LONDON RUBBER CO. LTD. v. DUREX PRODUCTS (K. SOBBA RAO, RAGHUBAR DAYAL and J.R. MUDHOLKAR JJ.). l Trade Nark-Registration of-" Durex" -Oppo.1ition- M ark• indentical-Registration allowed by the Registrar on the grounds of honest concurrents user- Order of the Registrar restored-Trade Marks Act, 1940· (V of 19,/0),' 88. 8 (a), 10 (2). The respondent made an application before the Deputy
Registrar of Trade Marks for registering the mark "Durex" used by it on the packing of the contraceptives manufactured and marketed by it. The registration was disputed by the appellant on the ground that it has been using the trade mark "Durex" in India since the year 1932 an11 its registration was renewed in the year 1954, for a period of 15 years. The Deputy R~gistrar of Trade Marks over ruled the objection and admitted the mark" Durex" to registration as sought ,by. the respondent. An appeal preferred to the High Court against this order was also dismi1Jsr:d.
The appellant's main contention in this court was that as the tnarks are identical, the registration had to be refused under s. 8 (a) of the Act, the provisions of which are not subject to the provisions of s. 10 (2).
Further, the require- ments of s. 10 (2) were not satisfied in this case and its provi- sions were not applicable. Held, that though the langua~e of s. 8 (a) is slightly different from that of s. 11 of the English Act and that of •· 10 (I) from that ofs. 12 (1) of the English Act, there is no reason for holding that the provisions of s. 8 (a) would not apply where a mark identical with or resembling that sought to be registered is already on the register. The language of
s. 8 (a) is wide and though upon giving full effect to that language the provisions of s. 10 (I) would, in some respects, overlap those of s. 8 (a), there can be no judification for not giving full effect to the language used by the legislature. Re Hac'k's Application, (1940) 58 R, P. C. 91; Re Arthur
Fairest Ltd's application (19'>1) 68 R. P. C. 197; Sno v. Dunn, [1890] 15 A. C. 252, referred to. l1larch 4. .. · … ·. ,. Lo11don Rubbe.r Co Ltd D.ure.x Products Muiiul/c., J. Held, further, that the provision of Sub-s. (2) of s. IO are by way of an exception to the prohibitory provisiom of the Trade Marks .~ct. Those provisions are conUiued in s. 8 (a) ands. 10 (1) .
Ram .• .Varain Son8 Ltd. v . .. :lsaistant 011nunil'8irJn"r of l::i1tlt'8 Tax, [1955) 2 S. C. R. 483, held inapplicab!c. Bas" v. Nicholson & !:Jons Ltd., (1932) 49 R. P. U. 88; Spillera Ltd's application, (1952) 69 R. P. C. 327; Alexanrkr Pitrict &: Sons Ltd'.< application, (1933) 50 R. P. C, 147 aud Re Kidax (Shirt•) Ltd's application, (1960) R. P. C. 117 C.A., relied on.
Held, also, that no hard and fast rule can be laid dowu regardi'"g the volume of use for the purposes of Sub-s. \2) of s. IO. Ordinarily it would be sufficient if it is shown that there was II eommercial use of the mark. There was such a use iu this i:.se, cannot be disputed and the honest concurrent use of -\~(' mark by the respondent for a considerable period has been established. The circumstances in this case can be properly regarded a' special circumstances to justify the re_gi•tration of the 'Tll>rk and there is hardly any likelihood of confusirm or deception.
CIVIL APPELLA1'E J UIUSJJWTION : Civil Appeal No. 26 of 1961. From the judgment and order dated July HJ, l!J58 of the Calcutta High Court in Appeal from Original No. 41 of 1955. G. S. Pathak, B. Sen and D. N. J:lulclterjee,
for the appellant. H. N. Sanyal, Additional Solicitor-General of India, A. N. Sinha and B. N. Ghosh, for respondent No. 1. 1963. March 4. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
MuJJHOLKAR J .-In this appeal by a certi- ficate granted by the High Court of Calcutta under Art. 133 (1) (c) of the Constitution, the question 2 S.C.R. which arises for consideration is whether the
Deputy Registrar of Trade Marks, Calcutta, was right in admitting to registration fue trade mark ~'Durex" which respondent No. l claims to own and is using on the packing of the contraceptives manu-
factured and marketed by it. The Durex Products Ii:tc., of New York City, U. S. A. made an application before the Deputy Registrar of Trade Marks on May 28, 1946 for registering the mark "Durex" used by ii on "con-
traceptive devices including prophylactic sheaths or condrums, vaginal diaphragms, instruments for inserting diaphragms and models for demonstrating insertion of diaphragms, vaginal jellies, applicators
for vaginal jellies and surgical lubricating jellies." Its claim is disputed by the London Rubber Co., Ltd., London, the appellant before us by lodging an opposition to the registration on March 29, 1951.
The appellant claims to be well-established manu- facturer of surgical rubber goods and proprietor in India of the trade mark "Durex" which it has been using in India since the year 1932 i. e., from
the year in which it was registered in the United Kingdom. On December 23, 1946 the appellant applied for registration of the word "Durex" in "clause X" which application was granted on
July 11, 1951. Thereafter, on July 24, 1954 the registration was renewed for a period of 15 years as from December 23, 1953. The respondent No. l's application as well as the appellant's opposition
came up before the Deputy Registrar of Trade Marks who, by order dated December 31, 1954, overruled the objection and admitted the mark "Durex" to registration as sought by the respondent
No. I. Against this order an appeal was preferred before the High Court of Calcutta under s. 76 of the Trade Marks Act, 194.1 which was dismissed by a Division Bench of that Court on March 9, 1959,
196J London Ru{lba Co. Lid. v. Dure:c Products Mud/i•lk" J. Looden Rubbn Co. J,td. v. · [)""" ProductJ Mu.Jf.olAor J. After obtaining a certificate ol fitnc<;S from the High Court the appellant has come up before us.
On hchalf of the appellant the main conten- tion urged by Mr. Pathak is that as the marks are identical, deception of various purchasers was inevi- table and that, therefore, registration had to be
refused under s. 8 (a) of the Act. In admitting the mark to registration the Deputy Registrar was, according to him, in error in applying the provisions of s. 10 (2) of the Act inasmuch as the provisions of
s. 8 (a) arc not subject to those provisions. Further, according to him, the requirements of s. 10 (2) were not satisfied in this case. Section 8 of the Act reads thus : "No trade mark nor part of a trade mark shall
be registered which consists of, or contains, any scandalous design, or any matter the use of which would- (a) by reason of its being likely to deceive or to cause confusion or otherwise, be
disentitled to protection in a Court of justice ; or (b) be likely to hurt the religious susceptibilities of anv class of the citizens of India ; or (c) be contrary to any law for the time being
in force, or to morality.'· On the face of it, this is a general provision which prohibits registration of certain kinds of trade marks as indeed would appear from the heading of the section. The appellant's objection to the regis-
tration of the mark in question would not fall under cl. (b) or cl. (c) of s. 8 but only under cl. (a). It may fall under that clause because by reason of the identity of the word .. Durell" it would be open to
2 $.C.R. the Registrar to say that deception of the purchasers or confusion in the purchasers' mind was likely to occur. Upon the findings in the case it would appear that the appellant has been using this mark for a
long time and has acquired a reputation for its products and since the respondent's mark is identi- cal with it, the Deputy Registrar would have had to reject the respondent's application if this case
were governed solely by the provisions of s. 8 (a). The only remedy for the respondent No. l would, in that case, have been to establish its right to the mark by instituting a suit for that purpose.
The Deputy Registrar, however, as already stated, resorted to the provisions of sub-s. (2) of s. 10 in admitting that mark to registration. We will quote whole of s. 10 as the provisions of sub-s. (I) as well
as of sub-s. ( 3) were referred to in the argument before us along with the provisions of sub-s. (2). Section IO of the Act reads thus : "{l) Save as provided in sub-section (2), no
trade mark shall be registered in respect of any goods or description of goods which is indentical with a trade mark belonging to a different proprietor and a !ready on the register in
respect of the same goods or description of goods, or which so nearly resembles such trade mark as to be likely to deceive or cause confusion. (2) In case of honest concurrent use or of
other special circumstances which, in the opinion of the Registrar, make it proper so to do he may permit the registration by more than one proprietor of trade marks which are identical or nearly resembl1' each other in
respect of the same goods or description of goods, subject to such conditions and limita- tions, if any, as the Registrar may think fit to impose, LondQri Ru&b.er Co. LJ<. y, Durex Proiucts
Mudholkar J. /963 Uni01J Ruibtr Co Lt/. v. f)lltu Produ~tJ Mui~n!kar J. (3) Where scpara!c applications arc made by different persons to be rcgistcr~d as proprie- tors respectively of trade mark5 which are
identical or nearly resemble each other, in res- pect of the same good, or description of goods, the Registrar may refuse to register any ot them until their rights have been determined by a
competent Court." On the face of it, sub-s. (2) permits the Registrar or Deputy Registrar to admit to registration marks which are identical or nearly resemble one another in respect of the same goods or description of goods
provided he is of opinion that it is proper to do so because there was honest concurrent use of the mark by more than one proprietor or because of the ~xis tcncc of special circumstances.
He would, further, be entitled to impose such conditions on the user of the mark as he thought tit. l\fr. Pathak, however, contends that sub-s. (~) is merely a proviso to sub-s. (I) and as such it cannot apply to a ca'e which
squarely falls under s. 8 (a}. Being a proviso to sub.s. (I), the argument 'proceeds, it must apply to the matter contained in the main provision and that since sub-s. (I) applies only to a case where a com-
peting trade mark is already on the register it cannot apply to a case falling under s. 8 (a} which provision deals, according to him, tJnly with cases where there is no mark on the register.
He contends that the language used in sub-s. (2) is in material respects identical with that. used in sub-s. (I) and thus establishes the mutual connection between the two provisions. A similar argument was advanced before
the High Court and was rejected by it, in our opi- nion rightly. If we compare the provisions of s. 8 (a) and s. I 0 (I) it would be clear that the object of both these provisions is to prohibit from registration
marks which are likely to deceive or cause confusion. 2 S.C.R. Deception or confusion may result from the fact that the marks are identical or similar or for some other reason. While sub-cl.
(a) of s. 8 is wide enough to cover deception or confusion resulting from any circumstance whatsoever sub-s. (1) of s. 10 is limited to deception or confusion arising out of similarity in
or resemblance between two marks. In other words the enactment of this provision would show that where there is identity or similarity in two marks in respect of the same goods or goods of the same
description, registration at the instance of another proprietor would be prohibited where a mark is al- ready on the register as being the property of another proprietor. The provisions ofss. 8 and 10 of the Act are
enabling provisions in the sense that it is not obli- gatory upon a proprietor of a mark to apply for its registration so as to be able to ·us- it. But when a proprietor of a mark, in order to obtah the benefit
of the provisions of the Trade Marks Act, such as a legally protected right to use it, applies for registra- tion of his mark he must satisfy the kcgts:~ar that it does not offend against the provisions of s. 8 of the
Act. The burden is on him to do so. Confining ourselves to cl. (a) the question which the Registrar has to decide is, whether having regard to the repu- tation acquired by use of a mark or a name, the
mark at the date of the application for registra- tion if used in a normal and fair manner in connec- tion with any of the goods covered by the pro- posed registration, will not be reasonably likely
to cause deception, and confusion amongst a subs- tantial number of persons (1). What he decides is a question of fact but having decided it in favour of the applicant, he has a discretion
to register it or not to do so vide Re Hack' s Application (2). But the discretion is judicial and for exercising it against the applicant there must be some positive objection _to registration,
(1) See 38 Halsbury's Laws of England, pp, 542, MS. (2) (19f0) 58 R. P, C. 91, Londo.n Rubber Co Ltd. v. Dure:< Proiucts Mudholkar J. Unrl&n R11bbe1 Co. Lid v. Durtx l'r~11cts .Wutiho/kar J.
SUPREl\1E COURT REPORTS [1964] VOL. usually arising out of an illegality inherent in the mark as applied for at the date of application for registration, vidc Re Arthur Fairest Ltd's applica-
cion (1 ). DecepLion may result from the fact that there is some misrepresentation therein or because of its resemblance to mark, whether registered or unregistered, or to a trade name
in which a person other than the applicant had rights vide 8no v. Dnnn ('). Where the deception or confusion arises because of resemblance with a mark which is registered, objection to
registration may come under s. 10 (I) as well {3). The provisions in the English Trade l\{arks Act, 1938 {I & 2 Geo. 6 c. 22) which correspond to s. 8 and 10 (I) to 10 (3) of our Act arc ss. 11 and 12 (I) to 12 (3).
Dealing with the prohibition of registration of identical and similar marks Halsbury has stated at pp. G J:l.544, Vol. :rn, thus. "Subject to the effect of honest concurTcnt use or other special circumstances, no Lradc 1tla rk
may be registered in respect of any goods or description of goods that ( l) i~ identical with a trade mark belonging to a different proprietor and already registered in re;pect of the same
goods or description of goods ; or (2) so nearlv resembles such a registered trade mark as to b;: likely to deceive or cause confusion." Since the Trade Marks Act, l 040 is based on the
English statute and the relevant provisions are of the same nature in both the laws, though the language of s. 8{a) is slightly different from that of s. l I of the English Act and that of s. 10(1) from that of
s. 12( I) of the English Act, we sec no reason for hold- ing that the provisions of s. 8{a) would not apply where a mark identical with or resembling that sought to be registered is al~eady on the register. The
languag~ of s. 8(a) is wide and though upon giving full effect to that language the provisions of s. JO(I) would, in some respects, overlap those of s. 8( a), 1 here ill (1951) 68 R.P.C. 197.
(2) (1890), 15 A.f!. 2~2. (SJ ilcc nol~ 'k' alp. 5+2 of SS Hal•bury's Law1 of Eni:land 2 S.C.R. SUPREN.IE COURT REPORTS can be no justification for not giving full effect to the language used by the legislature. ·
It would be useful to set out the comparison between s. 12( 1) and s. 11 of the English Act made by Kerly on Trade Marks, 8th edn. p. 158. What is stated there is as follows : "A registration may often be refused under
section 11 when refusal could not be justified under section 12(1) owing to the goods being of a different description . In other cases where an opponent is registered but might be unable
to prove a reputation for it by use, section 12(1) is more effective in securing refusal of an appli- cation than section 11, e.g., Huxley's applica- tion (1). The criterion which decides whether
the Registrar should make the comparison of an applicant's mark with an opponent's mark under section 11 or under section 12( 1) is whether he is considering the proved use of the opponent's mark.
Prima facie, however, the scope for possi- ble confusion under section 12 is wider than the scope for confusion under section 11." In the case before us the Deputy Registrar has permitted the registr.ition of the respondent's mark
though it is identical with that of the appellant's and though the appellant's mark was not registered at the date of the respondent's application upon the ground of honest concurrent use of the mark by the
respondent from the year 1928 and also on the ground that there are other special circumstances. J\fr. Pathak has challenged the finding about concurrent nse and also the finding that there are
special circumstances justifying the registration of the respondent's mark. We shall deal with the argu- ments advanced by him on these points later in our (IJ (1924) 41 R. !'. C. !23, 4~9,
London Rubber Co. Ltd v. Durex Produclr Mudholkar J. UndQfl Rubhtr Co. Ltd. •. Durtx Produtts 220 SUPREME COURT REP.ORTS [1964) VOL. judgment. For, before we do so we must deal with
his argument, which is indeed his main argument, tha.t the grounds given by the Deputy Registrar for registering the mark are not available in this case because it falls under s. S(a) of the Act and not
under s. IO( I). \Ve have already quoted s. !0(2) which empowers the Registrar, in the case of honest concurrent use or other soecial circumstances, to permit the registration by more than one proprietor of trade marks which
arc identical or nearly resemble each other in respect of the same goods or description of goods, subject to such conditions and limitations, if any, as he may think fit to impose. If this provision is considered
by itself, upon its plain language it permits simul- taneous registration of identical or similar marks at the instance of several proprietor;, quite irrespective of the question whether an identical or similar mark
is already on the register. The question, howe\'er, is whether sub-s. (2) can be regarded by itself or it is, as contended by Mr. Pathak, only a proviso to sub-s. (l) and being a proviso it must apply only
to cases which are contemplated by tile main enact- ing provision, that is, sub-s. (I) of s. 10. He con- cedes that sub-s. (2) is not described by the legislature as a proviso to sub-s. (I) but he wants us to construe
it as a proviso because it occurs in the same section as sub-s. ( 1) and its language is simiL;r to that of sub-s. (l). Mr. Pathak points out, and rightly, that sub-s. (I) ofs. JO deals solely with a case where a
trade mark is already on the register and says that since 0n the date of the application made by the respondent the appellant's mark was not on the register this provision would not apply.
The condi- tion for the applicability of sub-s. ( l) is undoubtedly the existence of an identical or similar mark on the register. According to him, it is only when this 2 S.C.R. 22i
condition is satisfied that the ban upon registration imposed by sub-s. (I) can be lifted under sub-s. (2J. He lays particular stress on the opening words of sub-s .• (l) "save as otherwise provided in sub-s. (2)"
and contends that full effect cannot be given to them unless sub-s. (2) is read with sub-s. (!). In support of this contention he has referred us to Ra•n Narain Sons Ltd., v. Assistant Commissioner
of Sales Tax('). That was a case where this Court was considering the proviso to Art; 286{2) of the Constitution and the Court held that a proviso was meant only to lift the ban under Art. 286(2) and
nothing more. Bhagwati J., who delivered the judgment of the Court has observed thus : "It is a cardinal rule of interpretation that a proviso to a particular provision of a statute
only embraces the field which is covered by the main provisiou. It carves out an exception to the main provision to which it has been enacted as a proviso and 'to no other." l'hese observations, however, must be limited in their
application to a case of a proviso properly so called and there is no justification for exter.cling them to a case like the present where the le5islature has, when it could well do so if that were its intention,
not chosen to enact it as a proviso. The decision, therefore, affords no support to the contention. The fact that sub-s. (2\ is part of the same section as sub-s. (1) cannot justify_ the conclusion
that it was enacted solely for the purpose of lifting the ban enacted by sub-s .• (1). Its language is wide enough to embrace a mark which is already on the 'register as well as a mark which is not on the register
at all. The mere fact that sub-s. (1) is made subject to the provisions of sub-s. (2) cannot justify the narrowing of the scope of the language used by the (I) [1955] 2 S. C. R, 483, 493.
London Ru6h1, Co. Ltd . Dur1x PrOduc11 Mudholkar J. Lottclon Hubhu Co. Ltd. v. D~rtx Prttducts Muilwl"4o- J. .. ·- _.,. … legislature in sub-s, (2). Indeed, it is the duty of the
court to give full effect to the language used by the legislature. It has no power either to give that language a wider or narrower meaning than the literal one, unless the other provisions of the Act
compel it to give such other meaning. Thus, for instance, if there had been no provision likes. 8(a) and the only provision relating to the prohibition of registration of marks was the one contained in
· sub-s. (1) ofs. 10 the Court would have been compell- ed to construe the language of sub-s. (2) in such a way as to confine its operation to cases which fall under sub-s. (l). Full effect can be given to the
opening words of sub-s. (I) of s. IO by construing them to mean that sub s. (I) is subservient to sub-s. (2). No violence is done to those words nor anything detracted from their rn<'aning by so
construing them. Further, apart from >Ub·s. (2) there is sub-s. (3l in s. IO. If sub-s. (2) is to be given restricted meaning sub-s. (3) also will have to be given a restricted meaning and confined to cases where
there is already a mark on the register. To do so would clearly be an untenable construction of sub-s. (3). That provision contemplates applications by different proprietors for registration of trade marks which arc
identical or nearly resemble each other in respect of the same goods or description of goods: The competition there contemplated is amongst proprietors whose marks arc not on the register and is not limited to
cases in which a mark of any other proprietor which is identical or similar to that of the competi- tors is already on the register. For, there is no reference in that provision to a proprietor whose
mark is already on the register. If, therefore, sub- s. (3) cannot be limited to cases which fall under sub-s. (I) there is additional reason why sub-s. (2) cannot be so limited either. Then there is another
reason why such a limitation cannot be placed upon the language used in sub-s. (2). If it were limited in the manner contended for on behalf of the appellant, the result would be that a mark which
is not on the register. will get a higher protection than a mark which is already on the register. Thus, honest concurrent use or other special circum- stances would never be a ground for obtaining registra-
tion of an identical or similar mark unless there is on the register already a mark which is idential with or s(milar to the one mark which is sought to be register- ed. That would, indeed, create an extraordinary situa-
tion. As we have alreildy stated, the appellant's mark was i11 fact registered on July 11, 1951 and if Mr. Pathak's argument is accepted the very next day after the registration of the appellant's mark it would
have been open to the respondent to apply for registration of its mark and the Deputy Registrar would have had the jurisdiction to register it under sub-s. (2) of s. 10, though he lacked that jurisdiction
:>rior to the registration of the appellant's mark. We cannot ascribe to the legislature an intention to create such a situation, a situation which can only be described as ludicrous.
In our opinion the provisions of sub·s. (2) of s. 10 are by way of an exception tc> the prohibitory provisions of the Trade Marks Act. Those provi- sions are contained in s. 8(a) and s. 10 (1).
It has been held in Bass v. Nicholson (1), that a trade mark is not necessarily entitled to protection because its use might deceive or cause confusion and, there- fore, s. 11 does not override s. 12 (2) of the English
Act. In Kerly on Trade Marks, 8th edn. the position is stated thus : "It is not correct to consider section 11 with- out any regard to the provisions of other sections of the Act.
The general prohibition contained in section 11 does not cover the cases where the tribunal thinks fit to exercise the discretion conferred by use under section 12 (2)" (pp. 168-9).
In support of this statement of the Jaw reliance is placed on Spillers Ltd's Application ('). In this (1) (1952) 49 R.P,C, 88. (2) (1952) 69 R,P,C, 827, .1963 London Rubbe.r Co. Lid·
v. Dur.ex Prod1'cf1 Mudlwlkar J. IArii'" Rl<bt" Cc. LJi v. Dura·PrtxluctJ MMdllo/k41 J. case it was contended on behalf of the appellants before the High Court that as the Assistant Comp-
troller in considering s. 11 had reached the conclu- sion that confusion was likely to be caused it was not open to him to exercise any discretion under s. 12 (2). Danckwerts J., who heard
the matter observed : "This contcntian renders it necessary to con- sider the relations of secs. 11 and 12. For this purpose the decisions on the former sects. 11, 19 and 21 of the Trade Marks Act, 1905,
are of the greatest materiality." (p. 435 ). He then considered those decisions and observed at p. 337 thus: "It seems to me that tlit: construction put by the House of Lords in the cases to which I
have referred on scrs. 11, HJ and 21 of the 1905 Act, must also apply to secs. 11 & 12 of the 1938 Act; and lead to the conclusion that cases where the Court of Registrar thinks fit to
exercise the discretion conferred by sec. 12 (2) do not fall within the general prohibition con- tained in sec. 11." No doubt that was a case which fell under s. 12 (I) of the English Act but the view expressed by the
learned Judge as well as his further observations support the statement of law by Kerly on Trade Marks. The observations bf the learned Judge arc : "This being so, it would appear logical in
cases which come within sec. 12 (!)to cnnsider first whether the case is one in which the dis- cretion conferred by sec. 12 (2) should be exer- cised so as to allow registration of the mark,
and if the answer is in the affirmative, it cannot be necessary to consider sec. 11 separately, 2 s.c.R.. SUPREME cou:R.t REPORTS because if there are reasons other than resem- blance to an existing mark which cause the
proposed mark to be discnti\led to the prot<'c- tion of the Court, such reasons must surely affect the exercise of the discretion conferred by sec. 12 (2). It is not possible, as it seems
to me, to apply the provisions of the Act as though they were in separate compartments. In the result, if there is any likelihood of confusion being caused, in my view it would not be right to interfere with the
Assistant Comptroller's exercise of the discretion under s. 12(2)". This case was carried right up to the House of Lords. But the view taken by the learned Judge as to the applicability of s. 12 (2) even to cases under s. 11
was not challenged by the unsuccessful party nor has the House of Lords said anything which would throw doubt on the correctness bf the view taken by the learned Judge on the point.
In Halsbury's Laws of England, Vol. 38, the legal position is stated th us at p. 543 : "The foregoing provision (s. 11) does not over- ride the statutory effect of honest concurrent
use and an objection under the foregoing provi- sion may be disposed of if there is evidence that the mark has been honestly used ·without con- fusion resulting." In support of this statement reliance has been placed
on Bciss v. Nicholson & Sons Ltd., (1), as well as Alexander Pierie & Sons Ltd.'s Applicat·ion (2), and Re Kidax (Shirts) Ltd.'s Application ('). These decisions have a direct bearing upon the provisions
which we have to construe here and lend support to the view which we have taken. (I) (1932) 49 R.P.C. 88. 12) (1933) 50 R,P.C. 147. (3) (IV60) R.P,C, 117 C,A, Lorr/an 11.!htr Cit.
Lt;. Duro: Pr~iucJs · i..400 Robb11 C.. Ltd. v. Duttx P10JuctJ Mulilro/ktu J, The next question for consideration is whether the High Court and the Deputy Registrar were right in coming to the conclusion that there was
honest concurrent use of the mark by the rrspondent. In the High Court :.fr. S. Chaudhari who appeared for the present appellant conceded that there was honest use in this case but there was no concurrent
use within the meaning of s. 10 (2). The burden of his argument on this point was regarding the volume of the use. Ivfr. Pathak has confined his argument likewise. Evidence was led in this case on behalf of
the respondent for establishing the volume of use of the mark in India. That evidence was accepted by the Deputy Registrar. One piece of evidence consisted of an affidavit sworn by Florence S. Goodwin, who is
the President of Durex Products Inc. There, amongst other things, she has stated : "Your deponent knows that Durex Products Incorporated has done a substantial business in India since 1930."
P.H. Mukherji J., who was one of the .Judges consti- tuting the Bench which heard the case has described that statement as "dependable evidence on which he was prepared to rely and act.
Ile also accepted other affidavits filed in the case as well as the opinion of the Duputy Registrar on the point and then observed : "The question of volume of use is always a relevant question in considering 'honest con-
current use' under section IO (2) of the Act. It depends on the facts of each case. There is no express statutory emphasis that the use should be large and substantial. Kerly ~t page 235 of the 7th edition on Trade Marks
quotes Lyle mul Ki1u1l1A1n Ltd.'s Applicution 24 R. P. C. 249 and other cases for the proposition that it is not necessary for the applicant's trade to be larger than that of the opponent. My own opinion is that the me
has to be a business use. It has to be a com- 2 $.C.R. commercial use. It certainly will not do if there is only a stray use." After pointing out that it is not possible to lay down
a hard and fast rule on the volume of use necessary under sub-s. (2) of s: 10, he gave a pertinent illustra- tion of a small trarier who sold goods under a parti- cular trade mark for a long time though his use or
sales were small in comparison with big international traders dealing in similar goods bearing a similar trade mark and then observed : "Even so, if there is honest concurrent use I
should think the small trader is entitled to protection of his trade mark. Trade mark is a kind of property and is entitled to protection under the law, irrespective of its value in money
so long as it has some business or commercial value. Not merely the interest of the public but also the interest of the owner are the subject and concern of trade mark legislation."
With respect, we agree with the learned Judge that in ascertaining the volume of the use it is relevant to consider the capacity of the applicant to market his goods and whether the use was commercial or of
other kind. The other learned Judge, Bachawat J., observed: "On the materials on the record I am satisfied that the use has been substantial as stated m the affidavit of Florence S. Goodwin."
It was contended by Mr. Pathak that originally only samples of the contraceptives were exported to India by the respondent and during the war years their sales were negligible. No doubt, for introducing
the goods to India samples were originally sent in the year 1928 or so but subsequent to that, the affi- davit of Goodwin on which reliance has been placed '1963 London Rubber Gr"
Ltd. v. Durex .Produ< h Mudholkai J 1MiM Ru&N1 Co. LtJ. v. D"'tx l'rHud1 AluAl/i•r J. —,…9. – __,…..,… -1 by the High Court and the Deputy Registrar, shows that substantial quantities of contraceptives were ex·
ported to India. There might have been a diminutiun in the volume of use <luring the war period because of a ban on imports of contraceptives from the dollar area but that was only for a short time.
But even before this ban was imposed the vulume of use of the respondent's mark in India was considerable. No hard and fast rule can be laid down regarding the volume of use for the purposes of sub-s. (2) of s. 10.
Ordinarily it would be sufficient if it is shown that there was a commercial use of the mark. That there was such a use in this case cannot be disputed. In the circumstances we-agree with the High Court
and the Deputy Registrar that honest concurrent use of the mark by the respondent for a considerable period has been established. This would be sufficient to dispose of the appeal and would
have been sufficient for dis- posing of the appeal before the High Court. The High Court has, however, considered the alternative ground on which the registration has been ordered.
That ground is the existence of special circumstances. The special circumstances arc set out fully in the judgment of Mukharji J., and they arc as follows : "In-the first instance the word 'Durex' is the
name of the company itself. The. company used its own name on its own product which every company should be entitled normally to use unless there be cogent reasons against it. Secondly, the use has been for a considerable
period of time. The company was incorpora- ted in January, l\J28 in '.\/cw York. On February, I H:JO 'Durex Products Inc.' applied to the United States Patent Office for the registration of the trade mark 'Durex' and
in that application it is expressly said by Flo- rence S. Goodwin's affidavit that the use of the trade mark 'Durex' upon the product is shown 2 s.c.R. for the period beginning from March, 1928.
The fact is that the user having been establi- shed, it would be a hardship now to deny registration to such an old mark. That also is . in my view a factor which could certainly be
considered under the words 'other special . cir- cumstances' in section 10 (2) of the Act. Thirdly, the socio-economic consideration of the user of these contraceptives also in my view
relate to 'other circumstances' in section 10 (2) of the Act. The Deputy Registrar in this case has taken into consideration the socio- economic view that contraceptives are neces-
sary in the Indian context for the welfare of the nation. Without expressing my personal view either in favour or against the use of any contraceptive I cannot say that the Registrar
was wrong in law in paying consideration to the socio-economic reasons for the use of the trade mark 'Durex' for contraceptives in the Indian l\farket as relevant under 'other special
circumstances.' Fourthly the 'other special circumstances' is the fact that the applicants' mark is largely confined to contraceptives for use by. women and the appellants' admission
contained in the letter of 27 October, 1949 from Remfry and son that the present appli- cation No. 122251 of 'Durex Products Inc.' is for very different goods. That also in my view
is a special circumstance in this case." In our opinion the 1st, 2nd and the 4th circums- tances can be properly regarded as special circums- tances and would justify the registration, though not
the third one. The reason is that a special circums- tance must be connected with the use of the mark. It has been pointed out in Kerly on Trade Marks at pp. 164-5 thus; "The words 'or other special
were held in Holt Co., circumstances' \Leeds) Ltd'~ Mndon Rubb1r Co. Ltd. Durex Products Mutfholkar J. .onilon Ruiitr Co. ltd. v. Dur1x Products Muiho/kar J. Application (l!l57) R. P. C. 289, to include any
circumstances peculiar to the application in relation to the subject·matter of the application and this includes use by an applicant of his mark before the conflicting mark was registered
or used." \Ve agree with this view and, therefore, do not regard the third circumstance as relevant. Even so, the other three circumstances would be sufficient to justify the registration of the mark.
It was faintly argued that the respondent has not discharged the burden of establishing that there was no reasonable probability of confusion. This question cannot arise in a case of honest concurrent
use. However, we may point out that the High Court, after observing that the burden was undoubte- dly on the respondent to establish that there was no reasonable probability of confusion, has held that
that burden is discharged by the eloquent fact that throughout there has not been a single instance of confusion. In our opinion there is hardly any likeli- hood of confusion or deception here because the
respondent's goods are confined to contraceptives for use by women which can only be used with medical assistance while the appellant's contraceptives are essentially for men. Upon this view we uphold the
order of the High Court and dismiss the appeal with costs. Appeal dismissed.