-. .: l' 3 S.C.R. M/S. PIYARE LAL ADISHWAR LAL v. THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, DELHI. (S. K. DAS, J. L. KAPUR and M. HIDAYATULLAH, JJ.) Income Tax-Agreement between Treasurer and Bank–Cons-
truction-Treasur~r, whether servant of Bank-Treasurer furnish- ing security of joint family property-Emoluments received by Treasurer, whether income of joint f amily-lndian Income-tax Act, 1922 (1] of 1922) SS. 7 JO.
S was the karta of the Hindu undivided family, consisting of himself and his younger brother. Their father was the Treasurer of a Bank till his death in 1950. During his father's lifetime S
was employed as an overseer in the Bank on a salary of Rs. 400 a month, and, subsequently, after his father's death · he was appointed Treasurer of the Bank at Delhi and sixteen other
branches of the Bank. As Treasurer he furnished security to the Bank of ceriain properties of the Hindu undivided family. The agreement dated September 19, 1950, between him and the Bank, showed that he was appointed Treasurer on a monthly salary of Rs. 1,750 and he
was also paid certain sums of money for guaranteeing the conduct of the cashiers and other members of the Cash Department Staff which he was . required to employ with the approval of the Bank.
He was to carry out his ·duties as directed by the Bank and if in the discharge of his duties he caused. any loss to the Bank he was liable to make good the loss. He was not required to serve personally, but his services could be terminated by notice. In the vear of account 1950-51 he received from the Bank a sum of Rs. 23.286 as Treasurer. The Income-tax authorities considered
that this sum was not the individual income of S as salary but was part of the income of the Hindu undivided family and taxed it as such on the grounds (1) that the agreement between S and the Bank showed that the relation- ship between them was no~ one of master and servant but that of an employer and independent contractor and that the emolu- ments
received by the Treasurer were profits and gains of business, (2) that S was appointed Treasurer not on account of any personal qualification but because his father was a Treasurer –r- of the Bank before him, and (3) that as the security furnished by S came out of the joint family properties, the emoluments could IJOt be said to have been earned without detriment to the family property and therefore were part of the Hindu undivided family: Held, (1) That on the
true construction of the agreement dated September 19, 1950, the Treasurer was a servant of the Bank. Sivanandan Sharma v. The Puniab National Bank Ltd. [1955] 1 S.C.R. 1427 and Dharangadlzara Chemical Works Ltd. v. State of Saurashtra, [1957] S.C.R. 152, relied on.
(2) That in view of the fact that there was nothing to show that S had received any particular training at the expense of the 23-6 SCI/ND/82 April 26. 196G Piyare Lal Adishwar Lai
v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Delhi Kapur J. [1960] family funds or that his appointmen_t as Treasurer was the result of any outlay or expenditure of or detriment to the family property, but on the other hand his previous experience as an overseer of the
Bank was indicative of personal fitness for his appointment as Treasurer, the mere fact he had lodged joint family property by way of security would not make his earnings as Treasurer part of the income of the Hindu undivided family. The use of the
words "risk of" and "detriment to" in Gokul Chand v. Firm Hukum Chand Nath Mal, (1921) L.R. 48 I.A. 162, explained. Commissioner of Income-tax v. Kalu Babu Lal Chand, [1960] 1 S.C.R. 320, distinguished.
Accordingly, the emoluments received by S were in the nature of salary and therccore assessable under s. 7 of the Indian Incom<;-tax Act, 1922, and not under s. 10 of the Act as profits and gains of business, and the salary
was the income of the individual, S, and not the income of the Hindu undivided family. CrvIL APPELLATE JimrsmcTION: Civil Appeal No. 123 of 1957. Appeal from the judgment and order dated May
12, 1955, of the Punjab High Court in Civil Reference No. l 7 /1953. A. V. Viswanatha Sastri, S. N. Andley, ]. B. Dada- chanji, Ramcshwar Nath and P. L. Vohra, for the appellants.
C. K. Daphtary, Solicitor-General of India, R. Gana- pathy Iyer and D. Gupta, for the respondent. 1960. April 26. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by KAPUR, J.-This is an appeal against the judgment
and order of the High Court of Punjab made on a reference under s. 66(1) of the Indian Income-tax Act which was answered in favour of the Commissioner of Income-tax. The appellant is the assessee-a Hindu
undivided family-with Sheel Chandra as its Karta and the respondent is the Commissioner of Income-tax. The appeal relates to the assessment year 1951-!>2. The appellant, a Hindu undivicjed family, consisted
of Sheel Chandra and his younger brother. Their father, Adishwar Lal, upto his death on April 16, 1950, was the Treasurer of several branches of the Central Bank of India (which in the judgment will be referred
to as the Bank). During his father's lifetime Sheel Chandra was employed as an Overseer in the Bank on a salary of Rs. 400 a month. Sheel Chandra was appointed Treasurer of the Bank at Delhi and sixteen
3 S.C.R. other branches of the Bank. As Treasurer he furnish- ed security to the Bank of certain properties of the Hindu undivided family, which consisted of title deeds of immovable properties
in Chandni Chowk, Delhi, and Government of India securities of -the value of Rs. 75,000. The Hindu undivided family owns con- siderable property. Its income from house property alone is Rs. 50,000 per annum 'lnd it owns stocks,
shares and Government securities also of considerable value. As Treasurer Sheel Chandra received in the year of account from the Bank a sum of Rs. 23,286 and the question for decision is whether this sum is
the individual income of Sheel Chandra as salary or it is part of the income of the Hindu undivided family. The Income-tax Authorities held this sum to .be the latter and taxed it as such.
The Income-tax Appel- late Tribunal in upholding this view held that on a proper construction· of the written agreement between Sheel Chandra and the Bank, the emoluments received
by the Treasurer were profits and gains of business and it further held1 that as the security furnished by Sheel Chandra came out of the joint family proper- ties, the emoluments could not be said to have been
earned without detriment to the family property and therefore were part of the income of the Hindu un- divided family. At the instance of the appellant the Tribunal referred under s. 66(1) the following
two questions to the High Court: – (1) "Whether in the facts and circumstances of the case and on a true construction of the agree- ment between the Central Bank of India and Sheel
Chandra the salary and other emoluments received by Sheel Chandra as Treasurer of the said Bank are assessable under the head 'salary' or under the head 'Profits and gains of business'."
(2) "Whether in the facts and circumstances of the case, Sheel Chandra's emoluments as Treasurer of the Central Bank of India Ltd. were rightly assessed in the hands of the Hindu undivided family
of which he is the Karta". Both questions were answered against the appellant. On a consideration of the various clauses of the agreement between Sheel Chandra and the Bank, the Piyare Lal
Arlishwar Lal v. Commissioner of income-tax, Delhi Kapur J. Pi_yare Lal Adishwar Lal v. Commissioner of lncome~tax, Delhi Kap11r j. [1960] High Court held that the relationship between them
was not one of master and servant but that of an employer and independent contractor and therefore the emoluments received by Sheel Chandra as Treasurer were not salary but profits and gains of
business. As to the second question the High Court was of the opinion that the emoluments were the income of the Hindu undivided family because Sheel Chandra was not appointed Treasurer on account of any personal
qualification but be was appointed becanse (a) his father was a Treasurer of the Bank before him and (b) he had furnished substantial security which was part of the property of the
Hindu undivided family. Against this judgment and order the appellant has come in appeal to this Court. The nature of the employment of Sheel Chandra has to be gathered from the agreement dated Septem-
ber 19, 1950, between him and the Bank. It shows that on his application for appointment as a Treasurer at "Delhi and sixteen other branches of the Bank, the Bank appointed him Treasurer for those branches and
he could, by mutual agTcement, be appointed at other branches in the Punjab, U. P. and Rajasthan. The appointment took effect from April 16, 1950. Sheel Chandra undertook to perform the duties and
be responsible as Treasurer of the various branches of the Bank and was required to engage and employ subordinate staff called the Cash Department Staff such as Head Cashiers, Cashiers, Potdars, Guaranteed
Peons, Godown Keepers, Assistant Godown Keepers, Chowkidars and Clerks and other persons necessary for the efficient working of the said offices. He h~:l the power to "control, dismiss and change" this Staff
at his pleasure but he could not engage or transfer any member of the Staff except with the approval of the Bank and had to dismiss any such member if so required by the Managing Director of the
Bank or Agent of the Office. The Treasurer and the Cash Department Staff were to do and be responsible for all work in connection with receipts and payments of monies and bad to do
such other work as was customarily done by cashiers 3 S.C.R. and shroffs of Banks. The Treasurer was also res- ponsible for the correctness and genuineness of all hundies and cheques bearing signatures and endorse-
ments in vernacular and for genuineness of all signa- tures and writings in any language or character or any securities, voucher deeds, documen_ts and writings which the Treasurer or. the Cash Department
Staff dealt with and in case of any loss or damage arising out of any forged signatures and endorsements on any document accepted or dealt with by the Cash Department Staff as correct and geni1ine, the Treasurer
was responsible to make good the loss. He was also required,· when asked by the Bank, to engage the necessary staff, to look after the goods pledged with the Bank and he was responsible for the good conduct
of such staff. It was also his duty to make enquiries and report upon the identity, credit and solvency of persons dealing with the Bank and was liable for any loss arising out of any
wilful misrepre,sentation or negligence in the enquiry or report made by him or his representative in any matter arising in the · course of employment. He or his representative were
also required, when asked, to give reliable information in regard to hundi business but he was not responsible for any damage or loss arising therefrom. He also undertook when required by the Officers of the Bank
to value and give correct certificate in regard to the genuineness, fineness and weight of bullion and gold ornaments and other valuable pledged with the Bank. He was responsible for any loss to the
Bank in case of any wilful misrepresentation or negligence in regard to this branch of his duty. He further undertook to supply to the Bank as many persons as were required at the various branches of the
Bank which the Bank opened in future. He undertook res- ponsibility for the safe custody of the nionies and ornaments and other valuables· kept with or pledged with the Bank as also for the . Bills of exchange, pro-
missory notes, hundies or other securities. Besides .this he was required to satisfy the Agent ~r the ¥anager of the branch that all the monies of the Bank fq1id other valuable securities which had not been duly
Piyare Lal Adishwar Lal v. CommissiotJer of Income.tax, Delhi Kapur]. Pi.yare Lnl Adishwar Lal v. Commissiontr of Income-tax, !Jelhi Kapur J. [1960] used and accounted for were intact and in their proper
places. Sheel Chandra was paid a salary of Rs. 1,750 per mensum for all the branches he was employed in. Besides this he was paid certain sums of money for guaranteeing the conduct of Godown Keepers,
Assis- tant Godown Keepers and Chowkidars supplied by him. If the branches or out-agencies were increased he was to receive such increase in salary as might mutually be agreed upon.
On the closing of any branch there was to be a corresponding reduction in the remuneration. The members of the Cash Depart- ment Staff were to be paid travelling allowance according to the rules of the Bank.
In addition to the remuneration above mentioned the Treasurer or his authorised representative when v1s1tmg different branches were to get actual railway fare. The various members of the Cash Department Staff
were to be paid their salary directly by the Bank but the Bank was not bound to pay more than the scale laid down by it. The permanent members of the Cash Depart- ment Staff were to get the usual increments and bene-
fit of Provident Fund and travelling allowance in accordance with the rules of the Bank. The Treasurer was required to engage members of the Cash Staff on salaries laid down by the Bank and if he paid any-
thing more than the usual Bank scale he had to pay it himself. The Treasurer was also entitled to nomi- nate and appoint a representative to carry on the duties undertaken by him at the various offices of the
Bank but these appointments were subject to the approval of the Bank. The Treasurer was responsible for the acts of omis- sion and commission and for neglect and default of his representatives and for each and every member of
the Cash Department Staff. There are various clauses in the agreement requiring the Treasurer or his repre- sentative to perform their duties efficiently, honestly and in a proper manner.
The Treasurer ' and the Cash Department Staff were under t.he control of· the Bank. "They were required to make enquiries in the books of account which were furnished by the Bank giving full particulars of all monies received and paid
3 S.C.R. by them and in such manner as the Agent of the Bank might from time to time direct in writing. The Treasurer had to carry out his duties faithfully and Jtf,:ar Lfat any communication made by the Bank to any member
v. of the Cash Department Staff was to be considered as Commissioner •f d lncomt-tax, a communication made to the Treasurer himself an Delhi he was bound to take notice of it. The agreement
could be terminated by three calendar months' notice iIJ writing by either side but in the event of any breach of any condition of the agreement by the Trea- surer his services could be terminated forthwith; but
his liability was to continue. There was also an arbi- tration clause. Counsel for the appellant contended that the various provisions of the agreement showed that Sheel Chandra was a servant· of the Bank and not an in-
dep~ndent contractor. He laid particular emphasis on the fact that he was appointed a Treasurer on a monthly salary and his services could be terminated forthwith in certain circumstances.
Besides this he w~s to carry out his duties as directed by the Bank and was to discharge his duties faithfully and if in the discharge of his duties he caused any loss to the Bank
he wa·s liable to make good the loss. These factors, according to him, showed that he was not an in- dependent contrnctor or an agent of the Bank but was a salaried servant. The contention on behalf of the
respondent on the other hand was that the agreement ' showed that Sheel Chandra was carrying on a business in that he was supplying cashiers and other members of the Cash Department Staff for a monetary
con- sideration. He guaranteed their fidelity which was an insurance undertaken by him. He was to get certain sums of money for supplying each member of certain classes of servants to the Bank and the
agreement between the Bank and Sheel Chandra could be termi- nated by notice and there was an arbitration clause and he was not required to serve personally. Undoubtedly there are some terms in the agreement
which are unusual as ordinary agreements of service go but in the case of an agreement between a Bank and a Treasurer they are not so unusual. There was Kapur J. Pi)•are Lal Adishwar Lal
v. Comrnissio11er of l11conu-tax, Delhi Kapur J. [1960] an agreement with very similar dauses in Shiva- nandan Sharma v. The Punjab National Bank Ltd. (') and it was held to be an agreement of service and not
of agency. Now, the duties of Sheel Chandra under the agree- ment are such as are peculiar to the employment of Treasurers. It is true that as Treasurer, Sheel Chandra had also undertaken to indemnify the Bank
not only for his own default but also for the default of the members of the Cash Department Staff. But Banks have to deal with monies, valuable securities, g<;lld and other valuables and must necessarily employ
servants whose honesty is guaranteed and it is neces- sary for the Bank to have someone in its employment wLo can perform these duties in a respon·sible manner and be answerable to the Bank for negligence and
default in the performance of this class of work. In the very nature of things one man cannot do all this work, not even at one branch, what to say of several branches; other people have therefore to be employee!
and although the persons. employed in the Cash Departi:nent are servants of the Bank they do the work which Treasurers ordinarily and customarily do and consequently the Treasurer is made responsible
for any damage which the Bank suffers due to the default of the Treasurer or of those em ployed to do the work of the Cash Department. It is difficult' to lay clown any one test to distinguish
the relationship of master and servant from that of an employer and independent contractor. In many cases the test laid clown is that in the case of master and servant the master can order or require what is to be
done and how it is to be clone but in the case of an in- dependent contractor an employer can only say what is to be done but not how it shall be done. But this test also does not apply to all cases, e.g., in the case
of Ship's master, a chauffeur or a reporter of a news- paper. It was pointed out in Cassid)' v. Ministry of Health (') that in the case of contract of service "a man is employed as part of the business, and his work
is done as an integral part of the business whereas under a contract for services the contractor is not (I) (195c•] 1 S.C.R. 112i. (2) [1951] 2 K.B. 343, 352·3. 3 S.C.R. ·integrated into the business but is only accessory to
it". In certam cases it has been laid down that the indicia of a contract of service are (a) the master's power of selection of the servant; (b) the payment of wages or other remunerations; (c) the master's right
to control the method of doing the work and (d) the master's right of suspension or dismissal: Short v. I and Henderson Ltd. (1). Bhagwati, J., in Dharan- gadhara Chemical Works Ltd. v. State of Saurashtra (2)
said that in all cases the correct method of approach is whether having regard to the nature of work there was due control and supervision by the employer. We have given above the duties of the Treasurer in
the present case, his obligations and the manner of control exercised over him and the staff employed by him to carry out the work of the Cash Department of the Bank. It is no doubt true that the Treasurer
guaranteed his fidelity, good faitl). and ho;nesty of the persons who were employed in the Cash Department of the Bank but that was a part of the duty that he undertook and that is peculiar to the very nature of
his' employment. Applying the test which was laid down by Bhagwati, J., in Dharangadhara Chemical Works Ltd. v. State of Saur0;5htra (') that having regard to the nature of the work whether there was
due control and supervision of the Bank over the Treasurer, the Treasurer in the instant case must be held to be a servant of the Bank. What we have to see is the effect of the agreement as a whole and
taking the various clauses together it must be held that Sheel Chandra, the Treasurer, was a servant of the Bank. In view of this it is not necessary to dis- cuss in detail the various cases that were cited ·at the
bar. K. P. Bhargava v. The Commissioner vf Income- Tax, U. P. (') was the case of .a Treasurer of the Central Bank of India at Agra. There he was paid a salary of Rs. I 00 and a commission for his work as
a Guarantee Commission Agent but the terms of the contract were different and that was clearly a case of a Guarantee Commission Agency. (I) 62 T.L.R. 427, 429. (2) [1957] S.C.R. 152, 160.
(3) [1954] 26 I.T.R, 489. 24-6 SCI/ND/82 Piyare Lal Adishwar Lal v. CommisJioner of In.come-tax, Dell;ii Kapur J. Piyare Lal Adishwar Lal v. [1960) Lala ]eewan Lal v. Commissione1· of lncome·lax (')'
was also a case of commission agency and in the pecu· liar circumstances of that case it was held to be business within s. 2(5) of the Excess Profits Tax Act. Commissiontr of The assessee there was paid a commission of 4· annas Income·tax,
per cent. on the value of the contracts secured b)' him. Delhi Kapur J. Subsequently the commission was increased to Re. 1 per cent. and for this extra commission he agreed to reimburse the m.ill in case of failure of a person pur-
chasing through him to pay the price. Counsel for the respondent: also relied on Commissioner of hu:om.c-fa." v. Kalu Babu Lal Chand (') where· the Managing Director's remuneration was held to be the income of
a joint family to be assessed as such in its hands. That case is distinguishable. There the karta of a Hindu undivided family took over a business as a going con- cern and carried on the business till the company was
incorporated. The shares in the name of karta and his brother were acquired with the funds of the joint family. The company was floated with the funds of the joint family and was financed by
it and the remuneration received was credited in the books of the family. The office of the Managing Director itself was assignable. The Articles of Association provided that the karta or his assigns or successors in bu~iness
"whether under his name or any other style or firm" would be the Managing Director of the Company and he was to continue for life until removed because of fraud or dishonesty. Thus the acquisition of business.
the floatation of the Company and the appointment of the Managing Director were inseparably linked together. The facts of that case were quite different from that of the present case which are akin to the
facts in Shivanandan Sharma v. Punjab National Bank Ltd. ('). The next question for decision is whether the salary of Sheel Chandra as Treasurer of the Bank is assess- able as part of. the income of Hindu undivided family
of which he is the karta or as his separate income. Both the Appellate Tribunal and the High Court were of the opinion that the emoluments as Trea.mrer wer<> not acquired without any detriment and risk to the
(1) [1953] 24 l.T.R. 217, (2) [19GOJ 1 S.C.R. 320. (3) [19.\51 1 $.C.R. 1427. ·3 S.C.R. family property and therefore formed part of the • income of the ~indu undivided family. Treasurership
1s an employment of responsibility, trust and fidelity and personal integrity and ability and mere ability to furnish a substantial security is not the sole or even the main reason for being appointed to such a responsible
post in a Bank. like the Central Bank of tlndia. On the other hand his previous experience as an Overseer of the Bank and bis being appointed on his applying for the post are indicative of personal fitness for it.
There is nothing to show that Sheel Chandra had received any particular training at the expense of the family funds or his appointment was the result of any outlay or expenditure of or detriment to· the
family property. But it was argued on behalf of the respondent that because he had lodged joint family. property by way of security his earnings as Treasurer became a part of the income of the Hindu undivided family for
the reason that the acquisition was not without risk to the family estate. He relied on Gokul Chand v. Firm Hukum Chand Nath Mal (1) and Commissioner of lncome-ta.x v. Kalu Ba.bu Lal Chand (').
In the former , case a member of the joint family entered the Civil Service and that was made possible by the expenditure of family funds which enabled him to acquire the necessary
qualifications and it was that fact which made his earnmgs part of the family mcome. The following passage m that judgment at p. 168 was emphasised: – "It may be said to be direct in the one case and
remote in the other, but if risk of or detriment to family property is the point in both cases, there appears to be no such merit in "science"; recognis- ed by the sages of the Hindu law, as would warrant
the exclusion of gains of science as such from the category of partible acquisitions". Counsel particularly relied on the words 'risk of' and contended that by reason of the family property being
given in security, the risk as understood in that judg- ment had arisen, because it became liable for any loss that might be incurred during the course of employ~ ment of Sheel Chandra.
The word 'risk' in that (1) [1921] 48 I.A. 162. (2) [1960] 1 S.C.R. 320. Piyare Lal Adishwar Lal v. Copzmissioner of Income-tax, Delhi Kapur]. Piyare Lal Adishwar Lal v. Comrnissioner of
Income-tax, Delhi Kapur J. SL'PREME COURT REPORTS [1960] judgment must be read in the context in which it was used. Family estate was used and expenditure was incurred for equipping one of its members to join the
Indian Civil Service. It was in that connection that the words 'risk of' or 'detriment to' family property· were used. The latter case, Kalu Babu Lal Chau.d's case ('), has already been discussed.
The facts and circumstances of that case were different. The cases which the Privy Council relied upon in Gokul Chand's case (~were all cases where joint family funds had been expended to fit a member of the joint
family for the particular profession or avocation the income of which was the subject matter of dispute but the respondents were not able to refer to any decision in which it was held that the mere fact of giving joint
family property in security for the good conduct of a member of the family employed in a post of trust was sufficient to make the emoluments of the post joint family property because of
any detriment to family property or risk of loss. It has not been shown that in this case there was any detriment to the family property within the meaning of the term as used in decided cases.
In our opinion the judgment of the High Court was erroneous on both questions which were referred to it and they should both have been decided in favour of the appellant. The emoluments received by Sheel Chandra were in
the nature of salary and therefore assessable under s. 7 of the Income-tax Act and not under s. 10 of the Act as profits and gains of business and the salary was the income of the individual, i.e., Sheel Chandra and
not the income of the Hindu undivided family. \Ve therefore allow this appeal and set aside the judgment and order of the High Court. The appellant will have its costs in this Court as well as in
the High Court. Appeal allowed. (I) [19GO] I S.C.R. 320. (2) [1921] 4B LA. IG2. r·