c M. N. SANKARAYARAYANAN NAIR v. P. V. BALAKRISHNAN & ORS. November 26, 1971 [P. JAGANMOHAN REDDY AND D. G. PALEKAR, JJ.] Code of Criminal Procedure (Act 5 of 1898), s. 494–Grant of per- 111ission to Public Prosecutor to withdra1v from prosecutior1r-Cri~ria. The respondents were committed to trial before the Sessions Court for offences of forgery, cheating, etc. They challenged the committal order but the High Court held that. there was a prima facie case. Thereafter, the trial judge split up the char&es and this was •!lain questioned but the High Court held that there was no illegality. The Public Prosecutor then applied under s. 494, Cr. P .C., under instructions from the Government, for J>\!rmission to withdraw from the prosecution, on the grounds, that the transaction relating to the offence arose out of a contract and was of a civil nature, that there had been enormous delay in proceeding with the trial, and that the securing the evidence of witnesses would involve heavy expense for the _State as the witnesses were in far off places. The trial judge gave the permission and the order was
confirmed by the Hish Court. Allowing the appeal to this Court, HELD : (I) Section 494 of the Code is not in pari materia with s. 333 under which th•! Advocate General m'.ly enter a no/le prosequi at "ny sbge of a trial. It only gives power to the Public Prosecutor to with- Jra\'; from the p'rosccution subject to the consent of the Court. Though the section is in genera] terms and does not circumscribe the powers of the Public· Prosecutor the essential consideration which is implicit in the grant of the power is that it should be exercised in the interests of justice which may be, tither that it may not be possible to produce sufficient evidence to sustain the charge, or that subsequent inform~tion before the prose~ cnting agency falsifies the pro!ccution evidence, or other similar circum- stances depending on the facts
and circumstances of each case. The power is subject to the permission of the Court and it is the duty of the Court to see· that the per1nission is not sought on grounds extraneous to the interests of justice or that offences against the State <lo not go un- punished merely because the Government as a matter of general policy or expediency unconnecred with its duty to prosecute offenders directs a Public Prosecutor to withdraw from the prosecution and the Public Prose- cutor merely do.es so ~t its behest.
The c.~ourt, while considering the rcqll''8t to grant pzrmission. should not do so as a formality for the mere asking. It may grant permission only if it is satisfied on the materials placed before it that the grant of it subserves the administration of justice and that the permission was not sought. covertly with an ulterior rm11ose unconnected with the vindication of the law. [60'.1 E-H; 604 A-D; 606 E]
State of Bihar v. Ram Naresh Pandey, [1957] S.C.R. 279, followed. Deremlra Kumar Roy v. Syed Ya•r Bakht Choudhury & Ors. A.1 .R. 1939 Cal. 220, The KinR v. Pamwnand & Ors., A.T.R. 1949 Pat. 222 and Dy. Accountant General (Admn.) Office of Accountant General, Kera/a Trivandrum v. State of Kera/a & Ors., A.I.R. 1970 Kerala 158. referred to.
(2) In the present case none of the grounds alleged or even their cumul~ive ~tfect would justify. the withdrawal from the. pros.ecution. [906 GJ (a) It may be that \be acts of the respondents may make them both liable under the civil as well as the criminal laws. But that does not justify either the seekina of the permission to withdraw from the prose- cution or the granting of it unless the matter before the criminal court is of a purely civil nature. The committal order and the judgments of the High Court at the prior two •!ages show that there was a prima facie case against the accused with respect to the charges framed against them. [906 G-H; 907 G-HJ
(b) Neither the ground of delay nor the question of expenditure in- volved by themselves, could be a proper ground for granting permission to the Public Prosecutor for withdrawing from the c-ase [60S B-C, F-0) CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No.
12 of 1969. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated June 25, 1968 of the Kerala High Court in Criminal M.P. Nos. 175, 177 and 179 of 1968. A. Sreedharan Nambyar, for the appellant.
Lily Thomas, for respQildent No. 2. A. G. Pudissery, for respondent No. 3. The Judgmtmt of the Court was delivered by P . .Jaganmohan Reddy, .J. Respondent 1 and Responden~ 2 were committed on 15th June 1965 by the Second Class Magistrate, Cannanore to stand trial before the Assistant Sessions Judge, Tellichery, the former for offences under Sections 467, 478 and 420 read with Section 109 of the Indian Penal Code while the latter under Sections 467 read with 109, 471 and 420. While the case was pending before the Assistant Sessions Judge, the Public Prose- cutor of Tellicherry filed a Memo on. 30-11-67 under Sec. 494 of the Criminal Procedure Code for ]:!ermission to withdraw from the prosecution which permission was accorded by the Assistant Ses- sions Judge on 2-12-67. The Appellant who was the Managing Partner of Shree Narayana Transport Company, Calicut !iled a Criminal Miscellaneous Petition on 19-2-68 in the High Court of Kerala against the order of the Assistant Sessions Judge according permission to the Public Prosecutor for withdrawing from the pro- secution.
The High Cgurt held that the Public Prosecutor was justified when he applied for the withdrawal of the case and accord- ingly dismissed the petition against which this appeal comes up before us by Special Leave.
The 1st Respondent was the Agene of Shree Narayana Trans- port Company of one of its Branches namely at Baliapattom and in that capacity it was one of his duties to accept goods from the Public for transporting them by lorry service of the Company and issue Way Bills. These Way Bills contained an undertaking that in the event of any of the Bank~ discounting them and if goods are c
c M. N. s. NAIR v. P. v. B/\L/\KRISHNAN (Jaganmohan Reddy,/.) 601 Jost or damaged d!Jring transport., the Transport Company will be responsibl~ to the Bank. It is alleged that the 1st Respondent issued nine Way Bills on different dates in favour of the 2nd Res- pondent, as if the goods were received but in fact no such goods were accepted for transport nor were any such goods despatched. These Way Bills were duly discounted by the second Respondent the consigner who drew about Rs. 84,000 against them from bis Bank. This fraud was detected on a check made by the G'neral Manager of Shree Narayana Transport Co., Kozhikode and it
appears that the 1st accused (1st Respondent) executed an agree- ment in favour of the Transport Company undertaking to make good the loss suffered by it, after which he was suspended on l 0-4-63. On the same day a complaint was filed before Baliapattom Police and a case was accordingly registered against both Accused 1 and Accused 2. After investigation the Sub-Inspector of Police, Baliapattom filed a chargesheet.
The Magistrate on the materials disclosed in the report nuder Sec. 173 committed the accused to stand trial before the ASsistant Sessions Court on 15-6-65 against which a Revision was filed in the High Court of Kerala on 9-7-65. It was contended before the High Court that the committal was illegal as no evidence had been adduced in the case, as such it would be premature at that stage to say whether any and if so, what offence could be disclosed. The High Court dismissed this Revision Petition on 20-10-66 holding that the procedure adopted in rhe committal proceedings instituted on a Police report is pres- cribed in Sec. 207-A of the Criminal Procedure Code under which the Magistrate had the power to commit even without recording the evidences of witnesses. The High Court drew support for this con- dusion from a decision ot this Court in Ramanarayan Mor & Anr., v. State of Maharashtra(') where it was held that though nor- mally in a c1iminal trial, the Court can proceed on documents which are duly proved, or by the rules of evidence made admissible with· out formal proof, the Legislature had under the amended code in Sec. 207-A presc1ibed a special procedure for commitment of the accused. The record under the said provision consists of the oral evidence recorded under sub-s. (4) of Sec. 173, and it. would be di~cult to reg~rd; only .those. documents which are duly proved or which are adm1ssrble without proof as "evidence" within the mean- mg of Cl. (6) and not the rest. On this view it was observed that there :vas no legal impedim7n.t in the Magistrate using the case diary for the purpose of dec1dm,1?: whether there was a case for com- mittal. and accordingly dismissed the Revision Petition. After this Revision was disposed of the Assistant Sessions Judge to whom the case stood committed ordered the splitting up the 'charges into 8 ca.scs agamst which the second respondent filed a Revision in the High Court. under Sec. 561-A Criminal Procedure Code where it "(ii[J;1:..i1 isl s~c: R~ 10M.
(1972] 2 S.CR. was contended that all tht; 8 charges should have been consolidated into one case as otherwise there would be 8 distinct offences leading to multiplicity of trials. The High Court by its Judgment dated 30-10-67, following a decision of this·Court in Ranchhodlal v. State of Madhya P … adesh (1), said that the order of the Magistrate splitting up the charge into 8 cases was proper and while it does not call {or any 'interference, it left it open for the prosecution as provided under Sec. 240 Criminal Procedure Code to withdraw the other charges ·if one of the trials should end in a conviction. After this petition was dismissed' the Respondents seem to have moved the State Government to withdraw the prosecution and accordingly, as would appear from the Memo. filed by the Public Prosecutor on 30-11-67, the Government passed an order G.O. Rt No. 1589/67 Home (B) dat.ed 22-11-67 directing the withdrawal of the case with the sanction of the Court, in the interest of public policy as also because there was no likelihood of the case being persued to a successful issue. It was stated in the Memo. filed by the Public Prosecutor that the alleged offences charged against the accused arose out of a contract agreed to between the accused and the defacto complainant viz., the General Manager, Shree Narayana Transport; that the subject mat~r of the case had been decided by the Subordinate Judge's Court, Calicut in a Civil suit; that the case was registered as early as 1963 and the trial has not yet begun; that the witnesses from far off places such as Bombay and Calcutta are cited and the securing of their eV:idence would involve heavy expenses for the State and that the case is one of Civil nature. It is contended before us that under Sec. 494 Criminal Proce- dure Code it is the Pubiic Prosecutor and the Public Prosecutor alone who should make up his mind to withdraw from the prosecu- tion without any reference to the State Government, that it was the State Government which ..directed the Public Prosecutor to seek permission as such the Public Prosecutor has not adverted his mind nor did he exercise his independent judgment in deciding whether the case is one in which oermission of the Court tlo withdraw from the prosecution ought to' have been asked for.
In any case it is submitted on the grounds disclosed in the Memo filed by the Public Prosecutor that no perm ;ssion ought to have been given as even prior t'o the filing of the said Memo. the High Court had said that there was a prima facie case for the trial to go on and therefore the present order directing the Public Prosecutor to withdraw from the prosecution is manifestly contrary to the views earlier expressed by it.
The Appellant's Advocate later during the course of the argu- ment conceded that there is no force in the first of his contentions (1) [1965] (2) S.C.R. 283. c c M. '.'/, s. NAIR v. P. v. BALAKRISHNAN (Jaganmohan Reddy, J.) 603 namely that the Public Prosecutor cannot either be asked by the State Govt., to consider the filing of a petition under Sec. 494 nor would it be proper for him if he was of the opinion that the prose- cution ought not to proceed to get the consent of the Government to the filing of a petition under that Section for obtaining permission of the Court to withdraw from the prosecution. Sec. 494 which empowers the Public Prosecutor with the consent of the Court to withdraw from the prosecution is as follows :
"Any Public Prosecutor may, with the consent·of thr Court, in cases tried by jury before the return of the verdict, and in other cases before the judgment is pro- nounced, withdraw from the prosecution of any person
either generally or in respect of any qne or more of the offences for which he is tried; and, upon such with- drawal- (a) ii' it is made before a charge has been framed, the accused shall be discharged in respect of such off-
ence or offences; (b) if it is made after a charge has been framed, or · when under this Code no charge is required, he shall be acquitted in respect of such offence or offences".
The po11 er contained in the Section gives a general executive direction to withdraw from the prosecution subject to the consent of the Court which may be determined .on many possible grounds and is therefore wide and uncontrolled by any other provision in the Code nor is it in pnri-materia with Sec. 333 which enables the Advocate General at any stage in a Trial by the High Court and before the return of the verdict to inf01m the Court if he thinks fit on behalf of the Government that he will not fuither prosecute the Defendant upon the charge and on such informa- tion being given the case against the accused comes to an end. This power of entering a 11ol/e prosecui under Sec. 333 Criminal Procedure Code is not dependent upon any pennission of the Court.
A reading of Sec. 494 would show that it is the Public Prosecutor who is incharge of the case that must ask for permis- sion of the Court to withdraw from the pros~cution of a.ny per- son either generally or in respect of one or more of the offences for which he is tried.
This permission can be sougl.t by him at any stage either during the enquiry or after committal or even before the Judgment is pronounced. The section does not, how- ever, indicate the reasons which should weigh with the Public Prosecutor to move the Court for permission nor the grounds on which the Court will grant or refuse permission.
Though the Section is in general te1ms and does not circumscribe the powers of the Public Prosecutor to seek permission to withdraw from the prosecution the essential consideration which is implicit in the grant of the power is that it should be in the interest of adminis- tration of justice which may be either that it will not be able to produce sufficient evidence to sustain the charge or that subse- quent information before prosecuting agency would falsify the prosecutioJJ evidence or any other similar circumstances which it is difficult to predicate as they are dependent entirely on the facts and circumstances of each case.
Nonetheless it is the duty of the Court also to see in furtherance of justice that the permis- sion is not sought on grounds extraneous to the interest of justice or that offences which are offences against the State go unpunish- ed merely because the Government as a matter of general policy or expediency unconnected with its duty to prosecute offenders undet the law, directs the public prosecutor to withdraw from the prosecution and the Public Prosecutor merely does so at its .behest.
A large number of cases have been referred to but it is unnecessary to consider them except for a few as typifying the approach in cases where permission to withdraw from the prose- cution was sought on grounds extraneous to and not germane to the maintenance and enforcement of the law and which permis- sion though given by the Trial Court was quashed by the High Court.
A Special Bench of the Calcutta High Court in Devendra Kumar Roy v. Syed Yar Bakht Choudhury & Or:s.(1), was con- sidering the validity of the permission granted by the Magistrate to the Government Pleader to withdraw from the prosecution in a case where the accused were charged with offences under Sec- tions 193, 467, 477, 109 and 120-A of the Penal Code.
The prosecution had been started a11d after some evidence had been recorded, the. rcicord of the case was called for by the Govern- ment which having kept itlor six months returned it to the Gov- ernment Pleader who filed a petition for withdrawal from the prosecution under Sec. 494 Criminal Procedure Code on certain grounds which were not substantial namely that the original com- plainant had withdrawn from the prosecution; that on an inde- pendent examirration of the records of the Provincial Govern- ment considered that the evidence was insufficient to warrant further proceeding with the case; and that the Provincial Govern- ment would not in view of the uncertainty of a successful prose- cution be justified in incurring heavy expenses in the fees, the . travelling allowances of the handwriting expert and in lawyers' expenses.
The Magistrate though considering that these grounds are not sufficient for not committing the accused persons but on the other hand was of the view that there was ample substantial evidence to show that serious offences were actually committed, (I) AIR 1939 C'alcutta 220. '
c c ~,f; N. s. NAIR v. P. v. BALAKRISHNAN (Jaga11mohan Reddy,!.) 605 nonetheless granted permission to the Government Pleader to withdraw from the prosecution. It was held by the High Court
that the consent of the Trying Magistrate for the discharge had not been properly given and therefore quashed the proceedings. lt also appeared that some of the accused in the case were related to one of the Minister's as found proved by the High Court and the action of the Government in calling for the record of the case from the Magistrate while it was still proceeding and retaining it for six months was quite illegal and utterly improper.
A Full Bench of the Patna High Court· in The King v. Parmanand & Ors. (1) also held that there was no justification whatever for the view that the Prime Minister or any other Minister or ex~cutive officer has the power to usurp .the functions of the Court or to take the case out of the seisin of the Magistrate before whom it is pending for trial and that where the Trying Magistrate makes no attempt to exercise his discretion at all and permits the. with- drawal of the prosecution merely in consequence of the order of the Government the High Court will interfere.
At the same time it was observed that the High Court would be reluctant to direct the prosecution of persons against whom Government does not desire to proceed, unless there is evidence which requires judicial consideration.
The permission granted by the Magistrate in that case was held to be 'wrong, so also was the action of the Govern- ment in a case which is subjudice irrespective of the question whether the prosecution is likely to end in conviction as interfer- ing with the even and ordjnary course of justice, by usurping the function of the Court and taking it out of its seisin.
In a recent case the Full Bench of the Kerala High Court in Deputy Accountant General (Admn.) Office of Accountant General, Kera/a Trivandr11111 v. State elf Kera/a and Ors.('). was considering the application for withdrawal filed by the Public Prosecutor under the directions of the Government to withdraw from the prosecution against the strikers for offences under Sec- tions 4 & 5 of the Essential Services Maintenance Ordinance, 1968, and other laws snch as the Penal Code and Telegraph Act men- tioning as a ground the withdrawal order of the State Govern" ment which stated, that consistent-wjth the Policy of the Govern- ment in relation to mass agitation and strike it has been decided to withdraw with the leave of the Court, the cases registered in connection with the Central Government Employees strike on the 19th September, 1968 except those involving serious per- sonal violence or destruction of property. It was held that the policy set out therein being a policy opposed to the law coUld not be taken· into consideration.
Apart from the order being io. (I) AIR 1949 Patna 222, 8-L643 SupCI/72• (2) Affi. 1970 Kerala 158, disregard of the duty and the responsibility of the State Govern- ment to enforce the law, the Full Bench said there could be no question of the executive policy in a region covered by the law. In that view it quashed the permission granted by the Trial Court. In the State of Bihar v. Ram Narash Pandey( 1), it was pointed out by this Court that though the Section does not give any indication as to the ground on which the Public Prosecutor may make an application on the consideration of which the
Court is to grant its consent, it must noneth~less satisfy itself that the executive function of the Public Prosecutor has not been improperly exercised and that it is not an attempt to interfere with the normal course of justice for illegitimate reasons or purposes. It appears to us that the wide and general powers which are conferred under Sec. 494 on the Public Prosecutor to withdraw from the prosecution though they are subject to the permission of the Court have to be exercised by him in relation to the facts and circumstances of that case in furtherance of, rather than as a hindrance to the object of the law and justified on the material in the case which substantiate the grounds alleged, not necessarily from those gathered by the judicial method but on other mate- rials which may not be strictly on legal or admissible evidence. The Court also while considering the request to grant permission under the said Section should not do so as a necessary formality- the grant of it for the mere asking.
It may do so only if it is satisfied on the materials placed_ before it that the grant of it sub- serves the administration of justice and that permission was not being. sought covertly with an ulterior purpose unconnected with the vindication of the law which the executive organs are in duty bound to further and maintain.
What then are the circumstances in which the permission has been sought in this case .and the considerations that weighed with the Courts in granting that permission. The Public Prose-
cutor as we have seen thought that the matter was of a civil nature, that the subject matter of the case before the Magistrate had been decided in a Civil suit, that witnesses are from far off places and their evidence will incur huge expenses for the State; that the case was registered as early as 1963 and the trial has not yet begun.
It is clear that prima facie none of these grounds or even the cumulative effect of all these grounds would justify the withdrawal from the prosecution. It m~y be that the acts of the
Respondent may make them both liable under the Civil law as well a, under the Criminal law but it does l)Ot justify either the seeking of the permission to withdraw from the prosecution or granting of it unless the matter before the Criminal Court is of a purely civil nature.
The accused in this case have been (I) [1957] S.C. R. 279. c ,.-. c M. N. s. NAIR v. P. v. BALAKRlSHNAN (Jaganmohatz Reddy. J.) 607 charged with offences of cheating, of the forgery of valuable securities with the intention that the documents forged shall be used for the purpose of cheating, and/ or also for using them as genuine which they know or have reason to believe to be forged documents.
The case of the Respondents was that all this was done with the knowledge of the complainant with a view to fur- ther the practice prevailing to popularise the transport bT1siness. It appears that after the complaint was filed and the police took cognizance of the offence and investigated it but before the charge· sheet was filed the Public Prosecutor seems to have expressed the view on 8-6-63 that a successful prosecution may not be possible under Sec. 467 and 420 because the matter for which the Res- pondents were sought to be charged related to a practice which seems to have prevailed in tl;lat Transport Company and in other Companies as well and in the light of that practice mens rea may not be established but this opinion did not prevail as
he was directed to file the charge sheet and accordingly the case pro- ceeded. A perusal of the committal order will make this conclusion of ours clear. Before the Magistrate, the learned Advocate had
contended that there was a normal practice that the Company used to issue way bills without obtaining the goods from the party for the sake of popularising the Company and that in the circumstances Respondent 1 while issuing the way bill had no intention to cause damage or to cheat.
The Magistrate negativ- ed this contention and said that he was not able to believe that the Company will resort to these practices for the sake of such popularity and that it was the way bills that were issued in Accus- ed 2's ·name and it was Accused 2 who obtained the money from the Bank.
Therefore, there was prima facie evidence to show that goods. were not produced at the time of issuing way_ bills by Respondent 1 to Respondent 2 and that Respondent 2 was well aware of it when he drew the money on the way bills from the Bank for the goods he had never produced for booking. Knowing that these receipts were forged one Respondent 2 had got them li!scounted.
It also appears from the committal order that the prosecution had produced a letter alleged to have been written by Respondent 2 to Respondent 1 requesting him to issue the wJy bills, a reading of which the Magistrate saio shows that it W«i ;: Jetter written with the intention of obtaining them. In this
view he thought that there was a prima facie case against the accused and accordingly he framed the charges. The High Court ignoring the view taken by it in its previous two Revisions referred to earlier that there was prima facia case and that there was no illegality in the prosecution, thought that the Public Pros~cutor was right when he applied to the Court for sanction to withdraw the prosecution on the ground that it might not result in a conviction to which it further added that there was a long delay of five years and that the witnesses were not in the locality and have to be brought to Court from different places. Though it thought that this la1ter reason may not justify the abandonment of the prosecution but nevertheless it is said that in view of the practice prevailing in this Transport Company as well as in other Transport Companies the chances of successful prosecution were remote.
It further thought that the question of expenses would also become relevant. We think that these grounds are flimsy and do not justify the granting of permission to withdraw from the prosecution.
In the first place there is nothing to indicate what that practice was, how it was resorted to and what elements were deficient to constitute the offences for which the Respondents were entitled to be charged and in the second place nothing had happened since the committal order except that the several revisions filed by Respondent 1 and Res- pondent 2 had delayed the trial which delay by itself cannot be made a ground for according permission.
On the other consi- deration which weighed with the High Court that a prosecution would involve a huge expenditure there is no material to show what amount would be involved if the case was prosecuted nor how many witnesses would be required to be called from Calcutta and Bombay. .On the other hand the case appears to be mostly hinged on the issue of the Way Bills to Respondent 2 bty Res- pondent 1 without receipt of goods from Respondent 2 which the Responden~s say was due to the practice followed by ' the com- plainant to popularise its transport business.
The execution of the Way Bills by Respondent 1, their issue by him without receipt of the goods and the obtaining of money by the second Respon- dent from the Bank by discounting them with it are some of the elements and except perhaps for the non-receipt of the goods by die people to whom they were alleged to have been booked, are ill! dependent on local witnessi;s. In any case the expenditure involved is nQt the sole criterion for granting permission. In the view we have taken this appeal is allowed, the permis- sion granted by the Trial Court and confirmed by the High Court in Revision is set aside and we direct that the trial do proceed in accordance with law.
v.:l>.s. Appeal allowed. c