LENNART SCHUSSLER AND ANR. v. DIRECTOR OF ENFORCEMENT & ANR. October 14, 1969 [S. M. S!KRI, G. K. MITTER, K. S. HEGDE, A. N. RAY AND P. JAGANMOHAN REDDY, JJ.] Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (7 of 1947), ss. 4 and 21(1)- lndian Penal Code; s. 120-B-ll/egal acquisition of foreign exchanKe and retention in foreign bank-Agreen1ent to do so whether an offence under s. 21(1) of Act 7 of 1941-Whether applicability of s.
21(1) excludes applicability of s. 120-B I.P.C.-Rete.•tion of foreign exchange not an offence at the ti1ne when agreement entered int~Subsequently made an offence-Acts in pursuance of agree1nent after creation of offence ·whether to be treated as acts in pursuance of conspiracy.
The Rayala Corporation (P) Ltd. manufactured Halda typewriters in India v.ith materials imported from Sweden. Initially it made purchases through a firm known as A.B. Atvidabergs (later known as Facit A.B.). In 1963 the Rayala Corporation decided to import
certain materials through another firm called the Associated Swedish Steels A.B., Sweden (ASSAB). Appellant No. 1 a Swedish nati"nal, was at the relevant time export manager of A.B. Atvidaberg:;; in 1966 he also became a director of Rayala Corporation. In November 1968 appellant no. 1 waa travelling by aircr~ft from Singapore to Karachi. The aircraft became grounded at Delhi. The Director of Enforcement, New Delhi,
acting under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 took appellant no. 1 into custody and detained him. He was served with a notice of adjudication under the Act; the notice purported to be in continuation of one nlready given to Rayala Corporation under s. 23C of the Act. Appellant No. I challenged his detention by a petition under Art. 32 of the Constitution. In this Court
a statement was made on behalf of the ·respondents that a complaint had already been filed against the appellants under s. 120-B of the Indian Penal Code read with certain sections elf the Foreign Exchange Regttlation Act.
Jn the said complaint it was alleged that in 1963 when appellant no. 2 had gone to Sweden he told AppeJant no. I of the decision taken by the Rayala Corporation to buy certain materials from ASSAB. He fur- ther informed Appellant no. 1 that arrangements
had been made with ASSAB to over invoice to the goods by 40%, and that the said ex.cess over the true value would be kept in a bank in the personal account of appellant no. 2. Appellant no. 1 agreed to help Appellant no. 2 in open- ing the said account and keeping it secret; he also agreed to keep a watch over the account and to bring copies of it whenever he visited India. This according to the complaint amounted to a conspiracy between Appellants nos. 1 and 2 within the meaning of s. 120-B of the Indian Penal Code for the purpose elf illegal acquisition of foreign e<change by appellant no. 2 and retaining the same abroad in contravention of ss. 4(3), 5(1)(el and 9 of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act and
Rule 132-A of the Defence of India (Amendment) Rules, 1964. It was alleged that appel- lant no. 1 actua11y sent to appellant no. 2 from time to time statements of the illegal account ooened in Sweden in pursuance of the cons.Piracy. It was further alleged that in November 1965 ~poellant no. 1 came to India and again agreed to continue heloing appellant no. 2 in operating the 'foreign account. The appellants filed petitions in the. Madras High c
c p SCH\;SSLER V. DIR. E1'FORCEME~T (Reddy, J.) Court asking it to quash the '1iri complaint. These petitions having been dismissed the appellants appealed to this Court. It was contended on be· .half of the appellant• : (i) that s·. 120-B of the I.P.C. did not apply to the caso because s. 21 (I) of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, cover· ed tho >amc grounds; (ii) ihat when the alleged agreement was made in 1963 the objects of it were not illegal because they became so unly on the enactment of r. 132A of the Defence of India Rules in 1964 and the amendment of s. 4 of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act in 1965. It was urged that whatever appellant
no. 1. did or agreed to do after the passing of these Jaw. did not constitute any offence and therefore he could not be said to have taken part in a criminal conspiracy. HELD: Per Sikri. Ray and Reddy, JJ.-The appeals must be dis-
missed. ( i) The combined effect of the several provisions of s. 21 does not sul'P."'t the view that sub-s. ( 1) covers a case of criminal conspiracy simtlar to s. 120-B. Section 21 does not in terms deal with an agreement to commit an offence or a legal act in an illegal way but merely provides that an agreement or contract by itself ought not to evade or avoid the provisions of the Ac:t. The agreement entered into between ASSAD and appellant no. 2 would, if proved, come within the mischief of s. 21 (1) but the agreement such ns the one alleged to have been entered into be· tween appellant no. I and appellant no. 2 does not itself evade or avoid any of the provisiont of the Act, rules, or directions. The words directly or indirectly do not take in any agreement to be illegal acts .in future. (769 H·770 BJ
(ii) For the oft'ence of COMpiracy as deftned in s. 120-A of the In· dian Penal Code there muat be a meeting of minds in the doing of an illegal act or the doing of a legal act by illegal means. If in the further· ance of the conspiracy certain person& are induced to do an unlawful act without the knowledge of the conspiracy or the plot they cannot be held to be conspirators, though they may be guilty of an offence pertaining to the specific unlawful act. The offence of conspiracy is complete when two or more conspirators have agreed to do or cause to be done an act which it itself an offence, in which ca'° no overt act need be established. An agreement to do an illegal
act which amounts to a conspiracy will continue as Ion~ as the members of the conspiracy remain in agreement and as long as they are acting in accord and in furtherance df the object for which they entered into the agreement.
[770 D·FJ The contenti0n that the acts of appellant no. l in watching the bank account in Sweden on behalf of apoellant no: 2 and keening him inform- ed about it did not cQnstitute any offence and therefore he was not guilty of the offence of conspiracy, could not be accepted. The several acts which constiture a conspiracy cannot be split up into parts and the liability of apnellant no. l could not be jud!!ed by the part that he played. The entire aveement mu<t be viewed as a whole and it had to be ascertained as to what in fact the con<pirators intended to do nr the object they want· ed to achieve.
[771 D·E] In this case on the allegations appellant no. 2 asked appellant no. I to helt> him in acquiring foreign excban~e illegally and appellant no. J agreed to help him. Thk agreement though initially may not have
bee~ an offence was none the Jess an offence subsequently, but appellant no. l did not withdraw from it and was said to have continued to carry out the agreement. The help of appellant no. l was necessary to the desil:ll of appollant no. 2 bec8me ot~se be would not know whether ASSAB was In fact crediting bis '*aunt in the bank with the · amount ,of over 7c2
SUPREMJ:t° COURT REPORTS ( 1970] 2 S.C.R. in\oice. Appdlani no. 1 kept appellant no. 2 supplied with necessary in· f1:il·n1ation "from time to time and agreed while in Madra6 in 1965 to con• tlnue, to help appellant Ol). 2 The several acts of appe!Jant no. 1 were rill acts Jn. ~onsequence of the agreement which had its origin in Sweden. Appe_~lant no. 2 also in pursuance of the conspiracy acquired foreign ex· change in· Sweden.
Therefore on the aJ'~gations contained in the com .. plaint appellant no. I an<l appellant no. 2 could be charged with an offence under s. 120-B. [771 H-772 E] M/s. Raya/a Corporation (P) Ltd. & Anr- v.
Director of En/~ ment, New Delhi. [1970] 1 S.C.R. 639 and Denis Doll'/ing Mule/iv v. Queen LR. 3 H.L. 305. 317. referred to. Per Mitter and Hedge. JJ. (dissenting).-The appeals must be allowed. Per Mitter, J.-(i) An agreement by two persons whereby one agrees ro ·help the other by 'facilitating transfer of foreign
exchange from a fol'ei311 exporter into the h;inking account of that other i~ an agreement tne:·· object \Vhereof is not only the acquisition of ·foreign exchange but the retention of 'it .abro:-id.
This· is clearly an agreement to evade lhe opera- tion of tho· provision< of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act relating to the illegal ""·acquisition and retention· of 'foreign exchange within the mean- ing of s. 21 ( 1) of the Act.
So far as the violation of the different provi- sionS" of the Act or rule or direction or order made thereunder are con- cerned the Act is a complete code including within its ambit by reason of •· 21(1) a criminal conspiracy to acquire foreign exchange abroad illicitly and retaining l)ie same abroad. The offence alleged against the appellant< in the:· esent case therefore •fell under s. 23(1A) read withs. 21(1) of the Act and no ·complaint lay under s. 120-B of the Indian Penal Code. [7,81 E-F, 782 B. 783 HJ
. (ii) Jn the Raya/a Corporation's case this Court laid down that com- plaint under s. 23(1) (I>) cannot be launched before the Director of En- forcement has taken up the adjudication
proceedings and made some inquiry in these proceedings and formed the opinion that it was necessary to have resort to the more drastic provisions of conviction hy a court n:t. envisaged by s. 23 ( 1 ){b). fn the present case no proceedings had heen started either agairu;t appellant no. 1 or appellant no. 2 in pursuance of the notices o'f adjudication issued against them.
Therefore in respect of the substantive offences for contravention of the different sections of the Act the Director of Enforcement could not make a complaint before first having followed the procedure laid down in s. 23D of the Act. It would be absurd to allow him to file a complaint for violation of s. 21 ( 1) bv making a charge under s. 1;10-B 1.P.C. when the overt acts alle~ed were contraventions of different provisions of the Act punishable only under s. 23 (1 )(b) by following the procedure indicated in s. 23D. To allow the pro<eculion to he proceeded "ith .at this sta~e would in effect be stulti- fyin~ in s. 23 ( 1) (b). Accordingly the complaint filed under s. l 20P of the J.P.C. agninst the appellants must be quoshed.
[7R2 C-F) Per Hegde. J.-(i) Th(' arpcals must be allo\11ed follo\vine the rule laid. <lcnvn bv this Court in lhe Raya/a Corporation'.v ca"r. Jt-i., a funda· mental princiri1e of 1:nl· that \\'h:tt cannot be done · directlv ~hould not he pcrnlittcd to he done indirectly.
[784 A-B} (ii) From the .'fncts and circumstances of the ca~e it -was clear that the compbint wai pot a hom fid•.one •. It ·had been .filed with a collateral purpose ric .. to iustify the unlawful .detention of appellant no. l in this
country. [784 B-C] c c SCHUSSLER V. DIR. ENFORCEMENT (Reddy,/.)' (iii) Even if all the facts stated in the complaint were accepted as correct the same did not amount to an offence under s. 120B of the In- dian Penal Code. These allegatioos merely made out that appellant no. I was an accessory after the fact and not that he was a conspirator. If a person agreed with a robher to rece-ivc the stolen property to arrange !for its safe keeping he does not become a co-conspirator with the robber in the commission of the offence of robbery.
On the facts alleged it was clear that appellant no. I had nothing to do either with the acquisition of foreign exchange by appellant no. 2 or in the matter of the latter"s failure to repatriate the same to this country. The allegation against him \Vas that he provided facility for its retention in Sweden.
[786 A-ll] CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal App~als Nos. 113 and I63 of I969. Appeals from the judgment and order dated April 16, 1969 of Madras High Court in Criminal Misc. Petitions Nos. 469 and 62I of 1969.
A. K. Sen, N. C. Raghavachm·i, W. Setharaman and R. Gopalakrish.ian, for the appellant (in Cr.A. No. 113 of I969). M. C. Setalvad, N. C. Raghavachari, W. S. Setharaman and R. Gopa/akrishnan, for the appellant (in Cr. A. No. I63 of I969). Jagadish Swarup, Solicitor-General, R. H. Dhebar, B. D.
Sharma and S. P. Nayar, for the resJX>ndents (in both the appeals). The Judgment of S!KRI, RAY and ]AGAN MOHAN REDDY, JJ. was delivered by REDDY J. MITTER and HEGDE, JJ. delivered
dissenting Opinions. Jaganmohan Reddy, J. The Director of Enforcement, New Delhi, filed a complaint on February 16, 1969 before the Chief Presidency Magistrate, Madras against Lennart Schussler, accused I, and M. R. Pratap, accused 2, Managing Director, The Rayala Corporation Ltd, hereinafter referred to as
A. I and A.2 res- pectively, under section 120-B I.P.C. and ss. 4(3), 5(1) (e) and 9 of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (VII) of 1947 (here- inafter called the Act). Two Crin1ina! Miscellaneous Petitions,
one filed by A. I being No 469 of I 969 and the other filed by A.2 being No. 62I of 1969 for quas!Jng the complaint were dismissed by the Madras High Court by a common judgment against which these iwo appeals by certificate have been filed.
The ·complaint which is in respect of the acquisition of 88913.09 Swiss Kronars in contravention of the Act states that on reliable information received by the Assistant Director of En- forcement, Madras that A 2 was utilising his position as Manag- ing Director of' the Rayala Corporation Ltd. in acquiring foreign exchange illicitly; on December 20, 1966; a ~~arch was ·conduct- ed of the premises of the ssid company in the presenoe of A-2, 76.4
(1970] 2 S.C.R Jag~ Rao and the legal adviso~ of the company one Sita Ram. Durmg the search certain documenls were recovered and seized, one of which was a Jetter dated the 25th March· 1965 in Swedish language from the Associated Swedish Steels A.B. Sweden, known as ASSAB to A 1 with the enclosures. The Rayala Corporation Private Ltd. was a concern manufacturing Halda· typewriters for which purpose certain materials
were being imported from Sweden. The firm with which initia!ly t11e transactions were be- ing entered into was known as A.B. Atvidabergs, later known as Facit AB, of which A l, a Swedish national, has been the export manager. It is alleged that in August 1963, A 2 Jaga Rao and A 1 met together at Stockholm and ag,eed to a plan regarding purchase of certain raw materials, namely,
steel alloy sheets directly from ASSAB instead of purchasing them from Atvida- bergs. At that meeting A 2 informed A 1 that henceforth he would buy material on behalf of his company from ASSAB in- stead of M/s Atvidabergs.
A 2 further infonned A 1 that the arrangP.ment made between him and the ASSAB was to over- invoice the value of goods by 40 per cent of the true value and that he should be paid the difference of 40 per cent on account of the aforesaid over-invoicing by crediting it to his
personal account and that since under the laws of India this acquisition by him was unlawful and had to be kept secret, it should not be mentioned in the official correspondence of Messrs Rayala Cor- poration with the Swedish firm.
He requested the first accused to help him in opening the account in ~wenska Handles Banken, Sweden, in order not only to transfer the money lying to his credit in Atvidabergs but also to have further deposiis to his personal account from ASSAB on account of the difference between the actual value and the over-invoiced value.
A 1 agreed to act as requested by A 2. A 2 made arrangement wiih ASSAB to inti- mate to A 1 the various amounts credited to A 2's account and asked A 1 to keep a watch over the correctness of the account and io further intimate to him the account position from time to time throu11h unofficial channels and whenever A 1 came to India. A 1 is said to have agreed to comply with this request. Subsequently in November 1965 A 1 came to frlia when he is said to have brought the incriminating letier dated the 25th March 1965 which was seized.
He is said to have also agreed at that time with A 2 to continue to help him to accumulate foreign ex- chan.Qe illegally in the same mannbr. In September 1966 also A 1 arrived at Madras where he stayed for a month and at that time also he brou$i further details of the account. Tue gravamen of the charge is set out in paragraph 9 of the complaint as follows :- "Thus it is clear that A 1 and A 2 agreed to commit illegal acts, namely, acquisition by A 2 of foreign exchange illicitly and re- taining the same abroad without surrendering the same to the Government of India and also to defraud_ the Government of II
c SCHUSSLER v. DIR. ENFORCEMENT (Reddy, ] . ) 7 6 5 India of foreign exchange thereby contravening Sections 4(3), 5 ( 1) ( e) and 9 of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act and Rule 13,2A of the Defence of India (Amendment) Rules, 1964 anct further that between August 1963 and 1966 A l
and A 2 in pursuance of the said agreement did commit acts in contraventfon of sections 4 ( 3), 5 (I) ( e) and 9 of the Foreign Exchange Regu- laticm Act and Rule 132 A of the Defence of India (Amendment) Rules, 1964 and thereby commitied offence punishable under sec. 120 B of the Indian Penal Code, read with St)Ctions 4(3), 5(1) (e) and 9 of the F.E.R. Act and Rule 132 A of the Defence of India (Amendment) Rules. 1964".
The complaint also refers to the fact that C.C. No. 8736 of 1968 had already been filed against the Rayala Corporation fri- vate Ltd. In view of this reference it is necessary, for a ~tter appreciation of the issues involved in this petition, to give a brief account of the earlier proceedings taken by ihe Directorate of Enforcement in this regard. It appears that the earlier notice sent by the Enforcement fiirectorate daied the 25th August 1967 was for the contravention of the Act in respect of 244,713.70 Swiss Kronars alleged to have been deposited in A 2's bank account, which amount included 88,913.09 Swiss Kronm. This notice
was followed by a further show cause,notice under ~. 23(3) of the Act dated the 4th Novemb.~r 1967 to A 2 as to why he should not be prosecuted in respect of 88,913.09 Swiss Kronars. A 2 in his reply of November 13, 1967 to the show cause notice of the 25th August 1967 denied the allegations. The Enforecment Director further issued another show cause notice dated the 15th 1 November 1967 to the other directors of the Corporation and its General Manager, Jaga Rao in coniinuation of the notice date.cl the 25th AUl!USt asking them to show cause why adjudication proceedings should not be instituted. On November 29, 1967, A 2 replied to the notice of the 4th November 1967 denying the allegations.
Thereafter on January 20, 1968 the Director of Enforcement issued a notice to the Rayala Corporation to show cause whv it should not be orosecuted for violation in respect of 88,913.09 Swiss Kronars. Two months later, namely, on March 16, 1968, a revised show cause notice was issued to the Corpora· tion and A 2 supersedimr the notice of 25th Auj!Ust 1967 and intimatine: to them tha• thev were prosecuting the Corporation and A 2 for the contravention of the Foreign Exchange Ree:ula- tion Act in respect of ~8.913.09 Swiss Kronars. Four davs there· after the Direcior of Enforcement filed a comolaint aj!ainst the Cornoration ·and A 2 under r. 132-A of the Defence of India Rules and ss. 4(1), 4(3). and 5(1 )(e) of the)\ct. Both the Corooration and A 2 .filed Criminal Misc. P~titions, beinl! respec- tivelv Nos. 978 and 980 of 1968. for quashing the complaint but the· Hfah Court of Madras dismissed these petitions in October (1970] 2 S.C..11..
1968. Two appeals by certificate preferred against that order, being Criminal Apneals Nos. 18 and 19 of 1969, were allowed by this Court on July 23. 1969, setting aside the order of the
High Coun rejecting the applications under s. 56 l A of the Cude of Criminal PrnccJure for quashing the proceedings against the appcJlants therein. While the above proceedings were pending,
A 1 who happened to be a passenger travelling by an aircraft from Singapore to Karachi via Palam was detained on November 2 7. 1968 bv the officers of the Office of the Enforcement Directo- rate when ihe aircraft' which had landed at Palam on November 26, 1968 for refuelling had to be temporarily grounded due to engine trouble. On November 30, 1968, the Enforcement Direc- torate served a notice for adjudication on A 1 in his capacity as a director of the Rayala Corporation which was purported to be in continuation of the previous adjudication notice dated August 25, I 967 issued to the company under s. 23 C of the Act. These allegations were also denied by A I on the 30th January I 969 and on 5th February 1969 A 1 filed a writ petition in this Court for the issue of a writ of habeas corpus. It is however unneces- sary to mrrate the various stages of this and the subsequent peti- tions for directing A 1 's release and for according him permission to leave this country for Sweden. The subsequent writ petition filed by him after the withdrawal of the first one fifed on 5th Feb- ruary 1969, came up for hearing along with these criminal appeals and this Court on the I 0th September 1969 while allowing the writ petition to be withdrawn pas~ed a consent order permitting A 1 to depart from India provided he furnishes ban guarantee in the foreign exchange equivalent of Rs. 1,50,000/-
in Swedish Kronars and on his undertaking to appear before the Chief Presi- dency Magistrate, Madras or any other Magistrate to ·.•nom the complaini case might be transferred at the time of the disposal thereof.
The main question in these appeals is whether A 1 can be charged in respect of acts alleged against him in the complaint with an offence under s. 120B I.P.C. or with offences under the several provisions of the Act and r. 132 A of the Defence of India Rules, read with s. 120B I.P.C.
Before considerinJ! this question it is necessary to mention that at the time of the alleged agreement between A I and A 2 at Stockholm neither the Defence of India Rules nor the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act contained any
provision specifically m:iking it an offence for a person resident in India to acquire foreign exchange abroad. Rule 132 A of the Defence of India Rules was added on 21st January 1964 by Defence of India
(Amendment) Rules 1964 by which dealings in foreign exchange by persons other than an authorised person were prohibited. The c c SCHUSSLER V. DIK. ENFORCEMENT (Reddy, l.) provision remained in force till 3 l st March 1965 when it was repeaJcc!.
:section 4 of the Foreign Exchange Regulauon Act was also amendec! as from !st April 1965 so as to prohibit the buying or otherwise acquiring or borrowing or selling or other- wise transferring or lenc!inv, to any person other than an autho- nsed c!ealer any foreign excllange without the previous general or 'pcc1al permission of the Reserve Bank.
It is therefore apparent that at the time when the alleged agreement between A I, A 2 and Jaga Rao is said to have taken place in Stockholm in August 1963 it was neither an otfence under the Defence of India Rules nor under the Act to acquire foreign
exchange in a forei5.1 country. But it is contended by the learned Solicitor General that pursuant to that agreement A 1 continued to heir and agreed to help even after it became an offence unc!er the Defence of !ndia Rules or under the Act and consequently no exception can be taken to the complaint against A 1.
At any rate, s. 21 ( 1) of the Act would cover such agreements which are offences and consequently the accused can be charged with s. 120B I.P.C. On the other hand, learned counsel for
the appellants Shri Asoke Sen submits that firstly, there was no mention of any allegation against A 1 in the several show cause notices issued either to the Rayala Corporation or to the director•; of that Corporation or to A 2 but it is an after thought brought about by the mechanisation of Jagga Rao who was hostile and inimical to A 2; secondly, as it appears 011 the enquiry made by A 2 at the instance of the Enforcement Directo- rate from Swenska Handel~: Banken,
Stockholm, that in fact there is no account as alleged either in the name of the Rayala Corporation or in the name of the Managing . Director of the Rayala Corporation, that is, A 2. there would be no basis for th<' complaint; and thirdly, the agreement alleged does
not either come under s. l 20B l.P.C. or would amount to a contravention of any of the provisions of the Act including s. 21 (1) thereof. It would not be necessary at this stage to go into these questions because what has to be seen is whether, assuming the facts as stated in the complaint to be true, '\ l and A 2 could be charged with the offences specified therein.
The answer to this question must depend upon the nature of the pan which A l agreed to play in the acquisition· of· the foreign exchange under which agreement he is said to have continued to participate in the conspiracy by rendering help to. A 2 in acquiring foreign exchange even after 21st 0f January 1964 and also till after the am,~ndmcnt of s. 4(1) o[ the Act.
Under .s. 120B tl1ere must be an agreement between two or more persons to commit an offence or where the· agreement does not amount to an offence in the doing of an act which is legal, in an illegal. way there should a:so he established an overt act. Tn [!970] 2 S.C.R.
so far as the offence under r. 132A of the Defence of India Rules is concerned, in 1963 what Pratap did was not an offence, nor was it an offence under the Act as s. 4 was amended with effect from !st April 1965. In so far as any acts which may be considered to constitute an offence under r.
! 32A of the Defence of India Rules, it has been held by this Court in Crimi- nal Appeals Nos. 18 and 19 of 1969, decided on 23rd July 1969 (Raya/a Corporation etc. v. Director of Enforcement) that no prosecution can be launched for an offence under that provision subsequent to the repeal as there i,; 110 saving provision there- under.
It is then contended that the agreement entered into in 1963 continued to be effective even after the acquisition of foreign ex- change became an offence after the amendment of the Act on !st April 1965, and at any raie after this amendment an agree- ment by A 1 to assist A 2 was again said to have been arrived at in Madras in 1965. It is,
therefore, necessary to examine whether such an agreement would constitute an offence and if so under what provision of law. The agreement in Madras has a reference to the initial agreement in Sweden.
This alleged agreement between A. 1 and A. 2, as set out in the complaint, can be briefly stated· to consist of tl)e following, namely, in August 1963 A 2 asked A 1 to help him (a) to open an account in Swenska Handels Banken, Stockholm, (b) to get the money lying to A 2's credit with Atvidaberge accumulated by him· as a result of over-invoicing transferred to Pratap's account with the bank and ( c) to keep a watch on and check the correctness of the account of the acquisitions from time to time and not to men- tion anything in the official correspondence but to give informa- tion otherwise. Evea in Madras in 1965, A 1 is alleged fo have agreerl to keep a watch on the account and bring him statements of the account. The offence by A 2 under the Act would con- sist of getting the goods which the Rayala Corporation was pur- chasing over-invoiced by 40 per cent so that permission to remit foreign exchange from India to the extent of the amount of the over-invoice could be obtained from the Reserve Bank and after money is received in Sweden by the Swedish company that com- pany was to credit Pratap's (A 2) account with 40 per cent of the over-invoice price. If these facts are established, they cer- tainly amount to a contravention of cl. (1) and cl. ( 3) of s. 4 which provide that where any foreign exchange is acquired by any person other than by any authorised dealer for any particular purpose or where any person has been permitted conditionally to acquire foreign exchange the said person shall not use the foreign exchange so acquired otherwise than for that ·purpose or as the case may be, fail to comply with any condition to which the per- mission granted to him is subject, and where any foreign ex- change so acquired cannot be so used or. as the case may be. the c
II SCHUSSLER v. DIR. ENFORCEMENT (Reddy, /.) A condition cannot be complied with, the said person shall without delay sell the foreign exchange to an authorised dealer. Now it is alleged· that A 2 Pratap has in breach of this condition .on which foreign exchange was released to the Rayala Corporauon to pay the actual cost of the goods has not only not complied with the conditions on which the permission was granted but has also e
committed default in not selling the foreign exchange so acquired by him without delay to an authorised dealer. Before dealing with Ow question whether the agreement of A 1 to help A 2 amounts to criminal conspiracy punishable
under s. 120B I.P.C., it will be convenient first to dispose of the c submission thats. 120B LP.C. does not apply because s. 21(1) covers the same ground. It would appear that the alleged agiee· ment between A 1 anJ A 2 is not one which transgresses s. 21 (I ) of the Act. What s. 21 ( 1) provides is that the provisions of the Act must be avoided or evaded by the agreement or contract itself. The contracts or agreements are those which are entered into during the course of commer,cial transactions and it is the intention of the legislature to prohibit that such contracts or agreements ought not to provide for the evasion or avoidance of any of the provisions of the Act either directly or indirectly. This assumption is made clear by the subsequent sub-section in which the legislature i.~ anxious to preserve the integrity of these trans- actions by providing that any reference to any act being done E without the permission of the Central Government or Reserve Bank shall not render the agreement invalid and 1t shall be an implied term of every contract governed by the law of any part of India that anything agreed to be done by any term of that con- tract which is prohibit.eel to be done by or under any of the pro- visions of this Act eXcept with the. permission of the Central Gov- ernm~nt\ir Reserve Bank shall not be done unless such permis- sion is granted.
Sub-sec. ( 3) provides that notwithstanding anything in the Act or any provision in the contract that anything for which permission has to be obtained from the Central Govern- ment or Reserve Bank shall not be done without that permission, no .lel!;al proceedings shall be prevented from bein,~ brought in I~d1a to recover any sum which apart from any of the said provi- G stons and any such term would he due whether as a debt damages or otherwise but subject to the certain conditions p;ovided in els. (a) to ( c) therein. Similarly, sub-s. ( 4) states that nothing shall be deemed to prevent any instrument being a bill of ex- chanj!e or promissory note in spite of any inhibitions in the Act and notwithstanding anythi.ng contained in the Negotiable Instru- ments Act. The combined effect of the several :irovisions of s. 21 does not incline us to the view that sub-s. (I) covers a case of criminal conspiracy similar to s. l 20B. Section 21 does not in terms deal with an aj!reement to commit an offence or a legal act 7 70
SUPREME a>URT REPORTS [1970) 2 S.C.R. in an illegal way but merely provides that an,..agreement or con· tract by 1tselt ought not to evade or avoid the prov1S1ons o! the Act. fhe agreement entered into between ASSAB and A 2
!'ratap would, ii proved, come within the mischief of s. 21 (1) but thi;. agreement such as the one alleged to have been entered into between A 1 and A 2 does not itself evade or avoid any of the provis10ns of the Act, rules or directions.
The words directly or indirectly do not take in any agreement to do illegal acts in future. It now remains to be seen whether the alleged agreement which A 1 and A 2 arrived at in Stockholm in 1963 and again in Madras in 1~65, would, if established, amount to a criminal conspiracy. The first of the offences defined in s. 120A Penal Code which is itself punishable as a substantive offence is the very agreement between two or more persons to do or cause to be done an illegal act or a legal act by illegal means subject however to c
the proviso that where the agreement is i:.:it an agreement to commit an offence the agreement does not amount to a conspi- racy unless it is followed up by an overt act done by one or more persons in pursuance of such au
agreement. There must be a meeting of minds in the doing of the illegal act or the doing of a legal act by illegal means. If in the furtherance of the conspi- racy certain persons are induced to do an unlawful act without the knowledge of the conspiracy or the plot they cannot be held to be conspirators. though they may be guilty of an offence per- taining to the specific unlav.ful act.
The offence of conspiracy is complete when two or more conspirators have agreed to do or cause to be done an act which is itself an o!'euce, in which ca&e no overt act need be established. It is also clear that an agree· ment to do an illegal act which amounts to a conspiracy will con· tinue as Jon/;! as the members of the conspiracy remain in agree- ment and as long as they are acting in accord and in furtherance of the object for which they entered into the agreement.
As has been noticed earlier at tire time A I and A 2 entered into an agreement though A 2 thought it was an offence to acquirl:' foreign exchange by the method he was employing it was
nor in fact an offence. It is none the Jess alleged that A 1 agreed to help in t11e belief that what he is doing would be to assist A 2 to acquire foreign exchange illegally. This agreenmt continued and A I was assisting A 2 even after the acquisition of foreign exchange became illegal and is said to have agreed even after ne came to Madras in 1965 to continue to help in acquiring the foreign exchange. It is however contended that the agreement of A I with A 2 docs not am&unt to a criminal conspiracy because all that A 1 has agreed to do was to help A 2 to open an account in the Swedish Bank. haYe the amounts !yin~ t'o the credit of A " SCHUSSLER V, DIR. ENFORCEMENT (Reddy, J,)
with. Atvidabergs to that account and to help A 2 by keeping a watch over the account. It is true that none of these acts .amounts to an offence, because the opening of the account in the Bank and having the amounts transferred from Atvidabergs was not an offence in August 1963, and there is nothing to show that A 1 had not completed that part of the agreement reiating to B Atvidabergs and the opening of the account with the bank before January 1%4 or that he had rendered the assistance after that date. if this part of the agreement does not amount to a conspi- racy to do an unlawful act, then it is submitted that the subse- quent watching over the account and sending pr bringing a state- ment of the account of A 2 relating to the acquisition of the C foreign exchange does not amount to an offence.
The agreement which constitutes an offence, it is said is the one between A 2 and ASSAB. The subsequent act of A 1 was neither necessary to acquire nor does it further the acquisition of th.~ foreign exchange in contravention of the provisions of the Act and is therefore not an offence under s. 120B of the Penal Code. This argument
would postulate that the several acts which constitute it can be D split up in parts and the criminal liability of A 1 must only be judged by the part he has played. It appears to us that this is not a justifiable contention, because what has to be seen is whether the agreement between A 1 and A 2 is a conspiracy to do or continue to do something which is iilegal and if it is, it is immaterial whether the agreement to do any of the acts in further- ance of the C()lfllllission of the offence do not strictly amount to an offence. The entire agreement must be viewed as a whole and it has to be ascer<ained as to what in fact ihe conspirators in- tended to do or the object they wanted to achieve. As .observed by Willis, J. in his 11th answer given on behalf of the Judges when consulted by the Lord Chancellor i& Denis Dowling Mulcahy v. Queen(')
"A conspiracy consists not merely in the intention of two or more, but in the agreement of two or more to do an unlawful act or to do a lawful act by unlawful means. So long as such a design rests in intention only,
it is not indictable. When two agree to carry it into effect, the very plot is an act in itself, and the act of each of the parties promise against promise, actus contra actum, capable of being enforced, if lawful,
punishable if for a criminal object or for the use of cri- minals means." In this case on the allegations A 2 asked A 1 to help him in acquiring foreign P-Xchange illegally and A 1 agreed to help him. This agreement though initially may not have been an offence (!) L.ll3H.L. 305,317
LS Sup. Cl/70-4 SUl'REMB COURT ltEPORJ'S [1970] 2 s.C.it was none the less an offence subsequently but A 1 did not with- draw from 1t and was said to have conunued to carry out that ag,eement. A 1 's help was necessary tor A Z's des1gn
because otherwise he would not know whether ASSAB was in tact credit- ing his account in the bank with t11e amount of over-invoice. Only when ASSAB credited A .l's account could he be said to have acquired the foreign exchange till then it was only an under- standing or agreement under which if it 1s enforceable a
debt would be created in favour of A 2. The knowledge that the ammmt was being credited from time to time was an . essential part of the agreement between A l and A 2 and would be in
furtherance of illegal and unlawful design to acquire foreign ex- change contrary to the provisions of the Act. It consisted m, as has alre~dy been stated in A 1 keeping a watch over the accounts, his coming over to India on several occasions, his bringing a Jetter in reply to his Jetter, with a statement of account annexed in November 1965 from ASSAB to himself, in which the amouni of foreign exchange credited by ASSAB to A z··s
account with Swenska. Handels Banken was mentioned, his statement at the \ime of handing it over that he brought the letter in person as he did not want to send it by post in view of the nature of the transac- tions and his further agreeing in Madras with A 2 that he will continue to help him. The several acts of A 1 are all acts in consequence of the agreement which had its· origin in Sweden. A 2 Pratap one of the conspirators also in furtherance of that conspiracy obtained foreign exchange invoices which were over priced with a view to acquire the same in Sweden. It would, therefore, appear that on the allegations contained in the com- plaint A 1 and A 2 could be charged with an · offence under s. 120B.
These appeals are accordingly dismissed with a word of caution that nothing that has been stated here should be taken as establishing any of the facts required to constitute the offence which if the prosecution case has to be sustained must be proved at ihe trial in accordance with law.
Mitter, J, These two appeals by certificate arise out of a common judgment of the Madras High Court in Crl. M.P. 469/ 1969 and Cr!. M.P. No. 621/1969, the object of both being to quash the complaint in C.C. No. 5438 of 1969 on the file of the Court of the Chief Presidency Magistrate, Egmore, Madras. Cr. M.P. 469 of 1969 was by Lennart Schussler while Cr. M.P. 621/ 1969 was by M. R. Pratap. The complaiIJt before the Chief
Presidency Magistrate was .filed on February 16, 1969 by the Oireclor of Enforceinent against· Schussler ~nd Pratap under s. 120-B of the Indian Penal Code read with various sections of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947.
c SCHUSSLER v. DIR. ENFORCEMENT (Mitter, J.) In order to appreciate how the complaint came to be made, it is necessary to note a few facts which preceded it. The Rayala Corporation Private Ltd., (hereinafter referred to as the 'Corporation') used .to manufacture Halda typewriters and in that connection import materials through A. B. Atv1dabergs, Sweden later known as Facit AB. M. R. Pratap· was the Man1g1ng
8 Director of the Corporation. Schussler, a Swedish national, has been export manager of Facit AB for many years. He became a director of the corporation in April 1956. On information re- ceived about violation of· The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Act') the Enforcement Directo- rate raided the premises of the corporation at Madras on 20tl. and 21st December, 1966 and seized certain records.
Accord- C ing to the information at the Directorate a plan had been hatched in August 1953 between Pratap, Schussler and one Jaggarao, General Manager of the Corporation, in Stockholm regarding purchase of raw materials by the corporation directly from a firm known as ASSAB instead of Facit AB to give effect to an arrangement already made by Pratap with ASSAB to over-in-
D voice the value of the goods imported by the corporation by 40% of •heir true value thereof and the difference of 40 per cent to be paid to the personal account of Pratap. The part played by Schussler was to help Pratap in opening an account in Swenska Bandela Banken, Sweden (hereinafter referred to as the 'bank') and to transfer the moneys lying to his credit to Facit AB and to have further deposits made to his personal account on account of E over-invoicing by Assab. It is the case of the Directorate that Pratap had been acquiring large amounts of foreign exchange abroad by the above means from before 1963 and had retained the same abroad to put it beyond the reach of the Government of India. On August 25, 1967 the Enforcement Directorate sent a notice to the corporation and Pratap alleging violations of ss. 4 II'
( 1) and 9 of the Act calling upon them to show cause why ad- judication proceedings under the Act should not be had. The notice was not only in respect of 88,913–09 Krs. but an addi- tional sum making a total of 244,713-. 70 Sw. Krs. alleged to have been deposited in a bank account.
This was f.illowed by a further show cause notice dated November 4, 1967 from the Directorate to Pratap under s. 23 ( 3) of the Act for prosecuting him under the Act in respect of 88,9B–09 Krs.
On November 13, 1967 Pratap replied to the show cause notice dated August 25, 1967 denying the allegations. On November 15, 1967 the Directorate sent show Cl\USe notices to the other Directors of the Corporation and its Manager in continuation of the notice dated 25th August asking them to show cause why adjudication pro- H ceedings should· not be instituted. On 29th November 1967 Pi:atap denied the allegations in the notice dated 4th November. On 20th January· 1968 notice was issued by the Director of En- (1970] 2 S.C.R.
forcement to the Corporation to show cause. why it should not be p1osecuted for the vmlation of the Act in respect of 88,913-09 ;:,w. Krs. On March lo, 1968 a revised adjudication show cause nouce was issued by the Director of Enforcement to the Corpora- 11011 and Pratap superseding the notice dated August 25, 1967 and informing them that they were prosecuting the Corporation and Pratap tor 88,913-09 Sw. Krs. and adjudicating in respect oi 155,801 Sw, Krs.
On March 20, 1968 the Director of En- forcement filed a complaint agamst the Corporation and Pratap under rule 132A of the Defence of India Rules and ss. 4(1), 4(3) and 5(l)(e) of the Act.
The Corporation and Pratap filed Cr. M. Ps. 978 and 980 of 1968 for quashing the complaint. The High Court of Madras dismissed thes.e petitions in October 1968. The appeals preferred to this Court on a certificate were disposed of in July 1969 quashing the complaint.
Schussler happened to be a passenger travelling by an air- craft from Singapore to Karachi via Palam in November 1968. When the aircraft touched at Palam for a short space of time engine trouble was noticed and all the passengers including Schussler were asked to spend the rest of the night at a hotel until the aircraft became airworthy once more. Before Schussler could board the plane the next day i.e. 27th November 1968 he was taken to the Enforcement Directorate office and interrogated. His departure from India was prohibited at the instance of the Director of Enforcement under the Foreigners Order of 1948. On Novem- ber 30, 1968 Schussler was served with an adjudication notice dated Noven:ber 15, 1967 under s. 23-C of the Act in his capa- city as Director of the Corporation and the notice was described as in continuation of the previous adjudication notice dated 25th August 1967 issued to the company. On 13th Decemb~r 1968
Schussler replied to the show cause notice denying the allegations. On January 21, 1968 Schussler was served with another adjudi- cation notice similar to the notice of 16tn March 1968 in his capacity as Director of the Corporation under s. '23-C of the Act. On 30th January 1969 Schussler denied the al!egations in the last adjudication notice. On February 5, 1969 Schussler filed a Writ Petition in this Court for the issue of a writ of habeas corpus etc. On 17th February, 1969 when the said Writ Petition came up for hearing b~fore this Court a statement was made on behalf of the respondents that a complaint C.C. No. 5438 of 1969 had already been filed in the Court of the Chief Presidency Magistrate Madras under s. 120B I.P.C. read with different sections of the Act. A suggestion was then made that Schussler might be per- mitted to leave fndia by giving security by way of a bank guarantee for Rs. 1,50,000. Ultimately, on April 2C 1969 when the Writ Petition came up for hearing before this Court a consent order was made and the respondent agreed to withdraw the order dated November 30, 1968 w1der the Foreigners Act on condition thaf c
SCHUSSLER v. DIR. ENFORCEMENT (Mitter, J.) Schussler should move for bail before the Chief Presidency Magis- trate and then apply for permission to the Foreigners Registration Officer to leave India. The Chief Presidency Magistrate granted ball to Schussler on two sureties but his application for permis- sion to the Foreigners Registration Officer was rejected on the objection raised by the Additional Director, Enforcement.
On B April 30, 1969 Schussler filed Writ Petition No. 144 of 1969 for the issue of a writ of habeas corpus directing the respvndents, the Foreigners Regional Registration Officer and others,
to allow him to leave the territory of India and for other reliefs. This Writ Petiiion came up for hearing before this Court along with the above Criminal Appeals Nos. 113 and 163 of 1969 on 8th September.
On 10th September the Court ordered that the Foreigners Regional Registration Officer would pennit him to leave India on condiiion of his giving a bank guarantee for 155,800 Sw. Krs. and on his undertaking to appear before the Chief Presidency Magistrate Madras or any other Magistrate to whom the complaint case might be transferred at the time of disposal.
The complaint in this case filed on February 16, 1969 by the Director of Enforcer.J.ent recites that to the knowledge of Schussler Pratap had before August 1963 acquired foreign ex- change amounting to 7:56,529 Sw. Krs. by getting Facit AB
to over-invoice the goods imported by the Corporation by 40 per E cent of their true value and that in August 1963 an agreement was arrived at in Stockholm between Pratap, Schussler and Jaggarao for the opening of an account in the name of Pratap in tbe banl<: with the help of Schussler not only to transfer the moneys lying to the credit of Pratap in Facit AB but also to cause further depo- sits to be made in the said account from Assab on account of F similar over-invoicing by Assab cf the value elf the goods to be bought by the Corporation. Sup;:iort for the case of the Directo- rate that Pratap had been acquiring foreign exchange iJlicitly by the above ~evice of over-invoicing and retaining the same abroad in a Swedish bank was said to be received as a result of the search of the premises of the Corporation in Dece;nber 1966 and in particular the seizure of the letter dated March 25, 1965 from Assab to Schussler in reply to Schussler's letter (not in the record) to the Assab. Reference is made in the complaint to several in- voices and other documents seized during the course of search allegedly Jenaing support to the case of the Directorate. Accord- inl! to the complaint such device had been adapted by th.e Corpo- ration and Pratap in respect of 14 invoices involving 88,913-09 Krs. which had been relea1ed and secured for import of goods but was actually not utilised for the purpose and kept back abroad credited fo the personal account of Pratap thus violating the order made 'ey the Central Government by Nctification dated 25th Sep- tember 1958 No. F. I ( o7) /E/57 und~r s. 9 of the Act. This amount of 88,913-09 Sw. Krs. was said to have been acquired surreptitiously in the year I 964-65 by Praiap without the previous or general pennission of the Reserve Bank of India and Pratap had failed to offer the same to the Reserve Bank or to any autho• rised dealer within one mon(h from the date of the acquisition in terms of the notification mentioned.
The complaint goes on to relate that the leiter of 25th March, 1965 wa.s brought by Schus- sler in person to India when he came here in November 1965. The complaint also alleges that in November 1965 Schussler agreed with Pratap "to continue to help him and accordingly did help him to accumulate foreign exchange illegally in the same manner. Thereafier even later when Schussler became Director of Raya!a Corporation similar transactions were continued by him and Pratap." In September 1966 Schussler came to Madras bringing further details of the said account.
The complaint winds up with the statement that Schussler and Pratap had agreed to commit illegal acts, namely, acquisition by Pratap of foreign exchange illicitly and retaining the same abroad without surren- dering it to ihe Government of India and to defraud the Govern- ment of India of foreign exchange thereby contravening sections 4(3), 5(1)(c) and 9 of the Act and Rule 132A of the Defence of India Rules 1962 and further between August 1963 and 1966 Schus~ler and Pratap in pursuance of the said agreement did com- mit acis in contravention of the said sections of the Act and the said r. 132A and thereby committed an offence punishab!.e under s. 120B of the Indian Penal Code read with the said sections of the Act and the said rule.
The relevant provisions of the Act may now be noticed. Sub-s. ( 1) of s. 4 of the Aci as originally provided that : "Except with the previous general or special per- mission of the :Reserve Bank, no person other than an
authorised dealer shall in India, and no person resi- dent in India other than an authorised dealer shall out- side India. buy or borrow from, or sell or lend to, or ex- change with, anv person not being an auihorised dealer,
any forei1m exchan)!e." The above was considered to be sufficient to attract the ban on acquisition of foreign exchange bv other means e.g. by over- invoicing the·price of goods imported as was allee.ed to have been done by the Corooration and Prafap. The section as amend- ed with effect from April 1. 1965 contains the words "or other- wise acquire" in between the words "bv" and "or borrow from" and the word~ "or otherwise transfer" in between tlie words "sell" and "or lend to". Rule 132A of the Defence of India Rules was promul)?ated on January 21, 1964 c11red the lacuna ins. 4(f) of c
i c SCHUSSLER v. DIR. ENFORCEMENT (Mitter, ].) the Act as from the said date. But this rule was omitted from the rules by a notification dated March 30, 1965 in view of the amendment of s. 4 (1) which became effective from
April 1, 1965. S. 4(3) prohibits the use of any foreign exchange for a pur- pose other than for which it was given and runs as follows : "Where any foreign exchange is acquired by any
person other than an authorised dealer for any particu- lar purpose, or where any person has been permitted conditionally to acquire foreign exchange, the said per- son shall not use the foreign exchange so acquired other-
wise than for that purpose or as the case may be, fail to comply with any condition to which the permission granted to him is subject, and where any foreign ex- change so acquired cannot be used or, as the case may
be, the conditions cannot be complied with, the said person shall without delay sell the. foreign exchange to an authorised dealer." Section 5 contains certain restrictions on payments.
nrovisions, s. 5 (l )( e) reads : "Save as may be provided in and in accordance with any general or special exemption from the provi- sions of this sub-section which may be granted condi-
tionally by the Reserve Bank, no person in, or resident in, India shall- ( a) to (d) ( e) make any payment to or for the credit of any person as consideration for or in association with·-
(i) the receipt by any person of a payment or the acquisition by any person of property outside Ii.dia; (ii) ihe creation or transfer in favour of any person of a right whether actual or contingent to receive a pay-
ment or acquire property outside India; The Section 9 reads : "The Central Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, –0rder every person in. or resident in, India-
( a) who owns or holds such foreign exchange as may be specified in the notification, to offer it, or cause it to be offered for sale to the Reserve Bank on behalf of the Central Government or to such person as
the Reserv~ Bank may authorise for purpose, at such price [1970] 2 s.c:R. as the Central Government may fix, being a price which is in the opinion of the Central Government not less than the market rate of the foreign exchange when
it is offered for sale; (b) who is entitled to assign any right to receive such foreign exchange as may be specified in the notifi- cation to transfer that right to the Reserve Bank on
behalf of the Central Government on payment of such consideration therefor as the Central Government may fix : Provided that the Central Government may by the said notification or another order exempt any persons
or class of persons from the operation of such order : Provided further that nothing in this section shall apply to any foreign exchange acquired by a person from an authorised dealer and retained by him with the
permission of the Reserve Bank for any purpose." The other provisions which are necess.ary to note are : "S.- 21( 1) No person shall enter into any contract or agreement which would directly or indirectly evade
or avoid in any way the operation of any provision of this Act or of any rule, direction or order made there- under. S. 23 ( 1). If any person contravenes the provi- sions of section 4, section 5, section 9, section 10 or sub- section (2) of section 12, section 17, section ISA or
section I SB or of any ru)e, direction or order made thereunder, he shall- (a) be liable to such penalty not exceeding three times the value of the foreign exchange in respect of which the contravention has taken place, or five thou-
sand rupees, whichever is more, as may be adjudicated bv the Director of Enforcement in the manner herein- after provided, or (b) uoon conviction by a Court, be punishable with im1>risonment for a term which may extend to
two years, or with fine, or with both. (lA)If any person contravenes any of the provi- sions of this Act or of any rule, direction or order made thereunder. for the contravention of which no penalty
is ex1>resslv provided, he shall. uoon conviction by a court. be 1>unishabte with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with botQ. c r c SCHUSSLER v. DIR. ENFORCEMENT (Mitter, !.)
( 3) No court shall take cognizance– (a) of any offence punishable under sub-section ( 1) except upon a ctJmplaint in writing made by the Director of Enforcement, or (aa) (b) of any offence punishable under
sub-section (lA) of this section or section 23F, except upon complaint in writing made by the Director of Enforce- ment or any officer authorised in this behalf by the Central Government or the Reserve Bank by a general
or special order : Provided that where any such offence is the contra- vention of any of the provisions of this Act or any rule, direction or order made thereunder which prohibits the
doing of an act wiihout permission, no such complaint shall be made unless the person accused of the offence has been given an opportunity of showing that he had such permission. 23C. ( 1) If the person committing a contravention
is a company, every person who, at the time the contra- vention was committed, was in-charge of, and was res- ponsible to, the company for the conduct of the business of the company as well as the company, shall be deemed
to be guilty of the contravention and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly : Provided that .nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any such person liable to punishment if he
proves that the contravention took place without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to pre- vent such contravention. 23D. ( 1) For the purpose of adjudicating under
clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 23 whether any person has committed a contravention, the Director of Enforcement shall hold an inquiry in the prescribed manner after giving that person a reasonable opportu-
nity of being heard and if, on such inquiry, he is satisfied that the person has committed the contravention, he may impose such penalty as he thinks fit in accordance with the provisions of the said section 23 :
Provided that if, at any stage of the inquiry, the Director of Enforcement is of opinion that having regard to the circumstances of the case, the penalty which he is empowered to impose would not be adequate, he shall,
instead of imposing any penalty himself. make a com- plaint in wriring to the court. ( 2) While holding an inquiry under this section, the Director of Enforcement shall have power to summon
and enforce the attendance of any person to give evidence or to produce a doct:ment or any other thing which, in the opinion of the Director of Enforcement, may be useful for. or relevant to, the subject-matter of the in-
quiry. Of the two agreements mentioned in the complaint the one arriv- ed at in August 1963 was not unlawful. S. 4(1) of the Act did not make it unlawful for anyone to acquire foreign exchange abroad. Any foreign exchange acquired by Pratap after January 21, 1964 when Rule 132-A of the Defence of India Rules was promulgated would be an· unlawful acquisition but there could be no conspiracy under s. 120-A in respect of the agreement arrived at in August J 963. In paragraph 7 of the complaint it was only Pratap who was charged with contravention of s. 9 of the Act in respect of 88,9 J 3–09 Sw. Krs. bur the agreement of Novem- ber J 965 stands on a different footing. According to paragraph 8 of the complaint, Schussler agreed with Pratap at Madras
in November 1965 to help him to accumulate foreign exchange as before by getting the same credited to his account in :he bank. This agreement would be one in violation of s. 4(1) and 9 of the Act.
However any violation of s. 4(1) ors. 9 ,..- s.4"(3) and s. 5 ( 1) ( e )-the last two provisions being hardly applicable to the facts of the case-would be offences under the Act, in res- pect whereof the Director of Enforcr.ment was competent to levy penalty under s. 23 (1 )(a) of the Act after following the proce· dure for adjudication prescribed in s. 23D of the Act or alter- natively by making a complaint in court under s. 23 (1 )(b). The recent judgment of this Court in M /s. Raya/a Corf/Ora- tion ( P) Ltd. & another v. The Di:ector of Enforcement, Nell' Delhi(') arising out of the complaint in Case No. 8736 ,)f 1968 has laid down that before a coinplaint can be filed under s. 23 (! )( b) the Director of Enforcement must not only initiate pro- ceedings under s. 23 (1 )(a) but proceed with the inquiry under s. 23-D(l) and form £n opinion in course thereof that having regard to the circumstances of the case. the penalty which he was empowered to impose under s. 23(1 J(a) would nnt be adequate and that it was necessary to make a comolaint in writing to the court instead of levying a penalty himself,
——- ··—·—— (I) [1970] l S.C.R. 639. c c II SCHUSSLER v. DIR. ENFORCEMENT (Mitter, J.) Mr. Sen arguing the appeal of Schussler contended that the Act was a· complete Code containing provisions not only for punishment of violation of different sections of the Act but also a conspiracy to commit acts prohibited under the Act which might otherwise have been amenable to·the jurisdiction under s. 120-4 and 120-B of tlie Indian Penal Code.
In this connection, he refer::ed to the provisions in s. 21 ( 1 ) of the Act. Under s. 21 ( 1) any agreement which could directly or indirectly evade in any way the operation of the provisions of the Act or any rule direc- tion or order made thereon was forbidden.
The contravention of s. 21 ( 1 I does not find a place in s. 23 ( 1) of the Act but it would be an offence covered by s. 23 ( 1 A) and any contravention of s. 21 ( 1) would be punishable upon conviction by a coun with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or with fine or with both. The punishment is the same as the one pres- cribed under s. 23 ( 1 )(b) and is greater than that laid do.wn in s. 120-B(2) of the Indian Penal Code.
The learned Solicitor-General arguing the case of the respon- dents contended that s. 21 ( 1) did not touch a criminal cons- piracy which is covered by s. 120-A of the Penal Code. I find myself unable to accept this argument. An agreement which can form the basis of a criminal conspiracy under s.
120-A mav. inter a/ia be one to do or cause to be done an illegal act or ac offence. Under s. 21 ( 1) of the Act any agreement which directly or indirectly evades in any way the operation of the Act etc. is forbidden. An agreement by two persons whereby one agrees to help the other by facilitating transfer of foreign exchange from a foreign exponer into the banking account of that other is an agreement the object whereof is not only the acquisition of foreign exchange but the retention of it abroad. This is clearly an agree- ment to evade tht< operation of the provisions of the Act relat- ing to the illegal acquisition and retention of' foreign exchange. In my view, the Act is a complete-·cocte with regard to the offences specified by it thou.$ it is not a self-sufficient Code with. regard to the procedure to be followed irrespective of the provi- sions of the Criminal Procedure Code.
It is true that there arc different sections in the Act regarding the power to search persons believed to have secreted any documents which will be useful or relevant to any proceeding under the Act (s. 9-A), to arrest any person believed to be 2uilty of an offence punishable under the Act (19-B), to stop and search conveyances (19-C),
to search premises (19-D), to examine persons durine the course of any enquiry ii) connection with any offence (19-E), to summon persons to give .evidence and produce documents in connection with en- quiries (19-F), to retain custody of documents (19-G) which are not in consonance with the provisions of the Procedure Code. S. 24A contains a very special rule of evidence regarding the proof of documents seized and the evidentiary value thereof at complete variance with the Indian Evidence Act. Some of these powers are more drastic and are in addition to similar powers contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure. But so far as the violation of the different provisions· of the Act, or rule or directi0n or order made thereunder are concerned, the Act is a complete Code including in its ambit a criminal conspiracy to acquire foreign exchange abroad illicitly and retaining the same abroad by reason of the provision of s. 21(1).
The juligment of this Court in Cr. As. 18 and 19 of 1969 lays down that a complaint under s. 23 (I )(b) cannot be launched before the iilirector of Enforcement has taken up the adjudication proceedings and made some inquiry iJl those proceedings and formed the opinion that it wa.s necessary to have resort to the more drastic provision of conviction by a court as envisaged by s. 23 {!) (b).
c No proceedings have been started either against Schussl~r or Pratap in pursuance of the notices dated 30th November 1963 and 21st January 1969. It would therefore appear that in respect of the s:ibstantive offences for contravention of the different sec- tions of the Act, the Director of Enforcement cannot et present make a complaint as he has not followed the procedure laid dOWJl ln s. 23-D of the Act. It would be absurd to allow him to file a complaint for violation of s. 21 ( 1) by making a charge under s. 120-B I.P.C. when the overt acts alleged are contraventions of different provisions of the Act, punishable only under s. 23 ( 1) (b) by following the procedure indicated in s. 23-D.
To allow the proS'ecution to be proceeded with at this stage would in effect be stultifying s. 23 ( 1) (b) by allowing the establishment of com- p mission of offences punishable only by following a procedure not yet adopted by the Director of Enforcement.
Mr. Sen relied on the decision in Rex v. Barnett(') in aid of his contention that when a statute makes unlawful that which was lawful before and appoints a specific remedy that remedy and no other must be pursued. In that case a number of persons alleged to be dealers in scrap m~tal were charged on a count of an indict- ment to the effect that ti.ey conspired together and with other persons unknown to contravene the provisions of s. I of the Aucti11as (Building Agreements) Act, 1927, by being dealers, agreeing to offer ll!ld accept consideration as an inducement or rewarti for abstaining from bidding at sales by auction. What in effect had happeqed there was that the prosecution alleged that a (I) [1951] 2 K.B. 425.
.j- c SCl;ll!SSLER v, DIR. ENFORCEMENT (Miller, J.) number of persons had agreed to form a ring and in pursuance of that agreement they attended at auction sal~s where cable and other Ministry of Supply com)llodities were being sold and that after some representatives of the ring bid for and acquired goods on behalf of the ring they were re-auctioned and the profits sh~red by the ring in an agreed proportion. The forming of a ring in order to bid at an auction in the way indi(:ated was not an offence at law up to the passing of the Act of 1927 and it was ther~fore submitted on behalf of the persons who had been convicted on a count of indictment at the Central Criminal Court before the Court of Criminal Appeal that as the agreement was not an offence und~r the common Jaw and only became one under the Act of
1927 the procedure laid down by the Act should be followed. The submission on behalf of the prosecution was that the indict- ment alleged was a conspiracy which was something different from the offences which the Act created. It was pointed out by the Court of Appeal that although it was possible to frame a charge alleging conspiracy to contravene this Act in any given set of circumstances, the court lll4lst ascertain what in fa_ct was alleged. According to the 1:ourt :
"In alleging !he conspiracy to contravene the Act partjculars are gi~en, and those particulars are. 'by, ~e ing dealers, agreemg to offer and accept consideration as an inducement or reward for abstaining from bidding
at sales by auction.' This Court is of opinion that those particulars of this particular conspiracy describe in terms offences which the Act creates, or are substantially the same."
The same can be said on the facts of this case. The particulars of conspiracy alleged in this case are offences which the Act has created. In my view the Director of Enforcement must first take up the adjudication proceedings, it being open to him in the course thereof to form. an opinion that the penalty which he may impose will not be adequate having regard to the circumstances of the case, whereupon he can make a complaint in writing to the Court.
He can at the same time make a complaint about the agreement to evade the operation of the provisions of the Act calling for punishment under s. 23 (IA) of the Act. The agree- ment with overt acts alleged for proving a conspiracy under s. 120-B I.P.C. is in reality an offence under s. 23 (IA) read with s. 21 (I). The complaint does not lie at this stage and must be quashed.
In the result I would allow the appeals and quash the com- plaint made on 16th February 1967. (1970] 2 S.C.R. Hegde, J, I have gone through the judgment jus~ now read out by my esteemed colleague Mitter J. I agree with him that these appeals should be allowed following the _rule laid down by this Court in M/s. Raya/a Corporation (P) Ltd. and anr. v. The
Director of Enforcement; New Delhi('). In my opinion it is a fundamental principle of law that what cannot be done directly should not be permitted to be done indirectly. From the facts and circumstances of the case I am satisfied that the complaint with which we are concerned is not a bona fide one.
It has been filed with a collateral purpose viz. to juscify the unlawful detention of Schussler, in this country. It may be noted that in the first complaint filed by the Director of Enforce- ment, the allegation was that the Rayala Corporation and its Managing Agent, Pratap had contravened the provision of the Foreign Exchange Regulations Act.
When that complaint was pending trial Schussler came to deplane in this country due to some engine trouble jn the plane in which he :-vas travelling. That occasion was availed to detain him illegally in this country. I am convinced that Schussler's detention ip this country was ulljusti· fied.
Even if we accept all the facts sta,ed in the complaint as correct, the same do not amount to an offence under s. 120-B of the Indian Penal Code. According to the complaint Pratap
c and Schussler "agreed to commit illegal acts namely acquisition by A-2 (Pratap) foreign exchange illicitly and retaining the same abroad without surrendering _the same to the Government of India and also to defraud the Government of India of foreign exchange thereby contravening Sections 4 ( 3), 5 ( 1 )( e) and 9
of the Foreign Exchange Regulations Act and Rule 132-A of the Defence of India (Ame1;1dment) Rules, 1964 and further that between August,.1963 and August 1966 A-1 (Schussler) and A-2 (Pratap) in pursuance of the said agreement did commit acts in contravention of sections 4 ( 3), 5 ( l )( e) and 9 of the Foreign Exchange Regulations Act and Rule 132-A of the Defence of
India (Amendment) Rules, 1964 and thereby committed offence punishable under s. 120(b) of the Indian Penal Code read with ss. 4(3), 5(1){e) and 9 of the F.E.R. Act and Rule 132-A of the Defence of India (Amendment) Rules, 1964."
The material allegations made in the complaint read as fol- lows: "The Rayala Corporation Private Limited is a Pri- vate Limited Company with headquarters at Madras, 0) [1970] I S.C.R. 639.
c ;c!lusstER \', DIR. ENFORCEMENT (Hegde, J.) manufacturing 'HALDA typewriters out of materials imported from a\JOard. Originally they were importing raw materials through one A. B. Atvidabergs, Sweden,
now known as Facll AB. The first accused has been working as the Export Manager of that concern. The raw material supplied by Atvidabergs was over-invoiced at the instance of the 2nd accused and thereby foreign
exchange was illicitly acquired in Swedish Kronara to the tune of 7,56,529/- by the 2nd accused Pratap before August 1963 with the full knowledge of the 1st accused. Later in August 1963 the 2nd accused
and the General Manager of Rayala Corporation Mr. Jagga Rao went to Sweden. There Jagga Rao, 2nd accused and the hrst accused met together at Stockholm and agreed to a plan regardi~g purchase of certain raw materials viz., steel alloy sheet directly from M/ s. Associated Swedish Steels AB, Sweden, also known as ASSAB, instead of purchasing the same from M/ s. Atvidabergs.
The 2nd accused told the first accused that henceforth he would buy on behalf of his company raw materials from ASSAB. He informed him of the arrangements made with ASSAB people to over-invoice the value of the goods by 4U% of the true value and that he should be paid the difference of +0% on accou~t of aforesaid over-invoicing to his personal account.
He also told_ the 1st accused that smce under the laws of India tltis acquisition by him was unlawful, it had got to be kept a secret, without any mention in the official correspondence of M/ s. Rayala Corporation with the Swedish firm.
He requested the first accused to help him in opening an account in Swenska Handels Banken, Sweden in order not only to transfer the money lying to his credit in Atvidabergs but also to have fUrther deposits to his personal account from ASSAB on account of the difference between the actual value and the over- invoiced value.
A-1 agreed to act as requested by the second accused. A-2 also made 11rrangements with ASSAB to intimate to A-1 the various amounts credited tc> A-2's account and asked A-1 to keep a watch over -the correctness· of the account, which A-1 agreed to do so. · A-2 also asked A-1 to intimate to him the account position from time to time through unofficial channels or whenever A-1 comes to India periodically.
In fact A-1 was coming to India periodically once in six months, since he was also a Director of a company called Facit Asia Ltd., in Madras. In pursuance of this conspiracy between the two accused the 2nd accused arranged with ASSAB to have the difference between the over-invoiced price and the actual price credited to the personal account of the second accused in Ovenska Handels Banken and the statement of account sent to A-1 ''.
[1970] 2 s.c.k. These allegations merely make out that Schussler was an accessory after the fact and not that he was a conspirator. If a person agreed with a robber to receive the .stol1in property and arrange for its safe keeping, he does not become a co-conspirator with the robber in the commission of the offence of robbery. On the facts alleged it is clear that Schussler had nothing to do either with the ac.quisition of foreign exchange by Pratap or in the matter of Pratap's failure to repatriate the same to this country. The accusation against him is that he provided facility for its retention in Sweden.
In !he result I allow these appeals and acquit the appellant. ORDER In accordance with the opinion of the majority, these appeals are dismissed. G.C. c