MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF SECONDARY AND HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION AND ANR. versus PARITOSH BHUPESH KUMAR SHETH ETC.

MAHARASHTRA s·TATE BOARD OF SbCONDARY AND HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION ANDANR. v • PARITOSH BHUPESH KUMAR SHETH ET July 17, 1984 [D.A. DESAI AND V. BALAKRISHNA ERADI, JJ.) Education laws-Right to demand by an exam/nee an inspection, verifica- tion and revaluation of answer books-Constitutional validity of Regulation I 04(3) of the Maharashtra Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Boards Regulations, 1977 negativing such righu-Princip/e of natural justice under education laws, explained-Delegated legislation and Court.• power to interpre1- Maharashtra Secondary and Higher Secondary Boards Act, 1965 Sections 19 and 36-Rules of interpretation of Rules and RegulaJion.v, explained. In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 36 of the Maharashtra Second3ry and Higher Secondary Boards Act, 1965, the State Board has framed the Maharashtra Secondary and .Higher Secondary Education Boards' Regulations 1977. These regulations were sanctioned by the State Govern- ment uader sub-section 3 of section 36 on I Ith July, 1977 and came inlo force on lSth June. 1971. These regulations were applied to the SecondJry School Certificate examination and Higher Secondary Certificate examination held in October, 1977 and thereafter Regulation 104 refers to verific.:!tion of marks obtained by a candidate in a subject. Clause (1) thereof restricts verification to checking whether all the answers have

been ~xamined and that there has been no mistake in the totalling of marks for each question in that ~ubject and transferring marks co1rectly on the first cover page of the answer book and. whether the supplements attached to the answer book mentioned by the candidate are in tact. Clause ( 1) al~o speaks of revaluation and prohibits revaluation of the answer books or supplements. c

Clause (3) of the said regulation also speaks of right to claim revaluation by an examinee and is to the effect : "no candidate sh~ll claim, or be e~titled to revaluation of his anwer or disclosure or inspection of the answer books or other documents as these are treated by the Divisional Board as most confidential.

~ number t;tf ~sqccessfql and disappointed ca~did~tes wtio h~d c (1985] ] S.C.R. appeared for the Higher Secondary Certificate and Secondary School Certificate public examinations conducted by the Divisional Boards function~ ing under the supervision and control of the Mabara~htra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education filed a batch of 39 Writ Petitions in the High Court of Bombay challenging the validity of Clauses (J) and (3) of regulation 104 of lhc Maharashtra Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Boards Regulations 1977 and seeking the issuance of writs directing the Board to allow them disclosure and inspection of their answer books in the public examination, the results whereof had already been published and to conduct a revaluation of fUCh of the answer papers as the petitioners may d~mand after the inspection.

The writ petitioners had based their challengs against the validity of clauses (1) and (3) of Regulation 104 on three main grounds :-(1) The Impugned clauses were violative of the principles of natural justice; (2) Both clnuses (1) and (3) were ultra vires and void on the ground of their being in excess of the regulation making powers conferred on the 81)aid by Section 36 of the Act; and (3) The impugned provisions contained in clauses (I) and (3) were highly unreasonable and since the regulations fra11_1ed by the Board are in the nature of bye-laws, they are liable to be struck down on the ground of unreasonableness.

The High Court divided the Writ Petitions into two groups; the first group consisting of cases where the right of inspection alone was claimed and second group compr1s1ng of cases

where the petitioners had claimed also a further right to demand a revaluation of the answer papers. The High Court allowed the petitions· by two separate judgments one in rrspect of the first group holding that clause (3) of regulation 104 which Jays down that no candidate shall be tntitled to disclosure or inspection of the anS\\'f'r books or other documents as these are to be treated as most confidential is ultra vires on the ground of its being in excess of the regula- lion making power of the Board and by another judgment in the second group holding that the provisions contained in clause (1) of regulation 104 that, no revaluation of fhc answer books or supplements shall be done is ultra vires the regulation making power conferred by section 36 and is also illegal and void on the ground of its being

manifestly unreasonable. Aggrieved by these judgments rendered in the two groups of cases the appellant Bqard preferred these appeals after obtaining Special Leave of the Court. Allowing the appeals, the Court

f!ELD: t:t. Regulation 104(3) of the Maharashtra Secondary and STATE EDN, BOARD v. P. B. KUMARSHETH Higher Secondary Baard Regulations 1977 is valid. The process of evalua- tion of answer papers or subsequent verification of marks under clause (3) of regulation 104 does not attract the principles of na1ural justice since 'no decision making process which brings about adverse civil consequences to the examinees js involved. Non-disclosure or disallowance of the right of inspection of the answer books as well as denial of the right to ask for a revaluation to examinees who are dissatisfied with the results do not visit them with adverse civil consequences. There is no substance in the contention that every adverse verific.ation involves a condcmration of the examin~es behind their back and hence constitutes a clear violation of principles of· natural justice.[62E, 4 ID-E, F-G]

I :2. The principles of natural justice cannot be extended beyond reasonable and rational limits and cannot be carried into such absurd lengths as to make it necessary that candidates who have taken a public examination should be allov.'ed to participate in the proces of evaluation of their performances or to verify the correctne&s of the e''a\uation made by the examiners by themselves conducting an inspection of 1hc answer books and determining whether there has been a proper and fair valuation of the answers by the examiners. [41 H; 42A]

Union of India v. M.L. Kapur, [1974] 1 S.C.R. 797; referred to. 2:1. The question whether a particular piece of deligated legislation whether a rule or regulation. or other type of statutory instrument_,;is in excess of· the power of subordinate Jcghlation conferred on the delegate has to be determined with reference only to the. specific provisions contained in the relevant statute conferring the power to make the rule, regulation. etc. and also the object and purpose of the Act as can be gathered fron1 the various provisions of the enactment. (43 A-B]

2:2. The Court cannot substitute its own opinion for that of the Jegisl ature or its delegate as to what principle or policy would best serve the object and purposes of the Act and it carinot sit in judgment over the wisdom and effectiveness or otherwise of the policy laid down by the regulation n1aking body and declare a regulation to be ultra viri:s merely on the ground that, in_ the view of the Court the impugned provisions will not help to serve the objoct and purpose of the Act. So long as the body entrusted with the task of fram\ng the rules or regulations acts within the scope of the authority conferred on it, in the sense that the rules or regula- tions made by it have a rational nexus with the ·object and purpose of the stat~te, the Court should not concern itself with the wisdom or effica- tiousness of such rules or regulations. It is excluSively within the province of the legislature and its delegate to determine as a matter of policy, how tho

provisio~s of the statµte 9an best be implemented and what measures~ [1985] l s.c.R. substantive as well as pr~cedural would have to be . incorporated in the rules or regulations for the efficacious achievement of the objects and purposes of the Act. It is not for the Court to examine

the merits or demerits of such a policy because its scrutiny has to be limited to the question as to whether the impugned regulations fall within the scope of the regulation making power conferred on the delegate by the statute. [43 C-F] 3: I. The view taken by the High Court that clause (J) of the regulation 104 is ultra vires on the ground of its being in excess of the regulation- making power conferred on the Board is not correct. [45-B] 3:2. Any drawbacks in the policy incorporated in a rule or regulation will not render 1t ultra vires and the Court cannot strike it down on the grbund, that, in its opinion. it is not a wise or prudent. but is even a foolish one, and that it will not really serve to effectuate the purposes of tbe Act. The legislature and its deleg·1tes are the sole repositories of the power to decide what policy should be pursued in relation to matters covGred by the Act and II

there is no scope for interference by the Court unless the particular provision im,pugned before it can be said to suffer from any legal infirmity, in the sense of its being wholly beyond the scope of the regulation-making power or its being inconsistent with any of the provisions of the parent enactment or in violation of any of the limitations imposed by the Constitu· tion. None of these vitiating factors are shown to exist in the present case. [46E-F]

3:3. The provisions of sections 19 and 36 of the Act make it clear that a duty is cast on the State Board to formulate its policy as to how the examinations are to be conducted, how the valuation of the performances of the candidates is to be made and by what procedure the re ults are to be finalised, compiled and released. It is perfectly within the competence of the Board, rather, it was its plain duty, to apply its mind and deci~e as a matter of policy relating to the conduct of the examination as to whether disclosure and inspection of the an~wer book~ should be allowed to the candidates, whether and to what extent verification of the result should be permitted after the results hcive been announced and whether any right to claim revaluation of the answer book should be recognised or provided f0r. All these are undoubtedly matters which have an intimate nexus with the objects and purposes of the enactment and are, therefore, within the ambit of the general power to make regu·ntions conferred by sub-section 1 of section 36, and also within the scope of clauses (cj, (f) and (g) of 5Ub-section 2 of the said section.

[44F-H; 45 A-B] 4:1. Clause (3) or Regulatioe 10'4 is not in the nature of a bye-law ~Qcl it is not an unreasonable provision. [46 H] l -..· STATE EDN. BOARD 1'· P.B. KUMARSH£TH 4:2. While the power to rpake regulations for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of the Act, is conferred on the Boar_d by section 36, section 38 confers a distinct power of making bye-laws. The legislature, while ea<1cting sections 36 and 38 mast be assumed to have been fully aware of the niceties of 1be legal position governing the distinction between rules/ regtilations properly so called and bye.Jaws. When .the statute cont<_:tins a clear indication that the distinct regulation making power conferred under section 36 was not intended as a power merely to fram ebyelaws, it is not open to the Court to ignore the same and treat the regulations made under section 36 as mere bye-laws in order to bring them within the scope of justiciability by applying the test of reasonableness.

[47 E-G] 4·3. Regulations made by the Board under section 36 are in the nature of stalutory rules _and they have the full rigour and force of sub-ordinate legislation made by a delegate duly

empowered in that behalf by the legislature. [49 D-E] Sophy Kelly v. The State, 69 Bombay, L.R. 186 overruled. 5:1. The provisions contained in a statutory enactment or in rules/ regulaticns framed thereunder have to be so construed as to be in harmony with each other and where under a specific section or rule a particular subject has received special treatment, such special provision will exclude the applicabiliiy of any general provision which might otherwise cover the c

said topic. [52 B·C] 5:2. Regulation 102(2), if properly construed in the setting in "Yhicb it occurs only confers a suo f!!O!u power on the Divisional Board to amend the result of the examination in respect of any candidate or candidates on its being found that such resulr has been affected by error, malpractice, fraud, improper conduct, etc. The error referred to in the said provision h:u1 in the context to be understood as being limited to an errora rising in con<>e- qucncc of malpractic{', fraud, improper conduct or other similar matter of whatsoever nature.

Clauses (t) and (3) of Regula\ion 104 must be read together and not in isolation. Clause (3) of regulation 104 contains is fact a mandate to the Divisional Boards to treat the answer books and documents as confidential and lays down that no candid:Lte shall be entitled to claim disclosure or inspection of the said confidential books and docum.ents. Therefore, the High Court ought not to have invoked the doctrine of i1nplicd power and obligation, in the instant case, for the purpose of holding that bec::use the right of verification has been conferred in clause (1) of regulation 104, there is an implied po\ver in the examinees to demand di~closure and inspection and a corresponding implied obligation on the p.irt of the Board 10 cause such a demand. [52 c.o, H; 53 A; C·D] SUPREME COURT REPORT~

(1985] 1 S.C.R. 5:3. Unless it can be said that a bye-law is manifestly unjust, capricioUSj inequitable or partial in i·s operation, even a bye-law cannot be struck down by a Court on the ground of unreasonableness merely because the Court thinks that it goes further than is necessary or that it does not incorporate certain provisions which, in the opinion of the Court, would have been fair and wholesC'me. The responsible representative body eat rusted with the power to make bye.Jaws must ordinarily be presumed to know what is necessary, reasonable, just and fair. The Court should be extremely reluctant to substitute its opinions and views as what is wise, prudent and proper in relation to academic n1atters in preference to those formulated by professional men possessing _technical expertise and rich experience of actual c

day-to-day working of educational instit~tions and the departments controlling them. The Court cannot make a pedantic and purely idealistic approach to the problems of this nature, isolated from the actual realities and grass root problems inVolvrd in the working of the system and unmindful of the consequences which would emanate, if a purely idealistic view as opposed to a pragmatic one were to be propounded The Court shoi.lld also, as far as possible, avoid any decision or interpretation of a statutory provision, rule or bye-law which would bring about the result of rendering the system unworkable in practice. (53 F-H; 55 A]

Trustees of the Port of Madras v. Aminchand Pyarelal and Ors. [19 76] SCR 721 referred to. Kruse v. John;on [1898] 2 Q.B. and Slattery v. Naylor [1888] i3 A.C. 446 quoted with approval.

6: J. \Vhat constitutes fair play depends. upon the facts and circum- stances relating to each particular given situation. If it is found that every possible precaution has been taken and all necessary safeguards provided to ensure that the answer books inclusive of supplements are kept in safe custody so as to elirninale the danger of tbeir being tampered with and that the evaluation is done by the examiners by applyiQ.g unifonn standards with checks and cross checks at different stages and lhat measures for detection of malpractice, etc. have also been effectively adopted, in such cases, it will not be correct on the part of the Courts to strike down the provisions prohibiting revaluation on the ground that it violates the rules of fair play. Furtht:r, the candidates have taken the examination with full awareness of the provisions contained in the regulations and in the declara .. tions made by them in the form of application for admission to the examina .. tion they have solemnly stated that they fully agree to abide by the regulations issued by the Board. [59 A·C; 60 F-G]

6:2. That the University of Bombay and some other Universities have STATE EPN. BOARD I'. KUMARSHET!l (B. Eradi, J.) made provisions permitting candidates to demand revaluation, has little

relevance for the purpose of deciding about the legai validity of the impugned regula,tions framed by the Board. Io the public interest, the· results of public cxan1inJtions published should have some finality attached to them. If inspection, verification, in t~e presence of the candidates and and revaluation are to be allowed as of right it may lead to gross delays and indefinite uncertainty pnrticularly in regard to the relative ranking etc. of the candidates, besides leading to utter confusion on account of the enormity of the labour and time involved in the process. [60 H; 61 A-D] CIVIL APPEL.LATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos. 1653 to

1691 of 1980 Appeals by Special leave from the Judgment and Order dated the 28th & 29 July, 1980 of the Bombay High Court in Writ Petition Nos. 1906, 1772, 1799, 1838, 1885, 1923, 1925, 1926,1928, 1996-1998, 2005, 2060-65, 2076, 2099-2102, 2110, 2127, 1909, 1864, 1965, 1889, 1890, 1924, 1927, 2003, 2044, 2098, 2176, 2177, 2178 and 2179 of c

~W R, P. Bhatt, So/i J. Sorabjee, Ravi Kulkarni, Ravinder Narain, A. N. Hasker, D. N. Misra and Mrs. A. K. Verma for the Appellants. S. S. Khanduja and Satya Prakash for the Respondents.

Dr. N. M. Ghatate for Respondent in CA. 1658/80. P. H Parekh and Miss Nisha Shrivastava for Respondents in CA. Nos. 1659 and 1684 of 1980. V. N. Ganpule and Mrs. V. D. Khanna, for Respondent in CA. 1685 of 1980.

The Judgment of the Conrt was delivered by BALAKRISHNA ERAPI, J. It is common experience that whenever the results of Public examinations conducted by School Boards and Universities or by other bodies like the Public Service Commission a, e announced, amidst the rejoicings of successfull candidates who have secured the grade of marks anticipated by them, it also inevi- tably brings with it a long trail of disppointmen!s and frustrations. as the direct outcome of the non-fructu1tion of hopes and expectations harboured in the minds of the examinees based on the candidates o\vn assessment of their performance and merit.

Labouring under a feeling that there has not been a proper evaluation of their perfor- c (1985) ! S.C.R. mance in the examination, they would naturally like to have a revalua- tion of the answer books and even a personal inspection and verification of the answer books for finding out whether there has been a proper evaluation of the answers to all questions, whether the totalling of marks has been correctly done and whether there has been any tampering with the scat numbe" written on the answer books and the supplementary sheets. The question canvassed before us in these appeals is whether, under law, a candidate has a right to demand such an inspection, verification and revaluation of answer books end whether tho statutory regulations framed by the Maha- rashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education governing the subject insofar as they categorically state that there shall be no such right can be said to' be ultra vi res, unreasonable and void.

A number of such disappointed candidates who had appeared for the Higher Secondary Certificate and Secondary School Certi- ficate public examinations conducted by the Divisional Boards functioning under the supervision and control of the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education-here- inafter called 'the Board' -filed a batch of 39 Writ Petitions in the High Court of Bombay challenging the validity of Regulation 104 (3) of the Maharashtra Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Boards Regulations 1977 and,seeking the issuance of writs directing the Board appellant herein-to allow to the petitioners disclosure and inspection of their answer books in the Public examination, the results whereof had already been published and to conduct a revalua- tion of such of the answer papers as the petitioners may demand after the inspection. The High Court divided the Writ Petitions into two groups, the first group consisting of cases where the right of inspection.alone was claimed and the second group comprising of cases where the petitioners had claimed also the further right to demand a revaluation of the answer papers. Though all the Writ Petitions were heard together by a Division Bench consisting of V. s. Deshpande and V. A. Mohta, JJ, the two groups were disposed of by separate judgments delivered on behalf of the Bench on the same day-28th July 1980. The first group of Writ Petition• was disposed of by a judgment delivered by Deshpande, J speaking on behalf of the Division Bench. Therein it was held that clause (3) of Regulation 104 which lays down that no candidate shall be entitled to disclosure or inspection of the answer books or other documents as these are to be treated as most confidential is ultra vires on th~ S'fATE EDN. llOARD v P.il. KUMARSHETH (B. Eradi, J.)

ground of its being in excess of the regulation-making power of the Board. In the opinion of the Divisio;; Bench, the said provision cannot be said to serve any purpose of the Act, but is, on the contrary, "defeasive" of the same. It was further held that the impugned clause (3) of Regulation 10.4 to the extent to which it prohibits disclosure and inspection of the answer books and other connected documents on the ground of confidentiality is unreasonable and liable to be struck down on that ground also.

Accordingly, the High Court declared clause (3) of Regulation 14 to be void and allowed the flr.;t group of Writ Petitions by dire.cting the Board to allow inspection of the answer books asked for by the petitioners and to take consequential action under clauses (4) to (6) of Regu- lati n 104 when found necessary.

The main judgment in the second group of Writ Petitions was delivered by Mohta, J, holding that the provision contained in clause ([) of Regulation I 04 that no revaluation of the answer books or supplement shall be done is ultra vires the regulation-making power conferred by Section 36 and is also illegal and void on the ground of its being manifestly unreasonable.

In the view of the learned Judge, inspection and disclosure will serve no purpose in case the further right of revaluation was denied and inasmuch as the right to disclosure and inspection had been recognised by the judgment just then delivered in the first group of Writ Petitions, the conclu- sion had necessarily to follow that the Board was obliged to permit revaluation as well. On this reasoning, Regulation 104 (!) inso- far as it prohibits revaluation was declared void and a direction was issued to the Board that in the case of those examinees who had applied for reva1u~tion, such facility should also be allowed. By a separate judgment, Deshpande, J, expressed serious doubts and reservations as to whether a further right of revaluation could be spelt out from the rc3ulations, but finally agreed with the conclusion expr.:ssed by his colleague stating thus : "rather than allow my doubts to prevail and dissent, I prefer to agree with him in the above circumstances". Aggrieved by these judgments rendered in the two groups of cases, the Board has preferred these appeals before this Court after obtaining special leave.

The Maharashtra Secondary and Higher Secondary Boards Act, 1965 (for short, "the Act") has ooen passed to provide for the establishment of a State Board and Divisional Boards to regulate certain. matters pertaining to secondary and higher secondary edu- cat10n m the State. Section 3 (1) provides that the State Goyern- c

c [1985) l s.c.R. ment shall, by notification in the official gazette, establish a Board for the whole State by the name 'Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education'. By sub-section (2) of the same Section, it is further provided that the State Government shall, likewise, establish a Board for each of the three divisions under such name as may be specified in the notiJ1cation.

The appel- lant Board is the State Board constituted under sub-section ll) of Section 3. The powers and duties of the State Board have been enume- rated in clauses (a) to (r) of Section 18 of the Act. Clause (a) states that it shall be the duty of the Board to advise the State Govern- ment on matters of policy relating to Secondary or Higher Seconda1y education in general. Thus under the scheme of the Act, the Board is to discharge an important role in fornmlating policies on all matters relating to Secondary and Higher Secondary education. Clause (f) empowers the Board to prescribe the general conditions governing admission of regular and private candidates to the final examination and to specify the c•mditions regarding the attendance and character on the fullilment of which a candidate shall have a right to be admitted to and to appear at any such examination. Section 19 deals with the powers and duties of a Divisional Board. Under clause (f) it is the duty of the Divisional Board to conduct in the area of its jurisdiction the final examination Jn behalf of the State Board.

Clause (g) empowers the Divisional Board to appoint paper setters, translators, examiners, moderators, supervisors and other necessary personnel for conducting the final examination in tho area of its jurisdiction, for evaluation of candi- dates' performance and for compiling and release of the results in accordance with such instrnctions as the State Board may from time to time issue. Under clause (h) it is within the power of the Divisional Board to admit candidates for the final examination according to the regulations made by the State Board in this behalf. Clause (m) vests the Divisional Board with power to generally evaluate the performance of students in all examinations in secondary schools and junior colleges including the final examination and make necessary recommendations to the State Board in that behalf.

Section 36 (1) of the Act empowers the State Board to make 'regulations' for the purpose ·of carrying into effect the provisions of tbe Act. Sub-section (2) states that, without prejudice to generality of the foregoing power, such regulations may provide for any of the STATE EON. BOARD v. P. D. KUMARSHEnI (B. Eradi, J.)

m:1tters enumerated in clauses (a) to (n) thereof. Clauses (c), (d), 1f) and (g) which alone are relevant for ou1 present purpose are reproduced below :- "(c) the general conditions governing admission of

regular and private candidates for the final examinations, and any particular conditions regarding attendance and character, on the fulfilment of which a candidate shall have a right to be admitted to and to appear at any such

examination;" "(d) the marks required for passing in any subject and the final examination as a whole, and for exemption, credit and distinction in any subjecl;'' "(f) the arrangements for the conduct of final exa-

minations by the Divisional Boards and publication of results;" '\g) the appointment of examiners, their powe1s and duties in relation to the final examinations and their re1nuneration;'

Sub·scction (3) lays down that no regulation made under this section shall have effect until the same has been sanctioned by the ·State Government. Section 38 has conferred on the State Board a distinct power to make 'bye-laws' consistent with the Act and the regulations made thereunder. Such bye-laws are to proyide for the procedure to be followeJ at the meetings of the Board and the Divisional Boards and the Committees appointed by any of them and the numbers of inc1nbers required to form a quorum at such meetings and any other matters solely concerning the Boards and their Committees not provided for by the Act and the regulations made thereunder. Three Divisional Boards have been set up in Maharashtra by the State Government in exercise of the power conferred by Section 3'and these Boards are in charge of the Poona Division, Aurangabad Division and Vidharbha Division respectively. These three Divi- sional JJoards conduct two public examinations, namely, the Higher Secondary Certificate examination-"H.S.C. examination"-which is conducted at the end of the higher secondary education course and c

c .G 4() SUPREME COiJRt REPORTS (198)] 1 S.C R. the Secondary School Certificate examination-" S.S.C. examina- tion"-conducted at the end of the secondary school education course.

In exercise of the nowers conferred by Section 36 of the Act, the State Board has framed the Maharashtra Secondary and H'gher Secondary Education Boards Regulations 1977. These regulations were sanctioned by the State Government under sub-section (3) of Section 36 and were published on the 11th July, 1977. They are to be deemed to have come into force on 15th June 19 77. These regulations were applied to the Secondary School Certificate examination and Higher Secondary Certificate examination held in October, 1977 and thereafter. The regulations consist of 3 parts. Part I contains the provisions common to Secondary School Certificate (S.S.C.) and Higher Secondary Certificate (H.S.C.) examinations; Part II contains regulations pertaining to S.S.C. examination only and Part III those pertaining exclusively to the Higher Secondary Certificate examina- tion. Regulation 104 with which we are concerned occurs in Part llI and clauses (1) to (3) thereof which alone are relevant for the purposes of this case require to be reproduced here :

"104. VERIFICATION OF MARKS OBTAINED BY A CANDIDATE IN A SUBJECT. (I) Any candidate who has appeared at the Higher Secondary Certificate examination may apply to the Divisional Secretary for verification of marks

in ahy particular subject. The verification wiil be restricted to checking whether all the answers have been examined and that there has been no mistake in the totalliug of marks for each question

in that subject and transferring marks correctly on the first cover page of tho answer-book and whether the supplements attached to the answer book mentioned by the candidate are in tact. No

revaluation of the answer-book or supplements shall be done. (2) Such an application must be made by the candi· date through the head of the junior college which presented him for the examination, within two

weeks of the declaration of the examination results r StAtE El:JN. BOARD v. P. il. KUMARSHETH (B. Eradi, J.) and must be'accompanied by a fee of Rs. 10/- for each subject. (3) No candidate shall claim, or be entitled to revalua-

tion of his answers or disclosure or inspection of the answer-books or other documents as these are treated by the Divisional Board as most confiden- tial.'' Before the High Court, the W r; t Petitioners had based their challenge against the validity of clauses (l) and (3) of Regulation 104 on three main grounds. The first ground of attack was that the impugned clauses were violative of the principles of natural justice. Secondly, it was urged that both clauses (I) and (3) were ultra vires and void on the ground of their being in excess of the regulation- making powers conferred on the Board by Section 36 of the Act. The third ground of challenge was that the impugned provisions contained in clauses ( l) and (3) were highly unreasonable and since the regulations framed by the Board are in the nature of bye-laws, they are liable to be struck down on the ground of unreasonableness. Though the main plank of the arguments advanced on behalf

of the petitioners before t.he High Court appears to have been the plea of violation of principles of natural justice, the said contention did not find favour with the learned Judges of the Division Bench. The High Court rejected the contention advanced on behalf of the petitioners that non-disclosure or di<allowance of the right of inspec- tion of the answer-books as well as denial of the right to ask for a revaluation to examinees who are dissatisfied w;th the results visits them with adverse civil consequences. The further argument that every adve.se "verification" involves a condemnation of the exami- nees behind their back and hence constitutes a clear violation of principles of natural justice was also not accepted by the High Court. In our opinion, the High Court was perfectly right in taking this view and in holding that (the "process of evaluation of answer papers or of subsequent verification of marks" under clause (3) of Regulation 104 does not attract the principles of natural justice since no decision making process which brings about adverse civil conse- quences to the examinees in involved. The principles of natural justice cannot be extended beyond reasonable and rational limits and cannot be carried to such absurd lengths.as to make it necessary that candidates who have taken a public examination should be allowed to participate in the process of evaluation of their performances or c

c [J 985] 1 S.C.R• to verify the correctness of the evaluation made by the examiners by themselves conducting an inspection of the answer-books and deter- mining whether there has been a proper and fair valuition of the answers by the examiners

As succinctly put by Mathew, J in his judgment in the Union of India v. M.L. Kapur, (1), "it is not expedient to extend the horizon of natural justice involved in the Audi alteram partem rule to the twilight zone of mere expectations, however great they might be". The challenge levelled against the validity of clause (3) of Regulation l.J4 based on the plea of viola- tion of natural justice was, therefore, rightly rejected by the High Court.

The High Court in its judgment in the first group of cases then went on to consider the next two grounds of challenge put forward by the petitioners. namely, that clause (3) is ultra vires on the ground of its being in excess of the regulation making powers of the Board and that in any event it is void on the ground of unreasonableness. Both'these grounds of challenge were upheld by the High Court and, in consequence thereof, clause (3) of Regulation 104 has been struck down by the learned Judges as illegal, ultra vires and void. After giving our careful consideration to the arguments advanced by the learned counsel appearing on both sides, we have unhesitatingly come to the conclusion that the view so taken by the High Court is wholly erroneous and unsustainable.

We shall first take up for consideration the contention that clause (3) of Regulation 104 is ultra vires the regulation-making powers of the Board. The point urged by the petitioners before the High Court was that the prohibition against the inspection or dis- closure of the answer papers and other documents and the declara- tion made in the impugned clause that they are "treated by the Divisional Board as confidential documents" do not serve any of the purposes of the Act and hence these provisions are ultra vires. The High Court was of the view that the said contention of the reti- tioners .had to be examined against the back-drop of the fact disclosed by some of the records produced before it that in the past there had been a few instances where some students possessing in- ferior merits had succeeded in passing off the answer papers of other brilliant students as their own by tampering with seat numbers or otherwise and the verification process contemplated under Regula- tion 104 had failed to detect the mischief. In our opinion, this (I) [1974] 1 S.C.R. 797.

STATE EON. BOARD I'. P. B. KUMARSHETH (B. Eradi, J.) approach made by the High Court was not correct or proper because the question whether a particular piece of delegated · Jegislation- whether a rule or regulation or other type of statutory instrument-is in excess of the power of subordinate legislation conferred on the. delegate has 'to be determined with reference only to the specific provisions contained in the relevant statute conferring the power to make the rule, regulation, etc. and also the object and purpose of the Act as can be gathered from the various provisions of the enact- ment. It would be wholly wrong for the court to substitute its own opinion for that of the legislature or its delegate as to what principle or policy would best serve the objects and purposes of the Act and to sit in judgment over the wisdom and effectiveness or otherwise of the policy laid down by the regulation-making body and declare a regulation to be ultra vires merely on the ground that, in the view of the Court, the impugned provisons will not help to serve the object and purpose of the Act. So long as the body entrusted with the task of framing the rules or regulations acts within the scope of the anthority conferred on it, in the sense that the rules or regula- tions made by it have a rational nexus with the object and purpose of the Statute, the court should not concern itself with the wisdom or efficaciousness of such rules or reg,tlations. It is exclusively within the province of the legislature and its delegate to determine, as a matter of policy, bow the provisions of the Statute can best be imple- mented and what measures, substantive as well as procedural would have to be incorporated in the rules or regulations for the efficac.ous achivement of the objects and purposes of the Act. It is not for the Court to examine the merits or demerits of such a policy because its scrutiny has to be limited to the question as to whether the impugned regulations fall within.the scope of the regulation-making power conferred on the delegated by the Statute. Though this legal position is well·established by a long series of decisions of this Court, we have considered it necessary to reiterate it in view of the manifestly erroneous approach made by the High Court to the consideration of the question as to whether the impugned clause (3) of Regulation 104 is ultra vires. In the light of the aforesaid princi· pies, we shall now proceed to consider the challenge levelled against the validity of the Regulation 104 (3).

As already noticec\, the power to make regulations is conferred on the Board by Section 36 of the Act. Sub-section (l) of the said Section lays down that the Board may make regulations for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of the Act. Sub· c

c SUPREME cot!Rt REPOltts tl985] I s.c.k. section (2) enumerates, in clause (a) to (n) the various matters for which the provisions may be made by such regulations, the said enumeration being without prejudice to the generality of the power conferred by sub-section ( [).

We have already extracted clauses (c), (d), (f) and (g) which deal with the conditions governing admission of candidates for the final examinasions, the arrangement for the conduct of final examinations by the Divisional Boards and for publication of results, and the appointment of examiners, their powers and duties in relation to the final examinations, etc. These

topics are comprehensive enough to cover the prescription of the procedure for finalising the results of the examination based on the evaluation of the answers of the candidates who have appeared for the examinations, as well as the laying down of the restrictive provi- sions relating to verification of marks, prohibition against disclosure and inspection of answer books and denial of any right or claim for evaluation. We fail to see how it can be said that these are not matters pertaining to the conduct of the final examination and the publication of the results of such examination.

Further, Section 19 of the Act which sets out the powers and duties of a Divisional Board 'lays down in clauses (f) and (g) that the Board shall have the power and is under a duty to conduct in the area of its jurisdic- tion the final examination on behalf ·of the State Board and to appomt paper-setters, examiners, etc, for conducting the final examination in the area of its jurisdiction, for evaluation of candi- dates, performances and for compiling and release of results in accordance with such instructions as the State Board may from time to time issue. It is thus clear that the conduct of the final examina- tion and the evaluation of the Cl}ndidates' performance and the comJliling and release of results are all to be carried out by the divisional Board in accordance with the instructions to be issued by the State Board from time to time. It is, therefore, manifest that a duty is cast on the State Board to formulate its policy as to how the examinations are to be conducted, how the evaluation of the perfdrmances of the candidates is to be made and by what procedure the results are to be finalised, 'compiled and released. In our opinion, it was perfectly within .the competence of the Board, rather it was its plain duty, to apply rts mmd and decide as a matter of policy relating to the conduct of the examination as to whether disclosure and ·inspection of the answer books should be allowed to the candidates, whether and to what extent verification of the result should be permitted after the results have already been announced and whether any right to claim revaluation of the answer books ;TA1E IDN. BOARD v. P.B. KUMARSHETH (B. Eradi, J.)

should be recognised or provided for. All these are undoubtedly matters which have an intimate nexus with the objects and purposes of the enactmont and are, thoceforo, w:thin tho ambit of the general power to make regulations conferred under Sob-section (l) of Section 36.

In addition. these matters fall also within the scope of clause (cl, (f) and (g) of sub-section (2) of the said Section. We do not, therefore, find it possible ·to accept as correct the view expressed by the fiigh Court that clause (3) of Regulation 104 is ultra vires on the ground of its being in excess of the regulation-making pmver conferred on the Board.

lnstead of confming itself to a considora- tion whether the impugned regulations fall within the four corners of the Statute and -particularly of Section 36 thereof which confers the power to make regulations, the High Court embarked upon an_ investigation as to whether the prohibition against disclosure and inspection of answer books and other documents imposed

by the impugned clause (3) of Regulation 1 04 would, in practice, effectively serve the purpose of the Act ensuring fair play to the examinees) The High Court was of the opinion that in deciding the question as to whether the impugned clause was ultra vircs, the Court had to bear in mind "the glaring deficiencies" found to exist in the working of the system inspite of all the elaborate precau!io- nary measures taken for preventing such lapses which were detailed in the affidavit in reply and "the far-reaching implications of the said deficiencies on the future of the examinees" and it went on to observe that "the nexus or absence thereof between the purposes of the Act or the purpose of the examination and the prohibition against inspection in the impugned clause can be discovered only by reference to these factors".

Then the High Court proceeded to make following further observations : "The exarninee is the person affected by miscalculation of totals, 01nissions to examiiv! any answer, misplacement of the supplementaries of the answer books and misplace-

ment or tampering with the said record in any manner, if any. Adverse result creates suspicion in his mind about the possil:Jle errors in the system and his claim to inspection against this background must be held to be reasonable and

calculated to observe the purposes of the examination as also the over-all purposes of the Act. This enables him to verify if his suspicions are ill or well founded. Existence of so·ne over-riding factors alone can Justify denial of hi~ c

c (1985] 1 S.C.R The High Court concluded tl1e discussion by stating : "Such confidentiality cannot be found to be serving any purpose of the Act merely because it was acquiesced in the past or accepted with- out challenge.

According to Mr. Sctalvad, authority to treat these documents confidential is implicit in the very power to hold the examination itself, it be'ng necessary to _secure effective achievement of the process.

This is too. broad a statement to admit of any scrutiny. No such power can, however, be implied unless its indis- pensibility of treating the question papers and names of the question setters and examiners confidential, up to a certain stage can easily be appreciated. Th•:ir premature disclosure or exposure may defeat the purpose of examinations and make a mockery of its very conception. It is, however difficult to see any purpose of continuing to keep them confidential at any rate after the declaration of the results."

In our opmton, the aforesaid approach made by the High Court is wholly incorrect and fallacious. The Court cannot sit in judgment over the wisdom of the policy evolved by the legislature and the nbordinate regulation-making body. It may be a wise policy which will fully effectuate the purpose of the enactment or it may be lacking in effectiveness and hence calling for revision and improvement.

But any drawbacks in the policy incorporated in a rule or regulation will not render it ultra vires and the Court cannot strike it down on the ground that, in its opinion, it is not a wise or prudent policy, but is even a foolish one, and that it will not really serve to effectuate the purposes of the Act.

The legislature and its delegate are the sole repositories of the power to decide what policy should be pursued in relation to matters covered by the Act and there is no scope for interference by the Court unless the particular provision impugned before it can be said to suffer from any legal infirmity, in the sense of its being wholly beyond the scope of the regulation-making power or its being inconsistent with any of the provisions of the parent enactment or in violation of any of the Ii mitations imposed by the Constitution.

None of these vitiating factors are shown to exist in the present case and hence there was no scope at all for the High Court to invalidate the provision contained in clause (3) of Regulation 104 as ultra vires on the grounds of its being in excess of the regulation-making power conferred on the Board.

Equally untenable, in our opinion, is the next and last ground by the High Court for striking down clause (3) of Regulation I 04 as unreasonable, namely, that it is in the nature of a bye-law and is ultra vires on the LQ:ound of its being an STATE EDN. BOARD v. P.B. KUMARSHETH (B. Eradi, J.)

4? unreasonable provision. It is clear from the scheme of the Act and more particularly, Section 18, 19 and 34 that the legislature has laid down in broad terms its policy to provide for the estarlishment of a State Board and Divisional Boards to regulate matters pertaining to secondary and higher secondary education and it has authorised the State Government in the first instance and subsequently the Board to enunciate the details for carrying into effect the purposes of the Act by framing regulations. It is a common legislative practice that the legislature may choose to lay down only the general policy and !ea,•e to its delegate to make detailed provisions for carying into effect the said policy and effectuate the purposes of the Statute by framing rules/regulations which are in the nature of subordinate legislation.

Sec. 3(39) of the Bombay General Clauses Act, 1904, which ·defines the 'rule' states: Rule shall mecn a rule made in exercise of the power under any enactment and shall include / any regulation made under a rule or under any enactment." It is important to notice that a distinct power o_f making bye-laws has been conferred by the Act on the State Board under Section 38. The legislature has thus maintained in the Statute in question a clear distinction between

'bye-laws' and 'regulations'. The bye-laws to be framed under Section 38 are to relate only to procedural matters concerning the holding of meetings of State Board, n;vi- sional Boards and the Committee, the quorum required, etc More important matters affecting the rights of parties and laying down the manner in which the provisions of the Act are to be carried into effect have been reserved to be provided for by regulations made under Section 36. The legislature, while enacting Sections 36 and 38, must be assumed to have been fully aware of the niceties of the legal position governing the distinction between rules/regulations properly so called and bye-laws.

Wheri the statute contains a clear indication that the distinct regulation-making power conferred under Section 36 was not intended as a power merely to frame bye-laws, it is not open to the Court to ignore the same and· treat the regula- tions made under Section 36 as mere bye·laws in order to bring them within

the scope of justiciability by applying the test of reasonableness • It is also relevant to notice in this context the nature and composition of the body on which the regulation-making p wer has been conferred by the Act. The composition of the State Board is set out in Section 5. It will be seen therefrom that the Board is to have as ex-officio members the Director ()f Education of the c

c [1985] l S.C.R. State Government, the Director of Higher Education of the State Government, the Chairmen of the Divisional Boards, the dire<'tor of Technical Education of the State, the Director of Agriculture, the Director of the State Institute of Education. Then there is a class of elected members consisting of one representative from each University in the State elected by the Academic Council of the University, two members elected by th" Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from amongst its members and one member elected

by the Maharashtra Legislative Council from amongst its mem- bers, Next comes the category of .nominated members belonging to five different categories described in clauses (i) to (v) under class (C) in the Section, aggregating 21 in alL

It will be seen from these clauses that these nom;nated members are to be drawn from amongst Principals, Headmasters, Headmistresses, teachers of Junior Colleges and Secondary Schools, representatives of managing bodies of secondary schools and junior colleges, p~rsons having special knowledge or practical experience in matters connected with primary, secondary or higher secondary ·education. The State Board is thus comprised of members who can be reasonably expected to possess intimate knowledge, practical know-how, expertise and experience in all matters pertaining to the field of education-school and collegiate-and it is to such a highly responsible body of professional men that the legislature has en"trusted the task of framing regulations laying down the details of policy of working out the provisions of the Act are to be carried into effect. Section 37(i) lays down that the first regulations shall be made by the State Government and they shall continue to be in force until the new regulations are made by the Board under Section 36. There is also the further safeguard provided in sub-section (3) of Section 36 that no regulation made under that Section shall have the effect until the same has been sanctioned by the State Government. Even more significant is the the provision contained in sub-section (2) of Section 37 conferring a concurrent power on the State Government to make any new regulations in respect of any of the matters referred to in Section 36 and thereby modify or repeal either wholly or in part the regula- tions made by the State Board. The said sub-section is in the folio· wing terms :

"37. (2) If it shall at any time appear to the State Government that it is expedient to make any new regula- tions in respect of any of the matters referred to in Section 36 or that any regulations referred to in sub-section (i) or 111ade by the State Board under section 36 need to be mod;- STATE EDN. BOARD V• P.B. KUMARSHETH (B. Eradi. J.)

lied or repealed, either wholly or in part, the State Govern- ment may after consultation with the State Board and by notification in the Official Gazette, make such regulations, or modify or repeal any such regulations, either wholly or in part. The regulations so made, modified or repealed

shall take effect from such date as the State Government may in such notification specify or if no such date is speci- fied, from the date of publication of the said notification in the Official Gazette, except as respects anything done or omitted to be done before such date."

In our opinion, there cannot be a clearer indication of the intention of the legislature regarding the true character of the regu- lations which are to be made either under Section 36 o.r under the provisions of either sub-section (I) or sub-section (2) of the Section 37, namely, that they are in the nature of subordinate legislation having the force of rule framed under a Statute amplifying and supplementing its profuions by laying down how the legislative policy is to be carried into effect with respect to different situations that may arise in the implementation of the object and purposes of Statute. Viewed in this setting, we are unhesitatingly of the opinion that the regulations made by the Board under Section 36 are in the nature of statutory rules and they have the full vigour and force of subordinate legislation made by a delegate duly empowered in that behalf by the legislature. In support of its conclusion that the Regulations framed under Section 36 are only in the nature of bye- laws, the Division Bench of the High Court has strongly relied on an earlier ruling of the same court in Sophy Kelly v. The State,{') where another Division Bench has expressed the view that the earlier set of regulations framed under Section 36 of the Act are.only in the nature of bye-laws. In arriving at the .said conclusion, the Court is not seen to have adverted to most of the crucial aspects pointed out by us in the ·preceding paiagraphs. We are unable to accept the said decision as laying down correct law .

In the light of what we have stated above, the constitutionality of the impugned regulations has to be adjudged only by a three- fold test, namely, (I) whether the provis'ons of such regulations fall within 1he scope and ambit of the power conferred by the statute on the delegate; (2) whether the rules/regulations framed by the ( 1l 69 Bomb L.R. 186-

c c [1985] l s.c-n. delegate are to any extent inconsistent with the provisions of thf parents enactment and lastly (3) whether they infringe any of the fundemental rights or other restrictions or limitations imposed by the Constitution. We have already held that the High Court was in error in holding that the provisions of clause (3) of Regulation !04 do not serve the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of the Act and are ultra 'ires on the ground of their being in excess of the regulation-making power conferred by Section 36.

The Writ Petitioners had no case before the High Court that the impugned clauses of the regulations were liable to be invalidated on the appli- cation of second and third tests. Besides the contention that the,

impugned regulations were ultra vires the power conferred under Section 36(1), the only other point urged was that they were in the nature of bye-laws and were liable to be struck down on the ground of unreasonableness.

In view of the conclusion expressed by us that the regulations cannot be regarded as mere bye-laws, the contention raised on alleged unreasonableness does not really call for consideration. However, since the High Court has discussed the said aspect at great length in its (wo judgments and fairly elaborate arguments were also advanced before us by the learned advocates appearing on both sides, we think it is only fair and proper that we should briefly express our views on the merits of the question concerning the reasonableness of impugned regulation. The reason which weighed with the High Court for declaring that clause (3) of Regulation 104, which states that no candidate should be entitled to claim disclosure and inspection of the answer hooks and other connected documents and that they are to be treated as confidential suffers from the vice of unreasonableness is that denial of the right of disclosure and inspection is 'defeasive' of the right of verification conferred on the examinees under sub-clause (I) of the same clause as well as the riuht flowing from sub-clause (2) of Regulation I 02 whereby the Divisional Board is invested with the power to amend the result of any candidate in an examination where it is found that the "esult has been affected by error, mal-practice, fraud, etc.

Dealing with this aspect, the High Court has observed as follows in paras 46 and 47 of its judgment : "We, however, do not think that mere absence of any positive provision for inspection can be decisive of exami- nees' claim thereto. The Board itself is conscious of the

fa!Jiability of its system, and the possibility of inadvertant r. STATE EDN. BOARD v. P.B. KUMARSHETH (B. Eradi, J.) or deliberate errors and malpractices. It has, therefore, provided correctives against such errors in Regulations 102 and 104.

Right of verification and power of correction ·or the results, conferred under these regulations must be assumed to have been intended to be effective. Experience of a few years, !lowever, has revealed several deficiencies in the functioning of the system and demonstrated how the

said system of verification and powers_ of correction can become ineffective. Entire reliance on the Board's adminis- tration even for the ministerial part of these functions may reduce these provisions to a dead letter. These rights and powers can be better effectuated by enabling the examinee, to have himself inspection of the papers. Such a right

indeed is implicit in the right of verification. The power to correct the errors and amend result contemplated under Regulations 104 and 102 also imply an obligation to faci- litate tracing of such errors and malpractices and provide effective machinery for their detection.

This includes an implied obligation to give inspection of the answer papers to the interested person such as the examinee. The mal- practices involved in passing off papers written by one as that of others and manipulations· and tampering and the

frauds involved therein, cannot be effectively detected nnd remedied unless, among others, the examinee himself is enabled to inspect the answer papers. This is indispensible even for verifying the daim as to the presence or absence

of any examinee. The right of inspection thus is the integral part of right of verification and obligation to trace and correct the errors as implied in Regulations 102 and 104. Doctrine of implied power and obligation and right and

duties make up for the absence of positive provisions. 47. It is true that such right of inspection does not seem to have been recognised under any system of examina- tion in India and its recognition is bound to unsettle the age old practice followed and notions entertained. The

decision is bound to have effects ·on examination in several other fields, apart from the one contemplated by the Board or Universities. Consequences on administration also are bound to be far-reachin.g, necessitating setting up some

additional machinery, and may prove to be time consuming and expensive. We, however, find that such right of ins- pection has now become indispensible for effectuating the (1985) 1 S.C.R.

underlying purpose of examination. None of these consi- derations appear to us to be, therefore; relevent." We consider that the above approach made by the High Court is totally fallacious and is vitiated by its failure to follow the well-established doctrine of interpretation that the provisions cont- . ained in a statutory enactment or in rules/regulations framed there- under have to be so construed as to be in harmony with each other . and. that where under a specific section or rule a particular subject has received special. treatment, such special provision will exclude c

the' applicability of any general provision which might otherwise cover the said topic. Regulation 102 (2), if properly construed in the setting in which it occurs, only confers a suo molll power on the Divisional Board to amend the result of the examination in respect of any candidate or candidates on its being found that such result has been affected by error, malpractice; fraud, improper conduct, etc. The 'error' referred to in the said provision has, in the context, · to he understood as being limited to an error arising in consequence of malpractice, fraud, improper conduct or other similar matter of whatsoever nature. We are unable to understand this provision as conferring any right on ait examinee to demand a disclosure, inspec- tion or verification of his answer books · or other related documents. All scope for donbt or speculation in relation to this matter has, how- ever, been eliminated by the provision contained in Regulation 104 which specifically deals with the subject ofverifieation of marks obtained by a candidate. Clause (!) of the said regulation states that any candidate who has ~ppeared at the H.S.C. examination may apply to Divisional Secretary for verification of marks, particularly in any subject, but such verification will be restricted to check whether all .. the answers have been examined and whether any mistake has been committed in totalling of marks in !hot subject or in transferring marks-·correctly on the !st cover page of the answer book as well as whether the supplements attached to the answer books as mentioned by , the candidates are in tact. Clause (3) of the said Regulation imposes the further limitation that no candidate shall claim or be entitled to revaluation of his answer book or disclosure or inspection of the answer book or further documents as these are to be treaied '—'— by the Divisional Boards as most confidential. It is obvious that clauses (I) and (3) have to be read together and not in isolation from each other as has apparently been done by the High Court. The right of verificiation conferred by clause (I) is subject to the limitation'contained in the same clause that no revaluation of the stATC EDN. DOAkD v. P.D. KUMARSIIETU (B. Eradi, J.)

answer books or supplements shall be done and the further restriction imposed b.' clau 0.e (3), prohibiting disclosure or inspection of the answer bGoks. .:;:;: Hish Court seems to have construed the last . poet ion of clause ,3) as implying that the confidentiality of the answer book is to be declared by some order of the Divisional Board and it has proceeded to hold that since no such order was brought to · the notic~ of the Court there was no basis for treating the answer books as confidential. In our opinion, this interpretation of the conoluding word3 of clause {3) is incorrect. What is laid down thorein is th1t the answer books and other documents are to be treated by the Divisional Boards as most confidential. In other words thi> clause of the regulation contains a mandate to the Divisional Boards to treat the answer book and documents as confidential and Jays down that no candiate shall be entiiled to claim. disclosure or inspection of the said cofidential books and documents. We are also of the opinion that the High Court was in error in invokmg the 'doctrine of implied power and obligation' for the purpose of holding that because the right of verification has been conferred by clause (I) of Regulation 104, there is an implied power in the examinee• to demand disclosure and inspection and a corresponding implied obligation on the part of the Board to accede to such a demand. There is no scope at all for invoking any such implied power or imputing to the regulation-making authority an intention to confer such power by implication when there 1s an express provision con· tained in the very same regulation clause (3) which clearly manifests the contrary.intention and states in categorical terms that there shall be no claim or entitlement for disocloure or inspection of the answer books.

The legal position is now well-established that even a bye· law cannot be struck down by the Court on the ground of unreason. ableness m~rely because the Court thinks that it goes further than "ii ncce~sary" · or that it does not incorporate certain provisi6ns which, in the opinion of the court, would have been fair and whole- some. The Court cannot say that a bye.law is unreasonable merely because the judges do not approve of it. Unless it can be said that a bye law is manifestly unjust, capricious, inequitable, or partial in its operation, it cannot be invalidated by the Court on the· ground of. unreasonableness.

The responsible representative body entrusted with the power to make by Jaws must ordinarily be presumed to know what is necessary, reasonable, 1just and fair. In this connection we m>y usefully extract the following off-quoted observations of Lord c

(1985] I s.c.k. Russell of Killowen in Kruse v. Jolznson,i'' "When the Court is called upon to consider the bye- laws of public representative bodies clothed with the ample authority which I have described, accompanied by the

checks and safeguards which I have mentio;1cd, I think the consideration of such bye· laws ought to be approached from a different standpoint. They ought to be supported if possible. They ought to be, as has been said, 'benevolently interpreted' and credit ought to be given to those who have to administer them that they· will be reasonable adminis-

tered.'1 c "The learned Chief Justice said further that there may be 'cases in which it would be the duty of the court to condemn by-laws made under such authority as these were made (by a county council) as invalid be·

cause unreasonable. But unreasonable in what sense? If for instance, they were found to be partial and unequal in their operation as betweel\ different classes; if they we1e manifestly unjust; if they disclosed bad faith; if they invol- ved such oppressive or gratuitous interfernce with the rights of those subject to them as could find no justification in the minds of reasonable men, the court might well say, 'Parlia- ment never inte,1ded to give authority to make such rules; they are unreasonable and ultra vires.' But it is in this and ·this sense only, as I conceive, that the question of reason- aleness c r unreasonableness can properly be regarded. A bye- law is not umeasonable merely because particular judges

may think that it goes further than .is prudent or necessary or convenient or because it is not accompanied by an excep- tion which some judges may think ought to be there'." We may a)so• .. ref/d'w:ith' advantage to the well· known decision of the ~Ri/~y 'Council in Slattery v. Naylor (2) where it has been laid do\vn that when considering whether a bye-law is reason- able or not, the Court would need a strong case to be made against it and would decline to determine whether it would have been wiser (1) [1898] Z Q,B.

(Z) [1888] 1 l A.C. 446 • … STATE EON. BOA'RD p, P.H. KUMARSI·lEftt \n. i:,1uu•, ,,, 1 or more prudent to make the bye-law less absolute or will it hold the bvc·law to be unreas01;ablc because considerations which the court ;ould itself have regardod in framing such a bye-law have been over looked or relected by its framers. The principles laid down as aforesaid in Kruse v. Johnson and Stattery v. Naylor have been cited with approval and applied by this Coun in Trustees of the Port of Madras v. Aminchand Pyarelal & Ors., (1)

As already noticed, one of the principal factors which appears to have weigh,·d 'with the High Court is that in certain stray instances (specific instances referred to in the Judgment are only about three in number), errors or ircegularities had gone unnoticed in the past even after verification of the concemed answer books had been conducted according to the existing procedure and it was only after further scruriny made either oa orders of court or in the wake of contentions raised in petitions filed before a court that such errors or irregularities were ultimately discovered. In this connction we consider it necessary to recall the observations made by Krishna Iyer, Jin R. S. Joshi v. Ajit Mills that "a law has to be adjudged for its constitutionality by the generality of cases it covers, not by the freaks and exceptions it martyrs". It is seen from the affidavits that form part of the recorcl of this case that the three Divisional Boands conduct the H. s.C. examinations twice every year, i.e. in March and October every year. The number of candidates who appeared for the H.S.C. examination in March 1980 was 1, 15, 364. Likewise, the S.S.C. P~blic examination is also conducted by the Divisional Boards twice during the year, and the number of candidates appearing in the said examination is very much larger than the number appearing in the H.S.C examination. From the fisures furnished by the Board, it is seen. that there is a progressive incraese from year to year in the number of candidates appearing in both these public examinations. In March 19i0, a total number of 2, 99, 267 had appeared in the S.S. _C. examination. Considering the enormity of the task of evaluation discharged by the Board through the examiners appointed by it, it is really a matter for satisfaction that proved instances of crro;s and irregularities have been so few as to be counted on one's fingers. Instead of viewing the matter from this correct perspective, we regret to find tho fact that the High Court laid undue and exaggerated stress on some stray instance and made it a basis for reaching the conclu- sion that reasonable fair play to the candidates cau be assured only if (J) (l 976) (!) SCR 721

c c [1985] I s.c.R. the right of disclosure and personal inspection is allowed to the candidates as part of the process of verification. This appro~ch does not appeal to us as legally correct or soud. We do not find it pos;ible to uphold the view expressed by the High Court that clause (3) of Regulation 104 which disentitles the examinees to claim disclosure and inspection of the answer books and declares those docum:nts to be confidential is "defeasive of the corrective powers of the Board under Regulations 102 and 104 and the right of verification under Regulation 104 (!) as also destructive of the confidence of public in the efficacy of the system." The reasons which prompted the High Court to reach the afore-mentioned conclusion are to be found in the following observations occurring in para 33 of the Judgment of Deshpande, J :

"33. On the other hand, access of the student to the answer books would enable him to verify (l) if the papers are his own. and (2) supplementary answer papers are duly tagged, and (3) all answers are evaluated and (4) totals are correct, and (5) marks of his practicals or internal

assesments· are included thGTein and (6) and his adverse results arc not due to any error or manipulations. This will at once not only make the verification process under Regulation 104 (I) effective and real, but facilitate Board's exercising its powers to trace errors and malpractices and amend the result preventing frustration of the ,tudents. The purpose of the Act can be served thus better by permitting inspection than by preventing it. In other words, the

confidentiality, rather than serve any purpose of the Act goes to defeat it firstly by making the functioning of the system dependent entirely on the staff, and, secondly by making process under Regulations 102 (3), (4) and (104) ( l) ineffective for want of assistance of the examinee him- self."

In making the above observations, the High Court ;has ignored the cardinal principle that it is not within t,he legitimate domain of the Court to determine whether the purpose of a statute an be served better by adopting any policy different from what has ~een laid down by the legislature or its delegate and to strike down as unreasonable, a bye-law (assuming for the purpose of d1scuss1on that the impugned regulation is a bye-law) merely on the ground that the policy enuciated !heroin does not meet with the approval of StAtE EDN. BOARD v. 1>.B. KUMARSHETH (B. Eradi, J.)

the court in regard to its efficaciousness for implementation of the object and purposes of the Act. In the light of foregoing discussion, we hold that the conclusion recorded by the Court that clause (3) of Regulation 104 is liable to be struck down on the ground of unreasonableness is totally incorrect and unsustainable.

That takes us to the question concerning the validity of the provision contained in clauses (I) and (3) of Regulation 104, which provides that no revaluation of the answer books or supplemer.ts shall be done and that no candidate shall claim or be entitled to claim a revaluation of his answer books.

This aspect has been dealt with in the separate judgment of the Division Bench delivered by Mohta, J. On perusal of the judgment, it will be seen that the entire reasoning therein is based on the conclusion. recorded in the judgment of Deshpande, J delivered in the first group of cases, that the provision contained in clauses (I) and (3) of Regulation 104 prohibiting the disclosure and inspection of answer books is liable to be struck down on the ground of unreasonableness as well as on the ground of its being ultra vires the scope of the rule making power conferred by Section 36 (I) of the Act.

Making this as the starting point of his reasoning, Mohta, J has proceeded to observe that the "logical end of permitting inspection and disclosure of answer books and other documents is to permit revaluation" and that "no useful purpose will be served by having inspection and disclosure in case further right of revaluation is denied". Based on such an approach, the learned Judge has proceeded to state that there was "no justification whatsoever to restrict the obligation of cozrecting of mistake only to verification and exclude revaluation from the operation of Regulation I 02."

Accordingly, it was held that clau•es (I) and (3) of Regulation 104 insofar as they prohibit revaluation, are also void on the ground of unreasonableness. As already noticed, the other learned Judge (Deshpande, J) c

has written a separate short judgment in this group of cases expres- sing his doubts and reservations concerning the correctness of the conclusion reached by his colleague but he has finally wound up his judgment stating that even though we was diffident of spelling out a right of revaluation from any of the provisions contained in the regulations he would prefer to agree with the judgment prepared by Mohta, J "rather than allow my views to prevail and dissent". Having regard to the substantial nature and general importance of StiPREME COURT REPORTS

tho question and the repercussions that would inevitably be produced by the recognition of the right to demand revaluation in public examinations of every kind conducted by Universities, School Edu- cation Boards and even bodies like the Union and State Public c

Service Commission, it would have been much more appropriate if the learned Judge (Deshpande. J) had independently discussed the question in all its aspects in accordance with his own light or referred the matter to a larger Bench or to a third Judge a> the case may be if he felt that the view propounded in the judgment prepared by his colleague was of doubtful correctness. However that may be, we have already held that the reasons stated by the Division Bench in its Judgment in the first group of cases for holding that clause (3) of Regulation 104 insofar as it prohibits disclosure and inspec- tion of answer books and treating them as confidential documents is ultra vires on the ground of its being in excess of the regulation- m aking power of the Board and is also void on the ground of nnrensonableness are all incorrect and unsustainable. The validity of the prohibition against disclosure and inspection having been thus upheld by us, the entirety of the reasoning contained in the judgment of Mehta. J in support of his conclusion invalidating prohibition again5t revaluation contained in clauses (I) and (3) of Regulation losos its foundation.

The view expressed by the learned Judge that Regulation 102 (2) which confers on the Board a su1 moto power of amending the results where it is found that such a result has been affected by any error, malpractice, fraud, improper conduct, etc., will be rendered nugatory and ineffective by the prohibition on revaluation is fallacious and unsound.

While discussing the scope of the said regulation, we have pointed out that its purpose and effect is only to confer a suo moto power on the Board to correct errors in cases where irregularities like malpractices,

misconduct, fraud, etc. are found out and it does not confer any right on the examinees to de1nand any correction of the r~sults. In the scheme of the regulations after the publication of the results, the only right which the examinees have in relation to this matter is to ask for a verification of the results under clause (I) of Regulation 104 and the scope of such verification is subject to the limitations imposed in the said clause as well as in clause (3) of the very same regulation. We are unable to agree with the further reason stated by the High Court that since "every student has a right to receive fair play in examination and get appropriate marks matching his performance" it will be a denial of the right to such fair play if there is to be a r

STATE EDN. BOARD v. P.B. KUMA~SHHTH (B. Eradi, J.) prohibition on the right to demand revaluation and unless a right to revaluation is recognised and permitted tl:ere is an infringement of rules of fair play.

What constitute> fair play depends upon the facts and circumstances relating to each particular given situation. lf it is found that every possible precaution has been taken and a\l necessary safeguards provided to ensure that the answer books inclusive of supplements are kept in safe custody so as to eliminate the danger of their being tampered with and that the evaluation is done by the examiners applying uniform standards with checks and crosschecks at different stages and that measures for detection of malpractice, etc. have also been effectively adopted, in such cases it will not be correct on the part of the Courts to strike down the provision prohibiting revaluation on the ground that it violates the rules of fair play. It is unfortunate that the High Court has not set out in detail in either of its two judgments the elaborate procedure laid down and followed by the Board and the Divisional Boards relating to the conduct of the examinations, the evaluation of the answer books and the compilation and announcement of the results. From the affidavit filed on behalf of the Board in the High Court, it is seen that from the initial stage of the issuance of the hall tickets to the intending candidates right upto the announcement of the results, a well-organised system of verification, checks and counter- checks has been evolved by the Board and every step has been taken to eliminate the possibility of human error on the part of the exam- iners and malpractices on the part of examinees as well as the examiners in an effective fashion.

The examination centres of the Board are spread all over the length and breadth of each Division and arrangements are made for vigilant supervision under the overall supervision of a Deputy Chief Conductor. in charge of every sub-centre and at the conclusion of the time set for examination in each paper including the main answer book all the answer books and the supplements have to be tied up by the candidate securely and returned to the Supervisor.

But before they are returned to the Supe,rvisor, each candidate has to write out the title page of main answer books in the cages provided for the said particulars, the number of supplements attached to the main answer book.

Tho Supervisor is enjoined to verify whether the number so written tallies with the actual number of supplements, handed over by the candidate together with his main answer book. After th~ return of a\l the answer books to the Deputy Chief Conductor, a tally is taken of the answer ooks including supplements used by the candi- dates by the Stationery Supervisor who is posted by the Board at c

c SUPREME COURT REi'ORts [J985j l s.c R. each ~ub-centre. This enables the supervisory staff at a sub-centre to venfy and ensure that all answer books and supplements issued to the candidates . have been turned in and received by the super- visory staff. At this stage of checking and double-checking, if any seat number has been duplicated on the answer books by mistake or by way of deliberate malpractice it ·;an be easily detected and corrective measures taken by the Deputy Chief Conductor or the Chief Conductor. The answer books are then sent by the Deputy Chief Conductor to the Chief Conductor in charge of the main centre.

He sorts out the answer books according to the instructions issued by the Board and sends them to the examiners whose names had been furnished in advance except in the case of the science , ··1 subjects, Illmely, "mathematics and statistics, physics, chemistry and biology''. The answer books in the science subjects are· for· warded by the Chief Conductor under proper guard to camps in Pune already notified to the Chief Conductors. The further proce- dure followed in relation to the valuation of the answer books has been explaimd in paragraphs 22 to 26 of the counter affidavit dated 10th July 1980 ftled in the High Court by the Joint Secretary to the • Pune Divisional Board of Secondary Education. We do not consider it necessary to burden this judgment with a recapitulation of all the details furnished in those paragraphs, and it would suffice to state that the procedure evolved by the Board for ensuring fairness and accuracy in evaluation of the answer books has made the system as fool·proof as can be possible and it meets with our entire satisfaction and approval. Viewed against this background, we do not find it possible to agree with th' views expressed by the High Court that the denial of the right to demand a revaluation constitutes a denial of fair play and is unreasohable. The Board is a very responsible body. The candidates have taken the examination with full aware- ness of the provisions contained in the Regulations and in the declaration made in the form of application for admission to the examination they have solemnly stated that they fully agree to abide by the regulations issued by the Board. In the circumstances, when we find that all safeguards against errors and malpractiees have been provided for, there cannot be said to be any denial of fair play to the examinees by reason of the prohibition against asking for revaluation.

The High Court has relied upon the fact that the University of Bombay and some other Universities have recently made provisions permitting candidates to demand revaluation. In our opinion, this STATE EON. BOARD v. P. B. KUMARSHETH (B. Eradi, J.)

has· little relevance for the purpose of deciding about the legal validity of the impugned regulations framed by the Board. We do not know under what drcunistances, the University of Bombay has decided to recognise a right in tbe examinees to demand a revalua- tion. As far as the Board is concerned it has set out in the counter affidavit the enormity of the task with which it is already faced, namely, of completing twice during each year the process of evalua- • ti on and release of results of some 3 lakhs of candidates appearing for the S.S.C. and H.S.C. examinations to be held In an interval of only a few months from one another. If the car.didates are at all to be given inspection of their answer books or the revaluation of the answer papers is to be done in the presence of the candidates, the process is bound to be extremely time consuming and if such a request is made by even about ten percept of the candidates who will be 30.000 in number, it would involve several thousands of man . hours and is bound to throw the entire system out 0f gear. Further, , it is in the public interest that the results of Public examinations when published should have some finality attached to them. If inspection, verification in the presence of the candidates and revalua- tion are to be allowed as of right, it may lead to gross and indefinite uncertainty, particularly in regard to the relative ranking, etc. of the candidates, besides leading to utter confusion on account of the enormity of the labour and time involved in the process.

As pointed out by a Constitution Bench of this Court in Fatehchand Himmatlal and Ors. v. State of Maharashtra, etc. "the test of reasonableness is not applied in vacuum but in the contest of life's realities", 1977 (2) SCR 828. If the principle laid down by the High Court is to be regarded as correct, its applicability cannot be restricted to examinations conducted by School Educational Boards alone but would extend even to all competitive examinations conducted by the Union and State Public Service Commissions. The resultant legal position emerging fron1 the High Court Judgn1ent is that every candidate who has appeared for any such examination and who is dissatisfied with his results would, as an inherent part of his right to 'fair play' be entitled to demand a disclosure and personal inspection of his answer scripts and would have a further right to ask for revaluation of his answer papers. The inevitable consequence would be that there will be no certainty at all regarding the results of the competitive examination for an indefinite period of time until all such requests have been compiled with and the results of the verificatio11 and revaluation have been broul;!ht into account, c

c (1985] 1 S.C.R. Far from advancing public interest and fair play to the other candidates in general, any such interpretation of the legal position wo.uld be wholly defe.sive of the same. As h•Ls bec.1 repeatedly pomted out by this court, the Court should be extremely reluctant to substitute its own views as to what is wise, prudent and proper in relation to academic matters in preference to those formulated by professional men possessing technical expertise and rich experience of actnal day-to-day working of educational institutions and the depa1tments con trolling them. It will b' wholly wrong for the court ' to make a'pedantic and purely idealistic approach to the problems of this nature, isolated from the actual realities and grass root prob- , !ems involved in the working of the system and unmindful of the consequences which would emanate if a purely idealistic view as opposed to a pr•gmatic one were to be propounded. It is equally important that the Court sh.1uld also, as far as possible, avoid any decision or interpretation of a statutory provision, rule or bye-law which would bring about the result of rendering the system unwork-. able in practice. It is unfortunate. that this principle has not been adequately kept in mind by the High Court while deciding the instant case.

In the light of the foregoing discussion, we hold that the High Court was in error in striking down clauses (I) and (3) of Regulation 104 as illegal, unreasonable and void. We uphold the validity of these provisions.

In the result, both the Judgments of the High Court are set aside and the two groups of Writ Petitions which were allowed under those judgments will now stand dismissed. These appeals are accordingly allowed. The appellant will get its costs from the. respondents.

S.R. Appeals allowed. ,