2 s.c.R. SUPREME COUHT HE.PORTS 33\l M/S. HARINAGAR SUGAR MILLS LTD. v. SHYAM SUNDAR JHUNJHUNW ALA AND OTHERS (S. K. DAS, J. L. KAPUR, M. HIDAYATULLAH, J. c. SHAH and T. L. VENKATARAMA AIYAR, JJ.)
Appeal-Company rufusing to register transfer of shares- Appeal to Central Government-Decision in appeal-Whether judi- cial-Central Government, if acts as a tribunal-Special leave, if lies against decision-Powers of Central Government in appeal- W hether giving of reasons for decision essential–Companies Act, r956, (r of r956) ss. III and r55-Constitution of India, Art. r36. One B who held a large number of shares in the appellant
company, transferred two blocks of 100 shares each to his son and daughter-in-law. The transferees applied to the company to register the transfers. Purporting to act under art. 47B of the Articles of Association of the company the directors of the company resolved not to register the transfers.
Against this resolution the transferees preferred appeals to the Central GoverPment under s. 111(3) of the Companies Act, 1956. The Central Government, without giving any reasons for its deci- sion, set aside the resolution of the directors and directed the company to register the transfers. The company obtained
special leave to appeal against the decision of the Central Government under Art. 136 of the Constitution and appealed to the Supreme Court on the gro11nd that the Central Government acted in excess of its jurisdiction or otherwise acted illegally in directing the company to register the transfers. The respondents raised a preliminary objection that the Central Government exercising appellate powers under s. III of the Act (before its amendment in i960) was not a tribunal exercising judicial func- tions and was not subject to the appellate jurisdiction oj the Supreme Court under Art. 136.
Held, that the appeal was competent to the Supreme Court by special leave against the decision of the Central Government under s. ru(3) of the Companies Act, 1956. The Central Govern- ment, when exercising po\vers under s. 111 was a tribunal v.1ith- in the meaning of Art. 136 and was required to act judicially. A person aggrieved by the refusal to register transfer of shares had two remedies under the Act, viz., (r) to apply to the court for rectification of the register under s. 155 or (2) to prefer an appeal under s. rrr. The power of the Court under s. 155,
which has necessarily to be exercised judicially, and the power of the Central Government under s. III have to be exercised subject to the same restrictions. In both cases it has to be r96r
[1962] decided whether the directors have acted oppressively, caprici- ously, corruptly or malafide. Th.e decision has manifestly to flannaga> Sugar stand those objective tests and has not merely to be founded on M•lls Ltd.
the subjective satisfaction of the authority. Jn an appeal under v. s. ur(3) there is a lis or dispute between the contesting parties Shyam Sundar relating to their civil rights, and the Central. Government has Jhunjhunwala
to determine the dispute according to law in the light of the evidence and not on grounds of policy or expediency. There was thus a duty imposed on the Central Government to act judicially. The proviso to sub-s. (8) of s. ru which provided for the award of reasonable compensation in lieu of the shares in certain circumstances also fortifies that view.
Shivji Nathubhai v. The Union of India, [1960] 2 S.C.R. 775, Re Bell Brothers Ltd. Ex Parle Hodgson, (1891) 65 L.T. 245, The Province of Bombay v. Kusaldas S. Advani, [1950) S.C.R. 621, The King v. London County Council, [1931) 2 K.B. 215 and The
Bharat Bank Ltd., Delhi v. Employees of the Bharat Bank Ltd., Delhi, [1950] S.C.R. 459, referred to. In an appeal under s. lII(3) of the Act the Central Govern- ment has to determine whether the exercise of the discretion by the directors. refusing to register the transfer is ma/a fide, arbi- trary or capricious and whether it is in the interest of the com- pany. The decision of the Central Government is subject to appeal to the Supreme Court under Art. i36; the Supreme
Court cannot effectively exercise its power if the Central Government gives no reasons in support of its order. The mere fact that the proceedings before the Central Government are to be treated as confidential does not dispense with a judicial approach, nor does it obviate the disclosure of sufficient grounds and evidence in support of the order. In tbe present case no reasons have been given in support of the orders and the
appeals have to be remanded to the Central Government for rehearing. In re Gresham Life Assurance Society, Ex Parle Penney, (1872) Law Rep. 8 Ch. 446 and In re Smith and Fawcett, Ltd., L. R. (1942) l Ch. D. 30.\, referred to.
Per HidayatuUah, j.-'–The app:eal to the Supreme.Court under Art. i36 was competent. The Act and the Rules showed that the function of the Central Government under s. u(3) was curial and not executive; there \vas provision for filing a memo- randum of appeal setting out the grounds, lorthe company mak- ing representations against the' appeal,· for tendering evidence and award of costs>., There \Vas provision for a hearing arid a decision on evidence. The Central Government acted as a
tribunal within the meaning of Art. 136. Hu.ddart, Parker & Co. Proprietary Ltd. v. Moorehead, (1908) 8 C.L.R. 330, Shell ComP4ny.of Australia v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation, [1931] A.C. 275, Rex v. Electricity Commissioners, [1924] r K.B. 171, RoyarAquarium and Summer and Winter Garden Society v. Parkinson, (1892) r Q.B. 43r, Shivji Nathubai v. The z96z
Union of India, [1960] 2 S.C.R. 775 and Province of Bombay v. Kushaldas S. Advani, [r950] S.C.R. 62r, referred to. Harinagar Sugar But special leave should not ordinarily be granted in such Mills Ltd.
cases. The directors were not required to give reasons for their v. decision and there was a presumption that they had acted pro- Shyam Sundar perly and in the interest of the company. In the appeal under Jhunjhunwala
s. III of the Act all allegations and counter allegations were confidential and the Central Government could not make them public in its decision. An appeal against such a decision could rarely be effective. In the present case the appeal under s. rn(3) was confined to the ground that the refusal to register was with- out giving any reasons; there was no question of confidential allegations and there was no evidence to consider. The Articles of Association gave the directors absolute discretion to refuse to register the transfers without giving any reasons and there was a presumption that the directors had acted honestly. There was thus no reason for the Central Government to reverse the decision of the directors.
In re Gresham Life Assurance Society; Ex parte Penney, (r872) Law Rep. 8 Ch. 446, In re Hannan's King (Browning) Gold Mining Company Limited, (r897) I4 T.L.R. 3r4 and Moses v. Parkar Ex parte Moses, [1896) A.C. 245, referred to.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos. 33 and 34 of 1959. Appeal by special leave from the order dated May 29, 1957, of the Central Government Ministry of Finance, New Delhi in Appeal Cases Nos. 24 and 33
of 1957. A. V. Viswanatha Sastri and Ganpat Rai, for the appellants. B. P. Maheshwari, for the respondents. M. C. Setalvad, Attorney-General for India, B. R. L. Iyengar and T. M. Sen, for Union of India.
1961. April 25. The Judgment of S. K. Das, Kapur, Shah and Venkatarama Ayyar, JJ., was delivered by Shah, J. Hidayatullah, J. delivered a separate Judg- ment. SHAH, J.-M/s. Harinagar Sugar Mills Ltd. is a
public limited company incorporated under the Indian Companies Act, 1913 (7 of 1913). Article 47B of the Articles of Association of the company invests the Shah ]. [1962) '96' directors of the company with absolute discretion to
H arinagar Sugar ;e~use to regist~r any. transfer of shares. That Article Mills Ltd. 1s m the followmg terms: v. "The directors may in their absolute discretion Shyam Sundar and without giving any reason refuse to register
Jhunjhunwala any transfer of any shares whether such shares be Shah 1. fully paid or not. If the directors refuse to register the transfer of any shares, they shall within two months, after the date on which the transfer was
lodged with the company, send to the transferees and the transferor notice of the refusal." One Banarasi Prasad Jhunjhunwala is the holder of a block of 9500 fully paid-up shares of the com-
pany. In January, 1953, he executed transfers in respect of 2500 out of those shares in favour of his son Shyam Sunder and in respect of 2100 shares in favour of his daughter-in-law Savitadevi and lodged
the transfers with the company for registration of the shares in the names of the transferees. The directors of the company by resolution dated August 1, 1953, in purported exercise of the powers under Article 4 7B of
the Articles of Association, declined to register the shares in the names of the transferees. Petitions were then filed by Banarasi Prasad and the transferees in the High Court of Judicature at Bombay for orders
under s. 38 of the Indian Companies Act, 1913 for rectification of the register of the company maintain- ing that the refusal by the board of directors to register the transfer of the shares was "mala fide, arbi-
trary and capricious" and that the directors had acted with improper and ulterior motives. The High Court rejected these petitions holding that in summary proceedings under s. 38, controversial questions of!aw
and fact could not be tried and that the proper remedy of the tranferees, if so advised, was to file suits for relief in the civil court. Request.s were again made by the transferees to the company by letters
dated February 29, 1956 to register the transfers made by Banarasi Prasad in 1953. The directors of the company in their meeting of March 15, 1956 reiterated their earlier resolution not to register the shares trans- ferred in the names of the transferees. Against this
action of the company, appeals were preferred to the '96' Central Government under s. 111 cl. (3) of the Indian Harin;;;;; Sugar Companies Act, 1956, which had since been brought Mills Ltd.
into operation on April 1, 1956. K. R. P. Ayyangar, v. Joint Secretary, Ministry of Finance, who heard the Shyam Sundar appeals declined to order registration of transfers, Jhunjhunwala
beoause in his view, the questions raised in the appeals could, as suggested by the High Court of Bombay, be decided only in a civil suit. Thereafter, Banarasi Prasad transferred a block of 100 shares to his son
Shyam Sunder and another block of 100 shares to his daughter-in-law Savitadevi, and the transferees re- quested the company by letters dated November 21, 1956, to register the transfers. In the meeting dated
January 12, 1957, the directors of the company resol- ved not to register the transfers and informed the transferees accordingly. Against this resolution, sepa- rate appeals were preferred by Shyam Sunder and
Sa vitadevi under s. 111 cl. (3) of the Indian Companies Act, 1956 to the Central Government. It was submit- ted in para 4 of the petitions of appeal that the refusal to register the transfer of shares was without "any
reason, arbitrary and untenable". The company filed representations submitting that the refusal was bona fide and was not "without any reason, arbitrary and untenable" as alleged. Shyam Sunder and Savitadevi
filed rejoinders to the representations submitting that they had never alleged that refusal to transfer the shares "was capricious or ma.la fide" and that all they had alleged was that the "refusal was without any
reason, arbitrary and untenable". By separate orders dated May 29, 1957, the Deputy Secretary to the Government of India, Ministry of Finance set aside the resolution passed by the board of directors in
exercise of the powers conferred by sub-ss. (5) and (6) of s. 111 of the Indian Companies Act, 1956, and directed that the company do register the transfers. In so directing, the Deputy Secretary gave no reasons.
Against the orders passed by the Deputy Secretary, with special leave under Art. 136 of the Constitution, these two appeals are preferred by the company. Shah ]. [1962] r96r Two questions fall to be determined in these ap-
. — 5 peals, (1) whether the Central Government exercising arsnagar ugar d 111 f h C Mills Ltd. appe ate powers un er s. o t e ompames ct, v. 1956 before its amendment by Act 65 of 1960 is a tri-
Shyam Su•dar bunal exercising judicial functions and is subject to Jhunjhunwala the appellate jurisdiction of this court under Art. 136 Shah J. of the Constitution, and (2) whether the Central
Government acted in excess of its jurisdiction or other- wise acted illegally in directing the company to register the transfer of shares in favour of Shyam Sunder and Savitadevi.
Article 136 of the Constitution, by the first clause provides: "Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the Supreme Court may, in its discretion, grant special leave to appeal from any judgment, decree, determi-
nation, sentence or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any court or tribunal in the territory of India". The Central Government exercising powers under s. 111 of the Companies Act is not a court; that is
common ground. The Attorney-General intervening on behalf of the Union of India submits that the Central Government merely exercises administrat.ive authority in dealing with an appeal under s. 111 of
the Indian Companies Act, 1956 and is not required to act judicially. He submits that the authority of the directors of the company which is in terms absolute, and is not required to be exercised judicially,
when exercised by the Cenral Government under under s. 111 does not become judicial, and subject to appeal to this court. But the mere fact that the directors of the company are invested with absolute
discretion to refuse to register the shares will not make the jurisdiction of the appellate authority administra- tive. In a recent case decided by this court Shivji N athu- bhai v. The Union of India (1), it was held that the
Central Government exercising power of review under r. 54 of the Mineral Concession Rules, 1949 against an (I) [1960] 2 S.C.R. 775· if•'.' t.• \e-; administrative order of the State Government grant-
1 ~6 1 ing a mining lease was subject to the appellate juris- H d. · f h" t b h a.inagar ugar wtwn o t is cour , ecause t e power to review was Mills Ltd. judicial and not administrative. In that case, the
v. action of the State Government granting the mining Shyam sundar lease was undoubtedly an administrative act, but r. 54 J hunjhunwala of the Mineral Concession Rules, 1949 granted a right
of review at the instance of an aggrieved party to the Central Government, and autliorised it to cancel the order of the State Government or to revise it in such manner as it deemed just and proper. The exercise of
this power was held by this court to be quasi-judicial. Before it was amended by s. 27 of Act 65 of 1960, s. Ill of the Indian Companies Act, 1956-omitting parts not material-provided:
(I) Nothing in sections 108, 109 and IIO shall pre- judice any power of the company under its articles to refuse to register the transfer of, or the transmission by operation of law of the right to, any shares or
interest of a member in, or debentures of, the com- pany. (2) If, in pursuance of any such power, a company refuses to register any such transfer or transmission of right, it shall, within two months from the date on
which the instrument or transfer, or the intimation of such transmission, as the case may be, was delivered to the company, send notice of the refusal to the transferee and . the transferor or to the person giving
intimation of such transmission, as the case may be. (3) The transferor or transferee, or the person who gave intimation of the transmission by operation of law, as the case may be, may, where the company is a
public company or a private company which is a subsidiary of a public company, appeal to the Central Government against any refusal of the company to register the transfer or transmission, or against any
failure on its part within the period referred to in sub- s. (2) either to register the transfer or transmission or to send notice of its refusal to register the same. (4) ………………………….. ···•··················· ………. . (5) The Central Government shall, after causing
reasonable notice to be given to the company and Shah J. (1962] r96r alsO' to the transferor and the transferee or as the case may require, to the person giving intimation of the annagar
ugar t ·b f ) d h Mills Ltd. ransm1ssion y operation o aw an t e previous v. owner, if any, and giving them a reasonable opportu- Shyam Sun<lar nity to make their representations, if any, in writing Jhunjhunwala by order, direct either that the transfer or transmis- Shah].
sion shall be registered by the company or that it need not be registered by it: and in the former case, the company shall give effect to the decision forthwith. (6) The Central Government may, in its order afore-
said give such incidental and consequential directions as to the payments of costs or otherwise as it thinks fit. (7) All proceedings in appeals under sub-s. (3) or in relation thereto shall be confidential and no suit, pro-
secution or other legal proceeding shall lie in respect of any allegation made in such proceedings, whether orally or otherwise. (8) In the case of a private company which is not a
subsidiary of a public company, where the right to any shares or interest of a member in, or debentures of, the company, is transmitted by a sale thereof held by a court or other public authority, the provisions of
sub-ss. (3) to (7) shall apply as if the company were a public company: Provided that the Central Government may, in lieu of an order under sub-s. (5) pass an order directing the company to register the transmission of the right
unless any member or members of the company speci. lied in the order acquire the right aforesaid within such time as may be allowed for the purpose by the order, on payment to the purchaser of the price paid
by him therefor or such other sum as the Central Government may determine to be a reasonable com- pensation for the right in all the circumstances of the case. Against the refusal by a company to register the
transfer or transmission of a right to the shares, an appeal lies to the Central Government. The Govern- ment, after giving notice of the appeal and hearing the parties concerned may order that the shares be
registered if it thinks that that course is in the cir- cumstances proper. The Central Government may by the proviso to sub-s. (8) in lieu of an order under sub-s. (5), directing a private company to register H
f h Id b bl' h arinagar ugar transm1ss10n o s ares so y a court or pu IC aut o- Mills Ltd. rity, order that any member or members of the com- v. pany specified in the order do acquire the right on
Shyam Sundar payment to the purchaser of the price paid by him, or Jhunjhunwala such other sum as the Central Government determine to be reasonable compensation. In exercise of the
powers under s. 642, rules called "The Companies (Appeals to the Central Government) Rules, 1957" have been framed by the Central Government. By cl. (3) of the rules, the form of the petition of appeal
is prescribed. Clause (4) provides that the memoran- dum of appeal shall be accompanied by an affidavit and documentary evidence if any in support of the statements made therein including a copy of the
letter written by the appellant to the company for the purpose of registration of the shares. Clause (5) pres- cribes the mode of service of notice of appeal to the company and cl. (6) authorises the Central Govern-
ment before considering the appeal to require the appellant or the company to produce within a specifi- ed period such further documentary or other evidence as it considers necessary. Clause (7) enables the par-
ties to make representations if any in writing accom- panied by affidavits and documentary evidence. Clause (8) authorises the Central Government after considering the representations made and after
making such further enquiries as it considers neces- sary to pass such orders as it thinks fit under sub-s. (5) of s. 111 of the Act. By the appendix to the rules, the form in which notice is to be given to the com-
pany is prescribed. Paragraph 2 of the form states that the company shall be called upon to make its representations in writing against the appeal and be informed that if no representation is received, the
appeal will be determined according to law. There was no provision similar to s. 111 of the Indian Companies Act, 1956, in the Act of 1913, nor is our attention invited to any provision in the Eng-
lish Companies Act on which our Act is largely based, to a similar provision. Prior to 1956, if transfer of Shah ]. [1962) r96r shares was not registered by the directors of a com-
Harinaga-; Sugar pany, action under the Companies Act of 1913 could Mills Ltd. only be taken under s. 38 of the Indian Companies v. Act, 1913 by petition for rectification of the share
Shyam Sundar register. As we will presently point out, the power Jhunjhunwala to refuse to register a transfer granted by the Articles Shah J. of Association, if challenged in a petition for rectifica- tion of register was to be presumed to have been exer-
cised reasonably, bona fide and for the benefit of the company, and unless otherwise provided by the Articles, the directors were not obliged to disclose reasons on which they acted. The power had to be
exercised for the benefit of the company and bona fide, but a heavy onus lay upon those challenging the reso- lution of the directors to displace the presumption of bona fide exercise of the power. The discretion to
refuse to register transfers was not liable to be con- trolled unless the directors "acted oppressively, cap- riciously or corruptly, or in some way mala fide" (Re Bell Brothers Ltd. ex parte Hodgson)(').
Power to refuse to register transfer of shares, without assigning any reasons, or in their absolute and uncon- trolled discretion, is often found in the Articles of Association, and exercising jurisdiction under s. 38 of
the Indian Companies Act, 1913, the court may not draw unfavourable inferences from the refusal to dis- close reasons in support of their resolution. The power given to the court under s. 38 is now confirmed
with slight modification by s. 155 of the Indian Com- panies Act, 1956. Under that section, the court may rectify the register of shareholders if the name of any person is without sufficient cause entered in or omitted
from the register of members of a company, or default is made, or unnecessary delay has taken place in entering on the register the fact of any person having ceased to be a member. The court is in exercising
this jurisdiction competent to decide any question re- lating to the title of the person claiming to have his name registered and generally to decide all questions which may be necessary or expedient to decide for the
rectification. A person aggrieved by the refusal to (1) (1891) 65 L.T. 245. register transfer of shares has, since the enactment of x96x the Companies Act, 1956, therefore two remedies for ff
s k. 1. f d h C (l) l t arinagar ugar see mg re w un er t e ompames ct, to app Y o Mills Ltd. the court for rectification of the register under s. 155, v. and (2) to appeal against the resolution refusing to
Shyam sundar register the transfers under s. 111. It is common Jhunjhunwala ground that in the exercise of the power under s. 155, the court has to act judicially: to adjudicate upon the
right exercised by the directors in the light of the powers conferred upon them by the Articles of Asso. uiation. The respondents however submit-and they are supported by the Union of India-that the
authority of the Central Government under s. 111 is nevertheless purely administrative. But in an appeal under s. 111 cl. (3) there is a lis or dispute bet- ween the contesting parties relating to their civil
rights, and the Central Government is invested with the power to determine that dispute according to law, i.e., it has to consider and decide the proposal and the objections in the light of the evidence, and not on
grounds of policy or expediency. The extent of the power which may be exercised by the Central Govern- ment is not delimited by express enactment, but the power is not on that account unrestricted. The power
in appeal to order registration of transfers has to be exercised subject to the limitations similar to those imposed upon the exercise of the power of the court in a petition for that relief under s. 155: the restrictions
which inhere the exercise of the power of the court also apply to the exercise of the appellate power by the Central Government, i.e., the Central Government hits to decide whether in exercising their power, the
directors are acting oppressively, capriciously or cor- ruptly, or in some way mala fidl,. The decision has manifestly to stand those objective tests, and has not merely to be founded on the subjective satisfaction of
the authority deciding the question. The authority uannot proceed to decide the question posed for its determination on grounds of expediency: the statute empowers the Central Government to decide the dis-
putes arising out of the claims made by the transferor or transferee which claim is opposed by the company, Shah J. 8UPREME COURT REPORTS [1962] and by rendering a decision upon the respective con-
tentions, the rights of the contesting part.ies are Harinag.,, Suga' d" ti er d p · f h f h Mills Ltd. 1rec y auecte . nma ame, t e exercise o sue v. ·authority would be judicial. It is immaterial that the
Shyam sunda' statute which confers the power upon the Central J hunjhunwala Government does not expressly set out the extent of Shah j. the power: but the very nature of the jurisdiction
requires that it is to be exf>rcised subject to ihe limita. tions which apply to the court under s. 155. The proviso to sub-s. (8) of s. 111 clearly indicates that in circumstances specified therein reasonable compensa-
tion may be awarded in lieu of the shares. This com- pensation which is to be reasonable has to be ascer- tained by the Central Government; and reasonable compensation cannot be ascertained except by the
application of some objective standards of what is just having regard to all the circumstances of the case. In The Province of Bombay v. Kusaldas S. Advani('), this court considered the distinction between decisions
quasi-judicial and administrative or ministerial for the purpose of ascertaining whether they are subject to the jurisdiction to issue a writ of certiorari. Faz! Ali, J. at p. 642 observed:
"The word "decision" in common parlance is more or less a neutral expression and it can be used with reference to purely executive acts as well as judicial orders. The mere fact that an executive authority
has to decide something does not make the decision judicial. It is the manner in which the decision has to be arrived at which makes the difference, and the real test is: Is there any duty to decide judicially?"
The court also approved of the following test suggested in The Kiny v. London County Council(') by Scrutton L.J .: "It. is not necessary that it should be a court in the sense in which this court is a court; it is enough if it
is exercising, after hearing evidence, judicial functions in the sense that it has to decide on evidence between a proposal and an opposition; and it is not necessary to be strictly a court; if it is a tribunal which has to
{I) [I950] s.c R. 621. {2J [193iJ 2 K.lJ. 215, 233, decide rights after hearing evidence and opposition, it is amenable to the writ of certiorari." Th k L d h. l Harinagar 5,. •• ,
n e Bharat an t ., Del i v. mp oyees of the Miils Ltd , Bharat Bank Ltd., Delhi (1), the question whether an v. adjudication by an industrial tribunal functioning Shyam s,.ndar under the Industrial Disputes Act was subject to the
Jh,.njhunwala jurisdiction of this court under Art. 136 of the Con- stitution fell to be determined: Mahajan J. in that case observed: "There can be no doubt that varieties of adminis-
trative tribunals and domestic tribunals are known to exist in this country as well as in other countries of the world but the real question to decide in each case is as to the extent of judicial power of the State
exercised by them. Tribunals which do not derive authority from the sovereign power cannot fall within the ambit of Art. 136. The condition precedent for bringing a tribunal within the ambit of Art. 136 is
that it should be constituted by the State. Again a_ tribunal would be outside the ambit of Art. 136 if it is not invested with any part of the judicial functions of the State but discharges purely administrative or
executive duties. Tribunals however which are found invested with certain functions of a Court of Justice and have some of its trappings also would fall within the ambit of Art. 136 and would be subject to the
appellate control of this Court whenever it is found necessary to exercise that control in the interests of justice." It was also observed by Faz! Ali J. at p. 463 that a body which is required to act judicially and which
exercises judicial power of the State does not cease to be one exercising judicial or quasi-judicial functions merely because it is not expressly required to be guid- ed by any recognised substantive law in deciding the
disputes which come before it. The authority of the Central Government enter- taining an appeal under s. 111(3) being an alternative remedy to an aggreived party to a petition under
s. 155 the investiture of authority is in the exercise of the judicial power of the State. Clause (7) of s. 111 (1) (1950) S.C.R. 459. Shah .f. [1962) r96r declares the proceedings in appeal to be confidential,
but that does not dispense with a judicial approach Ha~inagar Sugar Mills Ltd. to the evidence. nder s. 54 of the Indian lncome- v. tax Act, (which is analogous) all particulars contained
Sh,.am Sund"' in any statement made, return furnished or accounts Jhunjhunwala or documents produced under the provisions of the Shah ]. Act or in any evidence given, or affidavit or deposi-
tion made, in the course of any proceedings under the Act are to be treated as confidential; but that does not make the decision of the taxing authorities merely executive. As the dispute between the parties relates
to the civil rights and the Act provides for a right of appeal and makes detailed provisions about hearing and disposal according to law, it is impossible to avoid the inference that a duty is imposed upon the
Central Government in deciding the appeal to act judicially. The Attornev-General contended that even if the Central Government was required by the provisions of the Act and the rules to act judicially, the Central
Government still not being a tribunal, this court has no power to entertain an appeal against its order or deci- sion. But the proceedings before the Central Govern- ment have all the trappings of a judicial tribunal.
Pleadings have to be filed, evidence in support of the case of each party has to be furnished and the dis- putes have to be decided according to law after con- sidering the representations made by the parties. If
it be granted that the Cent-ral Government exercises judicial power of the State to adjudicate upon rights of the parties in civil matters when there is a !is between the contesting parties, the conclusion is
inevitable that it acts as a tribunal and not as an executive body. vVe therefore over-rule the prelimi- nary objection raised on behalf of the Union of India and by the respondents as to the maintainability of
the appeals. The Memorandum and Articles of Association of a company when registered bind the company and the members of the company to the same extent as if they respectively had been signed by the company
and each member, and contained covenants on its and his part to observe all the provisions oft.he Memoran- '96' dum an~ o~ the A.rtic!es. Clause ~ 7B of tl~e Ar.ti oles Hadnaga' Suga'
of Assoc1at10n which rnvcsts the director with d1scre- Mills Ltd. tion to refuse to register shares is therefore an inci- v. dent of the contract binding upon the transferor, and Shyam sunda' registration of transfer or transmission cannot there-
J huuJhuuwala fore be insisted upon as a matter of right. The con- ditions subject to which a party can maintain a peti- tion for an order for rectification of the register of shareholders have been settled by a long course of
decisions. Two of those may be noticed. In In re Gresham Life Assurance Society Ex parte Penney('), the deed of settlement of a life insurance company provided that any shareholder shall be at
liberty to transfer his shares to any other person who was already a shareholder, or who should be approved by the board of directors, and that no person not being already a shareholder or the executor of a
shareholder, should be entitled to become the trans- feree of any share unless approved by the board. One J. R. De Paiva who was the holder of ten shares of the company sold them to W. J. Penney
and lodged the transfer. with the shares for regis- tration at the company's office. The directors in exercise of the powers conferred upon them by the deed of settlement refused to register the shares.
In a joint summons taken out by Paiva and Penney under s. 35 of the Companies Act, 1862, the ]\faster of the Rolls directed the transfer to be registered, the directors of the company having failed to submit any
reasonable ground or objection to the purchaser. In the view of the Mast<:r of the Rolls, it was for the court to judge whether the objection was reasonable and that objection must be disclosed to the court.
Against this order, the company approached the Court of Appeal. James L. J. in dealing with the conten- tion raised by the appellant observed that the direc- tors were in a fiduciary position both towards the
company and towards every shareholder and that it was easy to coneeive of cases in which the court may interfere with any violation of the fiduciary duty so (1) (1872) Law Rep. 8 Ch. 446.
Shah ]. [1962] 196r reposed in the directors. It was observ<>d by James L.J.: arinagar Sugar Mills Ltd. "But m order to mterfere upon that ground 1t v. must be made out that the directors have been
Shyam Suuda, acting from some improper motive, or arbitrarily J huujhuuwala and capriciously. That must be alleged and proved, Shah ]. and the person who has a right to allege and prove
it is the shareholder who seeks to be removed from the list of shareholders and to substitute another person for himself.. .. this Court would have juris- diction to deal with it as a corrupt breach of trust;
but if there is no such corrupt or arbitrary conduct as between the directors and the person who is seeking to transfer his shares, it does not appear to me that this court has any jurisdiction whatever to
sit as a Court of Appeal from the deliberate decision of the board of directors, to whom, by the constitu- tion of the company, the question of determining (.he eligibility or non-eligibility of new members is
committed. If the directors had been minded, and the Court was satisfied that they were minded, whether they expressed it or not, positively to prevent a shareholder from parting with his shares,
unless upon complying with some condition which they chose to impose, the Court would probably, in exercise of its duty as between the cestui que trust and the trustees, interfere to redress the mischief,
either by compelling the transfer or giving damages, or in some mode or other to redress the mischief which the shareholder would have had a just right to complain of." It was also observed by James L.J.:
"I am of opinion that we cannot sit as a Court of Appeal from the conclusion which the directors have arrived at if we are satisfied that the directors have done that which alone they could be compelled by
mandamus to do, to take the matter into their consideration". Mellish L.J. observed: "But it is further contended that in order to secure the existing shareholder against being depri-
ved of the right to sell his shares, the directors are bound to give their reason why they reject the 196 r transferee, and if they reject him without giving a reason that is a ground from which the Court oughtH•·~~[i"'L ~ugar to infer that they were acting arbitrarily. I cannot
' ~. agree with that. It appears to me that it is very Shyam Sundar important that directors should be able to exercise Jhunjhunwala the power in a perfectly uncontrollable manner for
the benefit of the shareholders; but it is impossible that they could fairly and properly exercise it if they were compelled to give the reason why they rejected a particular individual.. .. ! am therefore of
opinion that in order to preserve to the company the right which is given by the articles a share- holder is not to be put upon the register if the board of directors do not assent to him, and it is absol-
utely necessary that they should not be bound to give their reasons although I perfectly agree that if it can be shown affirmatively that they are exercising their power capriciously and wantonly, that may be
a ground for the Court interfering". A similar view was also expressed in In re Smith and Fawcett Ltd. (1) where the Court of Appeal held that where the directors of the company had uncon-
trolled and absolute discretion to refuse to register any transfer of shares, while such powers are of a fiduciary nature and must be exercised in the interest of the company, the petition for registration of transfer
should be dismissed unless there is something to show that they had been otherwise exercised. Rectification of the register under s. 155 can there- fore be granted only if the transferor establishes that
the directors had, in refusing to register the shares in the names of a transferee, acted. oppressively, capri- ciously or corruptly, or in some way mala fide and not in the interest of the company. Such a plea has, in a
petition for rectification, to be expressly raised and affirmatively proved by evidence. Normally, the court would presume that where the directors have refused to register the transfer of shares when they have been
invested with absolute discretion to refuse registration, that the exercise of the power was bona fide. When (•) L.R. [1942] I Ch. D. 304. Shah j. [1962] r96r the new Companies Act was enacted, it was well
settled that the discretionary power conferred by the Ha.ina•ar S"ga' t' 1 f f Jd b Milts Ltd. ar JC es o assomat10n to re use. to register wou e v. presumed to be properly exercised and it was for the
Shyam Sundar aggrieved transferor to show affirmatively that it had .fhuujhunwala been exercised mala fide and not in the interest of the Shah ]. company. Before the Committee appointed by tho Government
of India under the Chairmanship of Mr. C.H. Bhabha representation was made by several bodies that this power which was intended to be exercised for the benefit of the company was being misused and the
Committee with a view to afford some reasonable safeguards against such misuse of the power recom- mended that a right of appeal should be provided against refusal to registe rtransfer of shares. 'J'.he
Legislature, it appears, accepted this suggestion and provided a right of appeal. But the power to enter- tain the appeal is not unrestricted: being an alterna- tive to the right to approach the civil court, it must
be subject to the same limitations which are implicit in the exercise of the power by the civil court under s. 155. The Central Government may therefore exer- cise the power to order that the transfer which the
directors have in their discretion refused, be regis- tered if it is satisfied that the exercise of the discretion is mala fide, arbitrary or capricious and that it is in the interest of the company that the transfer should
be registered. Relying upon cl. (7) of s. 111 which provided that the proceedings in appeals under sub-s. (3) or in rela- tion thereto shall be confidential, it was urged that the authority hearing the appeal is not obliged to set
out reasons in support of its conclusion and it must be assumed that in disposing of the appeal, the authority acted properly and directed registration of shares. But the provision that the proceedings are to be treat-
ed as confidential is made with a view to facilitate a free disclosure of evidence before the Central Govern- ment which disclosure may not, in the light of publi- city which attaches to proceedings in the ordinary
courts, be possible in a petition under s. 155 of the 2 S.C.R. Companies Act. The mere fact that the proceedings I96I are to be treated as confidential does not dispense H . — 5 with a judicial approach nor does it obviate the dis-
"''J:i~fz:' Ltd~gar closure of sufficient grounds and evidence in support v. of the order. Shyam Sundar In the present case, the position is somewhat un- Jhunjhunwala satisfactory. The directors passed a resolution declin-
ing to register the shares and informed the transferor and the transferees of that resolution. The transferees in their petition stated that the refusal to register transfer was without any reason, arbitrary and unte-
nable and in the grounds of appeal they stated that they did not know of any reasons in support of the refusal and reserved liberty to reply thereto if any such reasons were given.
The company in reply merely asserted that the refusal was not without any reason or arbitrary or untenable. The transferees in their rejoinder inade a curious statement-of which it
is difficult to appreciate the import-that they had "nowhere stated in the memoranda of appeals that the refusal to transfer shares was capricious or mala fide" and all that they "had stated was that the refu-
sal was without any reason, arbitrary or untenable". The Deputy Secretary who decided the appeals chose to give no reasons in support of his orders. There is nothing on the record to show that he was satisfied
that the action of the directors in refusing to register the shares "was arbitrary and untenable" as alleged. If the Central Government acts as a tribunal exercis- ing judicial powers and the exercise of that power is
subject to the jurisdiction of this court under Art. 136 of the Constitution, we fail to see how the power of this court can be effectively exercised if reasons are not given by the Central Government in support of its
order. In the petition under s. 38 of the Indian Com- panies Act, 1913, the Bombay High Court declined to order rectification on a summary proceeding and relegated the parties to a suit and a similar order was
passed by the Joint Secretary, Ministry of Finance. These proceedings were brought to the notice of the Deputy Secretary who heard the appeals. Whether Shah ], [1962) z96z in spite of the opinion recorded by the High Court
Harinaga> Sugar and by the Joint Secretary, Ministry of Finance in Mills Ltd. respect of another block out of shares previously v. attempted to be transferred, there were adequate
Shyam Sundar grounds for directing registration, is a matter on Jhunjhunwala which we are unable to express any opinion. All the Shah j. documents which were produced before the Deputy
Secretary are not printed in the record before us and we were told at the bar that there were several other documents which the Deputy Secretary took into con- sideration. In the absence of anything to show that
the Central Government exercised its restricted power in hearing an appeal under s. 111 (3) and passed the orders under appeal in the light of the restrictions imposed by art. 47B of the articles of association and
in the interest of the company, we are unable to decide whether the Central Government did not trans- gress the limits of their power. We are however of the view that there has been no proper trial of the
appeals, no reasons having been given in support of the orders by the Depnty Secretary whc• heard the appeals. In the circumstances, we quash the orders passed by the Central Government and direct that
the appeals be re-heard and disposed of according to law. Costs of these appeals will be costs in the appeals before the Central Government. Hidayatullah J. HIDAYATULLAH, J.-I have had the advantage of
reading the judgment just delivered by my brother, Shah, J. In view of the strong objection to the com- petence of the appeals under Art. 136 by the respon' dents, to whom liberty was reserved by the order
granting special leave, I have found it necessary to express my views. The facts have been stated in detail by my learned brother, and I shall not repeat them in full. Very shortly stated, the facts are that the second respon-
dent, Banarsi Prasad Jhunjhunwala, transferred 2500 shares to his son, and 2100 shares to his daughter-in- law, in the appellant Company in 1953. The appel- lant Company declined to register these transfers.
Proceedings for rectification of the Register under s. 38 of the Indian Companies Act, 1913, followed iu the High Court of Bombay, but the High Court r96r referred the disputants to the Civil Court. In the
petition before the High Court, the respondents had Hari;:ft;'u~~gar charged the Directors of the appellant Company with v. ba.d faith and arbitrary dealing. Sh) <1m sunda• The respondents renewed their requests for regis-
Jhunjhunwala tration, but they were again declined, and appeals were filed before the Central Government under Hidayatullak J. s. 111(3) of the Companies Act, 1956, which had come
into force from April 1, 1956. These appeals were heard by Mr. K. R. P. Aiyengar, Joint Secret.ary, Ministry of Finance, who dismissed them, holding that only a suit was the appropriate remedy.
Ba.narsidas Pra~ad then made a fresh transfer of 100 shares ea.ch to his son and daughter-in-law, and requests for registration of these shares wei·e made. The appellant Company again declined to register
the shares, but gave no reasons. Under cl. 47-B of the Articles of Association of the appellant Com- pany, it is provided: "The Directors may in their absolute discretion a.nd without giving any reason refuse to register
any transfer of any shares whether such shares be fully paid or not. If the Directors refuse to regis- ter the transfer of any shares, they shall, within two months after the date on which the transfer
was lodged with the company, send to the trans- feree and the transferor notice of the refusal." The appellant Company was prima facie within its rights when it did not state any reasons for declining
to register the shares in question. Appeals were again taken to the Central Govern- ment under s. 111(3). It was alleged that the refusal to register the shares without giving any reasons was
"arbitrary and untenable". In accordance with the provisions of the section, representations were filed by the appellant Company and rejoinders by the opposite party. The transferees made it clear that
they did not charge the appellant Company with "capricious or mala fide conduct" but only with arbi- trary refusal, without stating any reasons. The appeals [1962] '96' succeeded, and the shares were ordered to be regis-
tered. The Deputy Secretary, who heard and decided atinagar Sugar h l c h' d · · Mills Ltd. t e appea s, gave no reasons ;or 1s ems10n. gamst v. his order, the present appeals have been filed with
Shyam Sundar special leave. Jhunjhunwala The preliminary objection is that the appeals are incompetent, because the Central Government, which Hidayatullah J. heard thorn, is not a tribunal, much less a Court, and the action of the Central Government is purely admi-
nistrative. It is, therefore, submitted that Art. 136 does not apply, because special leave can only be granted in respect of a determination by a Court or a tribunal, which the Central Government is not. This
is not the only provision of law, under which the Cen- tral or State Governments have been empowered to hear appeals, revisions or reviews, and it is thus neces- sary to find out the exact status of the Central Govern-
ment when it hears and decides appeals, etc., for the application of Art. 136. Article 136( 1) reads as follows: "Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the Supreme Court may in its discretion, grant special
leave to appeal from any judgment, decree, deter- mination, sentence or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any Court or tribunal in the territory of India." The orders which the Central Government passes,
certainly fall within the words "determination" and "order". The proceeding before the Central Govern- ment also falls within the wide words "any cause or matter". The only question is whether the Central
Government, when it hears and decides an appeal, can be said to be acting as a Court or tribunal. That the Central Government is not a Court was assumed at the hearing. But to ascertain what falls within
the expression "Court or tribunal'', one has to begin with "Courts". The word "Court" is not defined in the Companies Act, 1956. It is not defined in the Civil Procedure Code. The definition in the Indian
Evidence Act is not exhaustive, and is for the pur- poses of that Act. In the. New English Dictionary (Vol. II, pp. 1090, 1091), the meaning given is: "an assembly of judges or other persons legally
r96r appointed and acting as a tribunal to hear and d . .1 . J 'J't Harinagar ugar etermme any cause, c1v1 , ecc es1ast1ca , m1 1 ary .wills Ltd. or naval." v. All tribunals are not Courts, though all Courts are
Shyam Sundar tribunals. The word "Courts" is used to designate Jhunjhunwala those tribunals which are set up in an organised State Hidayatullah J. for the administration of justice. By administration
of justice is meant the exercise of judicial power of the State to maintain and uphold rights and to punish "wrongs". Whenever there is an infringement of a right or an injury, the Courts are there to restore the
vinculum juris, which is disturbed. Judicial power, according to Griffith, C. J. in Huddart, Parker & Co. Proprietary Ltd. v. Moorehead (1) means:- "the power which every sovereign authority must
of necessity have to decide controversies between its subjects, or between itself and its subjects, whe- ther the rights relate to life, liberty or property. The exercise of this power does not begin until some
tribunal which has power to give a binding and authoritative decision (whether subject to appeal or not) is called upon to take action." When rights are infringed or invaded, the ag-
grieved party can go and commence a querela before the ordinary Civil Courts. These Courts which are in- strumentalities of Government, are invested with the judicial power of the State, and their authority is
derived from the Constitution or some Act of legisla- ture constituting them. Their number is ordinarily fixed and they are ordinarily permanent, and can try any suit or cause within their jurisdiction. Their
numbers may be increased or decreased, but they are almost always permanent and go under the compen- dious name of "Courts pf Civil J udicaturc". There can thus be no doubt that the Central Government
does not come within this class. With the growth of civilisation and the problems of modern life, a large number of administrative tribu- nals have come into existence. These tribunals have
the authority of law to pronounce upon valuable (I) [I908] 8 C.L.R. 330, 3.17· [1962] '96' rights; they act in a judicial manner and even on evi- Harina-;:: Sugar deuce on oath, but they are not part of the ordinary Mills Ltd.
Courts of Civil Judicature. They share the exercise v. of the judicial power of the State, but they are brought Shyam Sund"' into existence to implement some administrative policy J hunjhunwala or to determine controversies arising out of some ad- Hidayatullah J. ministrative law. They are very similar to Courts, but are not Courts. When the Constitution speaks of
'Courts' in Art. 136, 227 or 228 or in Arts. 233 to 237 or in the Lists, it contemplates Courts of Civil Judica- ture but not tribunals other than such Courts. This is the reason for using both the expressions in Arts. 136
and 227. By "Courts" is meant Courts of Civil J udica- ture and by "tribuna.ls", those bodies of men who are appointed to decide controversies arising under certain special laws. Among the powers of the State is in-
cluded the power to decide such controversies. This is undoubtedly one of the attributes of the State, and is aptly called the judicial power of the State. In the exercise of this power, a clear division is thus notice-
able. Broadly speaking, certain special matters go before tribunals, and the residue goes before the ordi- nary Courts of Civil Judicature. Their procedures may differ, but the functions are not essentially diffe-
rent. What distinguishes them has never been success- fully established. Lord St.amp said that the real distinction is that Courts have "an air of detachment". But this is more a matter of age and tradition and is
not of the essence. Many tribunals, in recent years, have acquitted themselves so well and with such detachment as to make this test insufficient. Lord Sankey, L.C. in Shell Company of Australia v. Federal
Commissioner of Taxation (1) observed: "The authorities are clear to show that there are tribunals with many of the trappings of a Court, which, nevertheless, are not Courts in the strict
sense of exercising judicial power … In that connec- tion it may be useful to enumerate some negative propositions on this subject: 1. A tribunal is not necessarily a Court in this strict sense because it
gives a final decision. 2. Nor because it hears (I) [1931) A.C. 275, 296. witnesses on oath. 3. Nor because two or more con- r96r tending parties appear before it between whom it . . –
h t d 'd b "t ' d · · lla•inagar Sugar a.s o e01 e. or ecause I gives e01s10ns Mill Ltd which affect the rights of subjects. 5. Nor because there is an appeal to a Court. 6. Nor because it is
Shyam Sundar a body to which a matter is referred by another Jhunjhunwala body. See Rex v. Electricity Commissioners (1)." In my opinion, a Court in the strict sense is a llidayatullah J. tribunal which is a part of the ordinary hierarchy of
Courts of Civil Judicature maintained by the State under its constitution to exercise the judicial power of the State. These Courts perform all the judicial func- tions of the State except those that are excluded by
law from their jurisdiction. The word "judicial'', be it noted, is itself capable of two meanings. They were admirably stated by Lopes, L«T. in Royal Aquarium and Sitmmer and Winter Garden Society v. Parkinson('),
in these words: "The word 'judicial' has two meanings. It may refer to the discharge of duties exercisable by a judge or by justices in court, or to administrative duties which need not be performed in court, but in
respect of which it is necessary to bring to bear a judicial mind-that is, a mind to determine what is fair and just in respect of the matters under con- sideration." That an officer is required to decide matters before
him "judicially" in the second sense does not make him a Court or even a tribunal, because that only establishes that he is following a standard of conduct, and is free from bias or interest.
Courts and tribunals act "judicially" in both senses, and in the term "Court" are included the ordinary and permanent tribunals and in the term "tribunal" are included all others, which are not so included.
Now, the matter would have been simple, if the Com- panies Act, 1956 had designated a person or persons whether by name or by office for the purpose of hear- ing an appeal under s. 111. It would then have been
clear that though such person or persons were not "Courts" in the sense explained, they were clearly (I) [l924) I K.B. I7I. (2) [I8J2) I Q.B. 431, 452, [1962] r96r "tribunals". The Act says that an appeal shall lie to
the Central Government.. We are, therefore, faced arinagar ugar . h h h h h l Mills Ltd. wit t e quest10n w et er t e entra Government v. can be said to be a tribunal. Reliance is placed "upon
Shyam sundar a recent decision of this Court in Shivji Nathubai v. Jhunjhunwala The Union of India('), where it was held that the Central Government in exercising power of review Hida.yatullah J.
J M R J under tie ineral oncess10n u es, 1 49, was subject to the appellate jurisdiction conferred by Art. 136. In that case which came to this Court on appeal from the High Court's order under Art. 226, it was held on the
authority of Province of Bomhay v. Kushaldas S. Ad- vani (2) and Rex v. Electricity Commissioners (3) that the action of the Central Government was quasi- judicial and not administrative. It was then observed:
"It is in the circumstances apparent that as soon as r. 52 gives a .right to an aggrieved party to apply for review a lis is created between him and the party in whose favour the grant has been made.
U uless therefore there is anything in the statute to the contrary it will be the duty of the authority to act judicially and its decision would be a quasi- judicial act." This observation only establishes that the decision is
a quasi-judicial one, but it does not say that the Cen- tral Government can be regarded as a tribunai. In my opinion, these are very different matters, and now that the question has been raised, it should be decided.
The function that the Central Government per- forms under the Act and the Rules is to hear an appeal against the action of the Directors. For that purpose, a memorandum of appeal setting out the
grounds has to be filed, and the Company, on notice, is required to make representations, if any, and so also the other side, and both sides are allowed to tender evidence to support their representations. The Central
Government by its order then directs that the shares be registered or need not be registered. The Central Government is also empowered to include in its orders, directions as to payment of costs or otherwise. The
(1) [1960] 2 S.C.R. 775 (2) [1950] S.C.R. 6ZI. (3) [1924] 1 K.B. 171. 2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT R.ll;PORTS function of the Central Government is curial and not '961 executive. There is provision for a hearing and a Ii .
d . . .d d th . . d b• bl . l annaga' ugar ec1s10n on ev1 ence, an at IS rn u 1ta y a cuna M, 11, Ltd. function. v. Now, in its functions Government often reaches Shyam Simda, decisions, but all decisions of Government cannot be
Jhunjhunwala regarded as those of a tribunal. Resolutions of wa —;1 h Government may affect rights of pa.rties, and yet, they ' ayatu a f. may not be in the exercise of judicial power. Resolu-
tions of Government may be amenable to writs under Arts. 32 and 226 in appropriate cases, but may not be subject to a direct appeal under Art. 136 as the deci- sions of a tribunal. The position, however, changes
when Government embarks upon curial functions, and proceeds to exercise judicial power and denide dis- putes. In these circumstances, it is legitimate to regard the officer who deals with the matter and even
Government itself as a tribunal. The officer who decides, may even be anonymous; but the decision is one of a tribunal, whether expressed in his name or in the name of the Central Government. The word
"tribunal" is a word of wide import, and the words "Court" and "tribunal" embrace within them the exercise of judicial power in all its forms. The deci- sion of Government thus falls within the powers of
this Court under Art. 136. It is next argued by the learned Attorney-General that there is no law to interpret or to apply in these cases. He argues that since there are no legal stan-
dards for judging the correctness or otherwise of the order of the Central Government and the decision being purely discretionary, it is neither judicial nor quasi-judicial but merely administrative, and that no
appeal can arise from the nature of things. Such a line was taken before the Committee on Ministers' Powers by Lord Hewart, and the argument reminds one of what he then said that such decisions
are purely discretionary ·and the exercise of such arbitrary power is "neither law nor justice or at all!". Sir Maurice Gwyer also was of the opinion that an appeal could not be taken to Court against a Minister's
[1962] '9°' decision even on the ground of miscarriage of justice, . — 5 because that, in his opinion, was "putting a duty on arinaga' uga> th C t" h' h t th f h C Mills Ltd e our
w IC was 'no " e concern o t e ourt . v. This argument takes me to the heart of the contro- Shyam Sunda' versy, and before I give my decision, I wish to say a ]hunjhunwala few preliminary things. Article 47-B gives to the Directors a right to refuse to register shares in their
Hidayatullah ]. b l d h a so ute iscretion, wit out giving reasons. In In re Gresham Life Assurance Society, Ex Parte Penney('), James, L.J. observed: "No doubt the directors are in a fiduciary posi-
tion both towards the company and towards every shareholder in it. It is very easy to conceive cases such as those cases to which we have been referred, in which this Court would interfere with any viola-
tion of the fiduciary duty so reposed in the direc- tors. But in order to interfere upon that ground it must be made out that the directors have been act- ing from some improper motive, or arbitrarily and
capriciously. That must be alleged and proved, and the person who has a right to allege and prove it is the shareholder who seeks to be removed from the list of shareholders and to substitute another person
for himself.. …. But if it is said that wherever any shareholder has proposed to transfer his shares to some new member, the Court has a right to say to the directors, 'We will presume that your motives
are arbitrary and capricious, or that your conduct is corrupt, unless you choose to tell us what your reasons were, and submit those reasons to our deci- sion', it would appear to me entirely altering the
whole constitution of the company as provided by the articles." That shows that the Directors are presumed to have acted honestly in the interests of the company and a case has to be made out against them. I shall
only quote from another case, which summarises the position very aptly. In In re Hannan's King (Brown- ing) Gold Mining Company (Limited) (2), Lindley, M.R. is reported to have decided the case thus:
"Their Lordships did not sit there as a Court of (1) (1872) Law Rep. 8 Ch. 446. (2) (1897) 14 T.L.R. 31~. honour; the question was whether the applicants r96r had made out that the transferee was being impro- H
ff Th "d arinagar Sugar perly kept o the register. ere was no ev1 ence Mills Ltd. of that … The Court ought, as a matter of honesty v. between man to man, to presume that the directors Shyam Sundar were acting within their powers unless the contrary J hunf!.unwala was proved; but that was not proved by casting un-
d h Hidayatullah ]. 1oun ed aspersions upon t em. Thus, the matter comes to this that the Directors have a presumption in their favour and the opposite party must prove that there was want of good faith.
The right of appeal which is given under the Com- panies Act, 1956, allows the Central Government to judge this issue. For that purpose, parties are re- quired, if they desire, to make representations and to
put in evidence. But to enable the parties to have a free say, the proceedings are made confidential by law, and there is protection against action, both civil and criminal. The appeal is disposed of on the basis
of the representations and the evidence. A decision of a tribunal on a dispute inter partes, in the light of pleadings and evidence, is essentially a judicial one, and this Court ought to be able, on the same material,
to decide in an appeal whether the decision given was correct. If no substantive law is applicable, there are questions of evidence, of burden and adequacy of proof and of the application of the principles of justice, equity and good conscience to guide the Court. Once
it is held that the decision is that of a tribunal and subject to appeal, it is manifest that an appeal may lie, unless there be some other reason. The difficulty which arises in these cases is whether
it was not the intention of the law that the decision of the Central Government was to be final. The law makes all allegations and counter-allegations confiden- tial. If Courts cannot compel disclosure of these alle-
gations and the veil of secrecy drawn by law is not rent, then it appears to me that a further appeal can hardly be efficacious. In this view, in my opinion, this Court should not grant special leave in such cases.
The situation which arises is not very different from what arose before the Judicial Committee in Moses v. [1962] r96r Parker, Ex Parle Moses (1). The headnote adequately gives the facts, and may be quoted:
Ha .. nagM Sngar "B T A t N 10 f 1858 5 d' t Mills Ltd.· y . asmaman c r o. o , s. , 1spu es v. concernmg lands yet ungranted by the Crown are Shyam Sundar referred to the Supreme Court, whose decision is to
]hunjhunwalo be final; and by s. 8 the Court is directed to be guided by equity and good conscience only, and by Hidayatullah J. the best evidence procurable, even if not required
or admissible in ordinary cases, and not to be bound by strict rules of law or equity or by any legal forms:- Held: that the Crown's prerogative to grant special leave to appeal is inapplicable to a decision
so authorised." In dealing with the case, Lord Hobhouse observ- ed at p. 248: "The Supreme Court has rightly observed that Her Majesty's prerogative is not taken away by the Act of 1858, but intimates a doubt whether it ever
came into existence. Their Lordships think that this doubt is well founded. They cannot look upon the decision of the Supreme Court as a judicial decision admitting of appeal. The Court has been substituted for the
commissioners to report to the governor. The diffe- rence is that their report is to be binding on him. Probably it was thought that the status and train- ing of the judges made them the most proper
depositaries of that power. But that does not make their action a judicial action in the sense that it can be tested and altered by appeal. It is no more judicial than was the action of the commissioners and the
governor. The Court is to be guided by equity and good conscience and the best evidence. So were the commissioners. So every public officer ought to be. But they are expressly exonerated from all rules of
law and equity, and all legal forms. How then can the propriety of their decision be tested on appeal? What are the canons by which this Board is to be guided in advising Her Majesty whether the
Supreme Court is right or wrong? It seems almost (r) [r896] A.C, 245. 2 S.C.R impossible that decisions can be varied except by I96I reference to some rule; whereas the Court making H
h . f uJ l ll d arinagar ugar t em is ree from r es. If appca s were a owe , Mills Ltd. the certain result would be to establish some system v. of rules; and that is the very thing from which the Shyam Sundar Tasmanian Legislature has desired to leave the
Jhunjhunwala Supreme Court free and unfettered in each case. If b d h Ilidayatullak ]. it were clear that appeals ought to e a owe , sue difficulties would doubtless he met somehow.
But there are strong arguments to show that the matter is not of an appealable nature." See also The'berge v. Laudry {1 ). The exercise of the powers under Art. 136 is a counterpart of the royal prerogative to hear appeals
in any cause or matter decided by Court.s or tribunals. But where the Articles of Association of a company give absolute discretion to the Directors and empower them to withhold their reasons, the appeal taken to
the Central Government would involve decision on such materis.l, which the parties place before it. If the allegations are made confidential by law and the Central Government in giving its decision cannot
make them public, it is manifest that the decision, to borrow Lord Hobhouse's language, "is not of an appealable nature". Whether the right to hear appeals generally against decisions of the Central Government
acting as a tribunal be within Art. 136, in my opinion -and I say it with great respect-special leave to appeal should not be granted in such cases, unless this Court is able to rend the veil of secrecy cast by
the law without rending the law itself. The argument is that the allegations are confidential only so far as the public are concerned but not confidential where Courts are concerned. The question is not that but
one of practice of this Court. This Court should intervene only when practicable, and that can only arise if the parties agree not to treat the allegations as confidential. That, however, does not end the present appeals.
Special leave has been granted, and I have held that the appeals are competent, even though such oases (1) (1876) z App. Cas. 1oi. [1962] •9°' often may not be fit for appeal. In this case, there is
Harin;;:i-,;; Sugar no claim that any allegation was confidential. In fact, Mills Ltd. the appellants before the Central Government made it v. clear that they did not charge the Directors with
Shyam Sundar "capricious or mala fide conduct" but only with arbi- Jhunjhunwata trary refusal, without stating any reasons. The appel- Hidayatullah ;. !ant Company in its representation set out the history of previous refusals and the decisions of the High Court
of Bombay and the Central Governme11t, and made it clear that the action was taken in the interest of the Company. There are indications in the representation to show that on t.he previous occasion when these
claimants were referred by the High Court and by Mr. K. R. P. Aiyengar, Joint Secretary, to the Civil Court, they did not go to Court to establish that the action was malafide and capricious. Before the Central
Government, they dropped that allegation, and confi- ned the case to one of refusal without giving any reasons, and that was tbe plain issue before the Central Government. There was no evidence for the
Central Government to consider, and the Articles of Association give the Directors an absolute discretion to refuse to register shares without giving any reasons, and, on the authorities quoted earlier, the Directors
must be presumed to have acted honestly. There was thus no reason for the Central Government Lo reverse the decision of the Directors, and the fact that no reasons have been given when nothing was confidential,
leads to the only inference that there was none to give. In my opinio.n, these appeals must succeed. would, therefore, set aside the order of the Central Government, and allow the appeals with costs here
and before the Central Government, if an order to that effect was passed by the Central Government. Before parting with the case, I may say that the Report of the Companies Act Amendment Committee
had recommended amendment of s. 111, and it has been amended, inter alia, by the addition of sub-s. (5A), which reads: "Before making an order under sub-section (5) on an appeal against any refusal of the company to
register any transfer or transmission, the Central 196 1 Government may require the company to disclose to H . — 5 . h f h f l d h f 'l aruzagar ugar 1t t e reasons or sue re usa , an on t e a1 ure or
Mills Ltd. refusal of the company to disclose such reasons, v. that Government may, notwithstanding anything Shyam Sundar contained in the articles of the company, presume J hunjhunwala
that the disclosure, if made, wonld be unfavourable to the company." Hidayatullah ]. That would stop the blind man's buff under the un- amended law! BY COURT. In view of the majority judgment of the
Court, we quash the orders passed by the Central Government and direct that the appeals be reheard and disposed of according to law. Costs of these appeals will be costs in the appeals before the Central
Government. DR. MOHAMMAD SAHEB MAHBOOB MEDICO v. THE DEPUTY CUSTODIAN-GENERAL AND ANOTHER (And Connected Petition) (P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, A. K. SARKAR, K. N. WANCHOO, K. C. DAS GUPTA and
N. RAJAGOPALA AYYANGAR, JJ.) Evacuee Property-Two groups of persons, transferring assets to Pakistan during two different periods-Equal protection of laws -Declaration of evacuee property, when to be made-Administra- tion of Evacuee Property Ordinance, 1949• s. 2(d)(iii)-Adminis- tration of Evacuee Property Act, 1950, s. 22(b).
The appellant was held to be an evacuee under s. 2(d)(iii) of the Administration of Evacuee Property Ordinance, 1949, and his property was declared to be evacuee property under s. 22 (b) of the Administration of Evacuee Property Act, 1950, on the ground that he had transferred a substantial portion of his assets to Pakistan.
The relevant portion of s. 22(b) runs thus:- April 25.