951 during the pendency of the plain- tiff's suit which was instituted on August 25, 1950.
The plaintiff had deposited Rs. 50,,000/- sometime after the presentation of the plaint. Under the agreement for sa!le, dated May 22, 1950, made by defendant 1 in favour of the plaintiff, the total sale consideration was fixed at Rs. 90,003 /-. Out of it, Rs. 5 ,003 /- had been paid to defendants on the very date of the agreement. It was further stipulated that out of the balance, Rs. 50,000/C would be paid by the plaintiff-purchaser at the time of the registration of the sale deed which was to be executed and registered on or before July 15, 1950.
It was further stipulated that on payment of the further sum of Rs. 50,000/-, the plaintiff would be entitled to be put in possession of the suit property. Thus, when defen- dant 3 entere<l into possession, first, under the garb of an assignee of a sham lease from Neelakantha Iyer, and then further purchased the pro- perty with his own fu.nds in favour of defendant 2, pendente lite, he was fully conscious that he was purchasing a litigation.
His possession was,. therefore, wrongful qua the plaintiff from its very inception. I t . ., –j .r·~ -I ~ \. L. KOCHIVAREED v. P. M. GOUNDER (Sarkaria, !.) Thei material part of Rule 12(1) of Order XX of the Code of Civil P;ocedure, provides : .
"Where a suit is for the recovery of possession of immove- able property· and for rent or mesne profits, the Court may pass a decree- (a) for the possession of the property; (b) ……………………… .
(ba) ………………….. . < c) directing an inquiry as to rent or mesne profits from the institntion of the suit until- (i) the delive.ry of possession to the decree-holder, (ii) the relinqui'shment of possession by the jndgment-
debtor with notice to the decree-holder through the Ccinrt, or (iii) the expiration of three years from the date of the decree, whichever event firstoccnrs." Mr. Ramamurthy argned, if we may say so with respect, somewhat inconsistently, that the word "decree" in snb-clanse {iii) of clause (c) of the aforesaid rnle 12 ( 1), means the decree for possession and
mesne profits which the trial conrt ought to have passed, and that in this view of the matter, the period of three yearn mentioned in sub-· clause (iii) will be connted from· Augnst 28, 1952, tl1e date of the · trial conrt's decree, whereby mesne profits at the reduced rate
of Rs. 15,000/- instead of Rs. 30,000/- per annum claimed by the plain- tiff, were awarded. In that view of the matter; acc;o'rding to the coun- :sel, the plaintiff was not entitled under the law to ger a decree for mesne profits beyond August 27, 1955. It is pointed out that since the paintiff had, as a result of the acceptance of the defendants' appeal and dismissal of his suit by the High Court, withdrawn the deposit of Rs. 50,000/- on Augnst 19, 1953 and he had not redeposited the amount until February 9, 1959, he was not then entitled to possession and, i.n consequence, to any. mesne profits during this period. The argnme11t is certainly ingenious, but untenable, being found- -ed on fallacious premises.
The period of three years mentioned in ·sub-clause (iii) of clause (c) of Rule 12(1) is to be computed from the date of the decre~ of this Court, i.e. from April 22, 1958 and it will expire ·on the date on which possession was delivered or reline -quished by .the defendant in favour of the decree-holder pursuant to · that decree. In other words, the decree mentioned in
sub-clause 6-196SCij79 c c (1979] 3 s.e.R. (iii) of the aforesaid clause ( c), would be the appellate decree, dated April 22, 1958, of this Court. The period of three years mentioned
in the said sub-clause is, therefore, to be reckoned from April 22, 1958. The words "whichever event first occurs" in sub-clause (iii) imply that the maximum period for which future mesne profits can be awarded, is three years from the date of the decree for possession and mesne profits, finally passed.
T!Je courts below, therefore, whil• holding that defendant 3 was liable to pay mesne ,profits for a period of about 6 years commencing from Match 5, 1951/March 21, 1951 till the delivery of possession in September, 1958 (less the period during which the property was under the management of the Recei- ver), were acting in conformity with the law and the terms ol the decree, dated April 22, 1958, of this Court.
We, therefore, reject these contentions, a~o. Another contention canvassed by Mr. Ramanii.trthy was thal the courts below have wrongly disallowed deduction for interest on tb deposit of Rs. 50,000/-, which the plaintiff had withdrawn on August 19, 1953 and had redeposited on February 9, 1959. It appears to us that in all fairness, the defendant is entitled to deduction for interest for the period from August 19, 1953 to February 9, 1959 on the sum of Rs. 50,000/-, which, at 6 per cent per annum, after deducting the interest for the period during which the property was under the manage- ment of the Receiver.
(According to the agreed calculations mad• by the counsel for the parties it works out to Rs. 14,000/- approxi- , mately. We see no reason why deduction of this amount be not allowed from the mesne profits assessed againsi defendant 3. We will now take up Civil Appeal No. 2375 of 1969 filed by di• plaintiff.
Mr. Govindan Nair, learned counsel for the plaintiff-appellant, has contended- (i) that mesne profits ought to have been awllrded at the xate of Rs. 25,000/- per annum. The High Court was in error in awardinr
the ~ame at the rate of Rs. 15,000/-; (ii) that the High Cpurt was not justified in reduc;ing th• rate of interest from 6 per cent per annum awarded by the Trial Court to 4 per cent per annum;
(iii) that interest at 6 per cent per annum was rightly awarded by the court of first instance on the sum of Rs. 30,000/-, which was two years rental paid by defendant 3, under the lease taken from the Re- ceiver for the period from August 19, 1953 to March 9, 1959, and the High Court was in error in disallowing that interest; and -i-..
.. , ….. JI. 'L. JCOCHIVAREED v, P. M. GOUNDER (Sarkaria, !.) (iv) that the Courts below were not justified in denying costs to · A the plaintiff in the inquiry as to mesne profits or in appeal arising therefrom_
We will deal with these contentions ad seriatim . Comention (i) : In this connection, Mr. Nair drew p'lrr attention to Exhibits D-8 to D-15, which are Balance Sheets and Profit & Loss Accounts of the Sivakami Tile Works, relating to the period from March 31, 1953 to November 5, 1958. These documents were prepared at the· ins- tance of the third defendant for the purposes of his Income-tax re- turns.
The High qaurt found that these Balance Sheets and Profit & Loss Accounts prepared for Income-tax puropses were suspicious documents and by themselves were not proof of the profits derived. Mr. Nair has no quarrel with this finding.
He, however, contended that the High Court ought to have worked Pl!t the real profits by tak- ing into account the quantity of clay purchased according to these documents. In this connection, it is submitted that according to the evidence produced on the side of the plaintiff about five candies of clay are reqnired (o'r producing 1000 small tiles and even according to the evidence of the second defenc,Jant as C.P.W. 2, St to 6 candies are required for 1000 small tiles .
We are not. impressed by this argument. The High Court has fully considered the evidence produced on the side of the plaintiff. It noted that the plaintiff, also, had not produced any cogent evidence to show what were the profits earned by him by working the factory in dispute for the period of one year preceding the date of his exami- nation. By the time plaintiff appeared in the witness-box, ·he had been working this factory for about one year.
In the alternative, Mr. Nair submitted that even during the period of two years when the Receiver was there and d,efendant 3 worked the factory as a lessee under the former, he had made a profit of Rs. 22,000/-. Our attention has, also been drawn to the document (Ex. D-8), that the income for the first year ending 1952 was Rs. 20,000/-. The point pressed into argument is that the highest profit made by him according to these Balance Sheets and Profit & Loss Accounts . during any year by defendant 3, should be taken as the rate for cal- culating the mesne profits.
The contention does not appear to tenable. Once it was found that these Balance Sheets and Profit & Loss Accounts were not reli- able, nor the evidence produced by the plaintiff,, the only reliohle evi- dence left on the file W!ll the rate at' which the factory was leased out c
·B c by the Receiver to defendant S. When the lease for the seeond year was granted to defendant 2 by the Receiver on a rental of Rs. 15,000/-, the plaintiff should have objected that the rent was less or Jte could himself take the lease on paying higher rent. The High Court was, therefore, not wrong in holding that this rent fixed under the lease granted by the Receiver represented the real rental · value of the factory during the year in question and in the absence of any other reliable evidence for assessing the profits actnally earned or which, with due diligence, could have been earned the mesne pro'fits may reasonably be fixed at Rs. 15,000/- per annum.
We, therefore, negative the first contention of Mr. Nair. Contention (ii) : The . Trial Court had awarded interest at the rate of 6 per cent per annum on the mesne profits assessed by it. The High Court re- duced that rate to 4 per cent, with the observation that having regard to all the circumstances of the case, including that the plaintiff had the use of the sum of Rs. 85,000/- which he was to pay towards the price of the property a rate of 4 per cent per annum would be reason- able ~d just.
Even Mr. Ramamurthy has not been able to support this reduction in the rate of interest. It was after a long drawn out litigation that the plaintiff got possession of the property. The Trial Court, there- fore rightly awarded the intere§t at the rate of 6 per cent per annum. We, therefore, accept this contention and direct that interest as part of the mesne profits assessed in this case, shall be payable at the rate of 6 per cent per annum upto March 29, 1959 when possession was delivered in pursuance of the decree of this Court, to the plain- tiff and further interest at 6 per cent per annum oo the outstanding amount shall be payable till the date of payment.
Co,ntention (iii) : A sum of Rs. 30,000/-, being the rent collected \>y the Receiver from the third defendant, was deposited in Court. This amount was withdrawn by the third defendant on August 19, 1953 following the dismissal of the plaintiff's suit, by the High Court. When the plain- tiff's appeal succeeded in this Court and a decree was passed in his favour by this Court, then defendant 3 redeposited the sum of Rs. 30,000/-, only on March 9, 1959. The Trial Court had awarded in-· terest at 6 per cent per annum on this arnO'Ullt of Rs. 30,000/- for II
the period from August 19, 1953, the date on which the defendant withdrew that deposit, until March 9, 1959, the date when he redepo- sited the sum. The Hiiih Court has disallowed interest on this account
f -i-….. L. KOCHNAREED v. P. M. GOUNDER (Sarkaria, J.) for the aforesaid period on. the ground ."that the Supreme Court does not award that". We are unable to agree wijh this reasoning.
It overlooked the fact that interest on the sum of Rs. 30,000/- was. being claimed under Section 144 of the Code of Civil Procedure, by way of restitution. Section 144 in terms says that for the purpose of the restitution, the Court may make any orders, including orders for the payment of in- terest, tlamages, compensation and mesne profits which are properly consequential on variation or reversal of the decree. There is nothing in the decree, dated April 22, 1958, Qf this Court which expressly or by inlplication prohibited the payment of interest on this sum, by way of restitution.
The Trial Court had rightly allowed interest on amount for this period at 6 per ce_nt per annum, and we restore the same direc- tfoc.. Contention (iv) : The argument is that costs have been unfairly denied to the plain- ~··) '
tiff by the Courts below. We do not agree. The Courts below could not have been oblivious of the fact that defendant 3 has since dietl and the respondent is his widow. We, therefore, d(> not want to in-
terfere with the discretion of the Courts below in the matter of costs. For the foregoing reasons, we partly allow the plaintiff's appeal (Civil Appeal No. 2375 of 1969) to the extent indkated above, with proportionate costs. We will dismiss the defedant's appeal (Civil Appeal No. 466 of 1969) except to the extent that the defendant shall be allowed a set off in the sum of Rs. 14,000/-, being the interest , on the sum of Rs. 50,000/- for the period frarn August 19, 1953 (the 'date of the withdrawal of the deposit by the plaintiff) to the date when he redeposited it.
Interest on the outstanding amount at 6 per cent per annum shall be payable till the date of payment. In Civil Appeal 466 of 1969, however, the parties will bear their own costs in this Court .
S.R. CA 2375/69 allowed in part. CA 466/69 dismissed with modifications.